A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part II: Inflection: VI. Conjugation: A. First Conjugation: Verbs in -ω.

English Grammar Elementary 20th century Adolf Kaegi James A. Kleist

Pages 46–75 of the book.

CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

Pure Verbs.

The stem ends in a vowel (or diphthong):

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	λύ-ω	loose	τί-ω	value
τιμά-ω	honor	ποιέ-ω	make	δουλό-ω	enslave

Mute Verbs.

The stem ends in a mute:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
διώκ-ω	pursue	λέγ-ω	say	τρέχ-ω	run
τρέπ-ω	turn	τρίβ-ω	rub	τρέφ-ω	feed
ψεύδ-ω	cheat	σπένδ-ω	pour out	πείθ-ω	persuade

Liquid Verbs.

The stem ends in a liquid:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
στέλ-λ-ω	send	δέρ-ω	flay	σπείρ-ω	sow
νέμ-ω	allot	μέν-ω	stay	κρίν-ω	judge

See 72, 7.

First or ω-Class: Present in -ω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the thematic vowel -ο, -ε.

Almost all pure verbs (see 76, 1), very many mute verbs, and a few liquid verbs belong to this class:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	διώκ-ω	pursue	τρέφ-ω	feed
παύ-ω	stop	λέγ-ω	say	ψεύδ-ω	deceive
μηνί-ω	am angry	ἄρχ-ω	rule	πέρθ-ω	sack
μηνύ-ω	inform	τρέπ-ω	turn	δέρ-ω	flay

Second or τ-Class: Present in -τω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the suffix -το, -τε. This class consists almost exclusively of labial verbs:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τύπτω	strike	τυπ-	ὁ τύπ-ος, blow
βλάπτω	damage	βλαβ-	ἡ βλάβη, damage
κρύπτω	hide	κρυφ-	κρύφ-α, secretly
θάπτω	bury	ταφ-	ὁ τάφ-ος, grave; cf. 21, 2

Note.—Exceptional formations are:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τίκτω	beget	τεκ-	τὸ τέκ-νον, child
ἀνύτω	accomplish	ἀνυ-	collat. ἀνύω, ἀνύω

Third or Iod-Class: Present in -jω (1, 2, note 2).

The verb stem is enlarged by the formative syllable -jo, -je. The concurrence of j with the final consonant of the stem makes a variety of euphonic changes necessary.

a) A guttural (κ, γ, χ) with j becomes ττ (σσ):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φυλάττω	watch	φυλάκ-	ἡ φυλακ-ή, watch
τάττω	arrange	τάγ-	ὁ τάγ-ός, commander
ταράττω	disturb	ταράχ-	ἡ ταραχ-ή, tumult

Note.—A dental with j becomes ττ (σσ) in:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἁρμόττω	regulate	ἁρμοτ-	ὁ ἁρμοστής, he who regulates
πλάττω	form, mold	πλάτ-	τὸ πλάσμα, anything molded

b) δ with j becomes ζ:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἐλπίζω	hope	ἐλπιδ-	ἡ ἐλπίς, hope
καθ-έζομαι	take a seat	ἑδ-	τὸ ἕδ-ος, seat
ὄζω	smell of	ὀδ-	ἡ ὀδ-μή, odor

Note.—In some verbs, such especially as denote a sound, a guttural underlies the ζ.

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
στενάζω	moan	στενάγ-	ὁ στεναγ-μός, moaning
οἰμώζω	lament	οἰμωγ-	ἡ οἰμωγ-ή, wailing

c) λ with j becomes λλ (compare μάλα, μᾶλλον):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἅλλομαι	leap	ἁλ-	τὸ ἅλ-μα, leap; sal-io
ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελ-	ὁ ἄγγελ-ος, messenger

Note.—Only the stem ὀφελ- forms ὀφείλω (see d).

d) -ανjω, -ενjω, -ινjω, -υνjω and -αρjω, -ερjω, -ιρjω, -υρjω become -αίνω, -είνω, -ίνω, -ύνω and -αίρω, -είρω, -ίρω, -ύρω;

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φαίνω	show	φαν-	φαν-ε-ρός, visible
καθαίρω	cleanse	καθαρ-	καθαρ-ός, pure
τείνω	stretch	τεν-	ἀ-τεν-ής, stretched
σπείρω	sow	σπερ-	τὸ σπέρ-μα, seed
κρίνω	judge	κριν-	fut. κριν-ῶ
ἀμύνω	ward off	ἀμυν-	fut. ἀμυν-ῶ
likewise ὀφείλω	am indebted	ὀφελ-	aor. II. ὤφελ-ον, 86

Note.—In καίω (besides κάω) burn, st. καυ- (τὸ καῦ-μα heat), and κλαίω (besides κλάω) weep, st. κλαυ- (ὁ κλαυ-θμός weeping), the stem remains unchanged before consonants; their presents are formed from κᾰF-jω and κλᾰF-jω. 92, 2; 97, 44. 45.

For the remaining five classes, see the irregular conjugation, 107–112.

Active Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate [*]

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω

2. παιδεύ-εις

3. παιδεύ-ει

P. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μεν

2. παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. παιδεύ-ουσι(ν) [1] | I educated

S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν

2. ἐ-παίδευ-ε-ς

3. ἐ-παίδευ-ε(ν)

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν | (that)7 I may educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω

2. παιδεύ-ῃς

3. παιδεύ-ῃ

P. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μεν

2. παιδεύ-η-τε

3. παιδεύ-ωσι(ν) [2] | may I educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μι

2. παιδεύ-οι-ς

3. παιδεύ-οι

P. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μεν

2. παιδεύ-οι-τε

3. παιδεύ-οιε-ν | S. 2. παίδευ-ε – educate

3. παιδευ-έ-τω – let him [= he should] educate

P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. παιδευ-όντων [7] | παιδεύ-ειν

to educate | παιδεύ-ων, -οντος

παιδεύ-ουσα, -ούσης

παιδεῦ-ον, -οντος

one that educates | | Future | I shall educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω

2. παιδεύ-σεις

3. παιδεύ-σει etc.

same as in present | – | – | (saying that) I should educate

169, 4. note

S. 1. παιδεύ-σοι-μι

2. παιδεύ-σοι-ς

3. παιδεύ-σοι etc.

same as in present | – | παιδεύ-σειν

(to educate in future) | παιδεύ-σων, -οντος etc.

one that will [is about to] educate | | I Aorist | – | I educated (168, 2. a)

S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-σα

2. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ς

3. ἐ-παίδευ-σε(ν)

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-τε

3. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ν | (that)[6] I may educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω

2. παιδεύ-σῃς

3. παιδεύ-σῃ

P. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μεν

2. παιδεύ-ση-τε

3. παιδεύ-σωσι(ν) | may I educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μι

2. παιδεύ-σαι-ς, -σειας

3. παιδεύ-σαι, -σειε(ν)

P. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μεν

2. παιδεύ-σαι-τε

3. παιδεύ-σαιε-ν, -σειαν | S. 2. παίδευ-σον – educate

3. παιδευ-σά-τω – let him educate

P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-τε

3. παιδευ-σά-ντων [8] | παιδεῦ-σαι

to educate or: to have educated, 169, 4. | παιδεύ-σας, -σαντος

παιδεύ-σασα, -σάσης

παιδεῦ-σαν, -σαντος

one that educated | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have educated

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-κα

2. πε-παίδευ-κα-ς

3. πε-παίδευ-κε(ν)

P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κα-μεν

2. πε-παιδεύ-κα-τε

3. πε-παιδεύ-κασι(ν) [3] | I had educated

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ν [4]

2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ς [4]

3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει [4]

P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-μεν[^5]

2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-τε [5]

3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-σαν [5] | (that) [6] I may have educated

S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κω

2. πε-παιδεύ-κῃς etc.

same as in present, or:

πεπαιδευκὼς ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ etc. | may I have educated

S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-μι

2. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-ς etc.

same as in present, or:

πεπαιδευκὼς εἴην, εἴης, εἴη etc. | – | πε-παιδευ-κέ-ναι

to have educated | πε-παιδευ-κώς, -κότος

πε-παιδευ-κυῖα, -κυίας

πε-παιδευ-κός, -κότος

one that has educated |

Note. – For the forms of the II Aorist and the II Perfect Active see 86; 88.

[*]: In the paradigms only one meaning out of a variety is given. For a full explanation see Syntax, 167 seqq.

Remarks. – Note in the subj. the iota subscript: παιδεύῃς, παιδεύῃ.

[1]: From παιδεύ-ο-ντι, παιδεύ-ο-νσι.

[2]: From παιδεύ-ω-ντι, παιδεύ-ω-νσι.

[3]: From πεπαιδεύ-κα-ντι, πεπαιδεύ-κα-νσι.

[4]: Early collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύκη, -κης, -κει(ν) [from -εα, -εας, -εε(ν)].

[5]: Late collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύ-κειμεν, -κειτε, -κεισαν.

[6]: That = in order that (implying intention, as in final clauses).

[7]: Late collat. form παιδευ-έ-τωσαν.

[8]: Late collat. form παιδευ-σά-τωσαν.

Middle Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate (for my own sake), 165, 1. b.

S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ [1] (-ει) [3]

3. παιδεύ-ε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-ό-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. παιδεύ-ο-νται | I educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου [4]

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το

P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μεθα

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-ντο | (that) I may educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ [2]

3. παιδεύ-η-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-ώ-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-η-σθε

3. παιδεύ-ω-νται | may I educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην

2. παιδεύ-οι-ο[^p51-1]

3. παιδεύ-οι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-οί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-οι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-οι-ντο | educate (for your own sake)

S. 2. παιδεύ-ου [7]

3. παιδευ-έ-σθω

P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. παιδευ-έ-σθων [8] | παιδεύ-ε-σθαι

to educate (for one's own sake) | παιδευ-ό-μενος

παιδευ-ο-μένη

παιδευ-ό-μενον

one that educates (for his own sake) | | Future | I shall educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-σο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-σῃ

3. παιδεύ-σε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-σό-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σε-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σο-νται | – | – | (saying that) I should educate (for my own sake), 169, 4. note

S. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μην

2. παιδεύ-σοι-ο [6]

3. παιδεύ-σοι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σοι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σοι-ντο | – | παιδεύ-σε-σθαι

to educate (for one's own sake) in future | παιδευ-σό-μενος

παιδευ-σο-μένη

παιδευ-σό-μενον

one that will educate (for his own sake) | | I Aorist | – | I educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σω [5]

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-το

P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μεθα

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-σθε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-ντο | (that) I may educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-σῃ

3. παιδεύ-ση-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-σώ-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-ση-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σω-νται | may I educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μην

2. παιδεύ-σαι-ο [6]

3. παιδεύ-σαι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σαι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σαι-ντο | educate (for your own sake)

S. 2. παίδευ-σαι

3. παιδευ-σά-σθω

P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-σθε

3. παιδευ-σά-σθων [9] | παιδεύ-σα-σθαι

to educate (have educated, 169, 4) (for one's own sake) | παιδευ-σά-μενος

παιδευ-σα-μένη

παιδευ-σά-μενον

one that educated (for his own sake) | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι

2. πε-παίδευ-σαι

3. πε-παίδευ-ται

P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-μεθα

2. πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. πε-παίδευν-ται | I had educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το

P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μεθα

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-ντο | (that) I may have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένος ὦ

2. – ᾖς

3. – ᾖ

P. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένοι ὦμεν

2. – ἦτε

3. – ὦσι(ν) | may I have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην

2. – εἴης

3. – εἴη

P. 1. πεπαιδευμένοι εἴημεν

2. – εἴητε

3. – εἴησαν | have educated (for your own sake)

S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω

P. 2. πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθων [10] | πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι

to have educated (for one's own sake) | πε-παιδευ-μένος

πε-παιδευ-μένη

πε-παιδευ-μένον

one that has educated (for his own sake) |

Note. – For the forms of the II Aor. Middle, see 86.

[1]: 1. From παιδεύ-ε-σαι, παιδεύ-ε-αι. Together with note 2: hence iota subscript.

[2]: 2. From παιδεύ-η-σαι, παιδεύ-η-αι. Together with note 1: hence iota subscript.

[3]: 3. The later form παιδεύει is often used in the indic. for the earlier form παιδεύῃ.

[4]: 4. From ἐπαιδεύ-ε-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-ε-ο.

[5]: 5. From ἐπαιδεύ-σα-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-σα-ο.

[6]: 1. From παιδεύ-οι-σο (fut. παιδεύ-σοι-σο, aor. παιδεύ-σαι-σο).

[7]: 2. From παιδεύ-ε-σο, παιδεύ-ε-ο.

[8]: 3. Later collat. form παιδευ-έ-σθωσαν.

[9]: 4. Later collat. form παιδευ-σά-σθωσαν.

[10]: 5. Later collat. form πεπαιδεύ-σθωσαν.

Passive Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I am educated

S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ (-ει)

3. παιδεύ-ε-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | I was educated

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | (that) I may be educated

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ

3. παιδεύ-η-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | may I be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην

2. παιδεύ-οι-ο

3. παιδεύ-οι-το

etc.

same as in the middle | let yourself be educated

S. 2. παιδεύ-ου

3. παιδευ-έ-σθω

etc.

same as in the middle | παιδεύ-ε-σθαι

to be educated | παιδευ-ό-μενος

one that is educated | | Future | I shall be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θή-σο-μαι

2. παιδευ-θή-σῃ (-σει)

3. παιδευ-θή-σε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σό-μεθα

2. παιδευ-θή-σε-σθε

3. παιδευ-θή-σο-νται | – | – | (saying that) I should be educated (some time in the future), 169, 4. n.

S. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μην

2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ο

3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μεθα

2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-σθε

3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ντο | – | παιδευ-θή-σε-σθαι

to be educated (at some future time) | παιδευ-θη-σό-μενος

παιδευ-θη-σο-μένη

παιδευ-θη-σό-μενον

one that will be educated | | I Aorist | – | I was educated

S. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ς

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-τε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-σαν | (that) I may be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θῶ

2. παιδευ-θῇς

3. παιδευ-θῇ

P. 1. παιδευ-θῶ-μεν

2. παιδευ-θῆ-τε

3. παιδευ-θῶσι(ν) | may I be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θείη-ν

2. παιδευ-θείη-ς

3. παιδευ-θείη

P. 1. παιδευ-θείη-μεν, -θεῖμεν

2. παιδευ-θείη-τε, -θεῖτε

3. παιδευ-θείη-σαν, -θεῖεν | let yourself be educated

S. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τι

3. παιδευ-θή-τω

P. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τε

3. παιδευ-θέ-ντων[^1] | παιδευ-θῆ-ναι

to be educated (to have been educated), 169, 4. | παιδευ-θείς, -θέντος

παιδευ-θεῖσα, -θείσης

παιδευ-θέν, -θέντος

educated, one that was (is) educated | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have been educated

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι

2. πε-παίδευ-σαι

3. πε-παίδευ-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | I had been educated

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | (that) I may have been educated

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος ὦ

2. – ᾖς

3. – ᾖ

etc.

same as in the middle | may I have been educated

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην

2. – εἴης

3. – εἴη

etc.

same as in the middle | be educated

S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω

etc.

same as in the middle | πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι

to have been educated | πε-παιδευ-μένος

(one who has been) educated |

Note. – For παιδεύῃ, παιδεύει, ἐπαιδεύου, παιδεύοιο and παιδεύου, see the notes, pp. 50 and 51.

[1]: Later collateral form παιδευ-θή-τωσαν; compare the notes on pp. 49 and 51.

Pres. and Impf. Act., Mid., and Pass.

Formative syllables are the thematic vowels -ο, -ε,

-ο before μ, ν and in the optative, -ε before σ, τ and before vowels; -ειν in the infinitive arises from -ε-εν.

Fut. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllables: -σο, -σε.

Same inflection as in the present.

Subjunctive and imperative are wanting.

I Aor. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllable: -σα.

The subjunctive has the same endings as the present.

To be distinguished: παίδευσον and παιδεῦσον; παίδευσαι, παιδεύσαι, παιδεῦσαι.

[or λῦσαι, 2. and λύσαι — γράψαι, 3.]

I Perf. Active

Formative syllable is -κα, added to the redupl. stem.

Subj. and opt. have the same endings as in the present.

I Pluperf. Active

Formative syllable: -κει, -κε, added to the redupl. stem.

Perfects with ἐ- as reduplication take no extra augment.

Perf. and Plup. Mid. and Pass.

Without formative syllable. The endings are applied directly to the reduplicated stem. The infin. and part. have the accent throughout on the penult.

Future Perfect

The act. is expressed by the pf. part. and ἔσομαι (104, 3); thus πεπαιδευκὼς ἔσομαι, I shall have educated.

The pass. adds to the redupl. stem the middle endings -σομαι, etc.; thus πεπαιδεύσομαι, I shall have been educated.

I Aor. and I Fut. Pass.

Formative syllable: -θη, before vowels or -ντ: -θε, to be contracted with the thematic vowel of the subjunctive.

The aorist passive has active, the future pass. has middle endings.

Mark as imper. παιδεύθητι for παιδευθήθι (21, 1).

Verbal Adjectives

Formative syllables are -τός, -τή, -τόν and -τέος, -τέα, -τέον.

παιδευτός, 3. (capable of being) educated,

παιδευτέος, 3. that must be educated, educandus.

The stems of pure verbs, from the future onward, end in a long vowel as follows:

the verbs in -άω have after ε, ι, ρ: ᾱ (28, 1; 29, 1; 34, 2); otherwise: η; the verbs in -έω: η; the verbs in -όω: ω; the verbs in -ίω: ῑ; the verbs in -ύω: ῡ.

Verbs in -άω

No.	Tense / form	Voice	θηράω — hunt	τιμάω — honor
1	Present	Active	θηρά-ω	τιμά-ω
		Mid., Pass.	θηρά-ο-μαι	τιμά-ο-μαι
2	Future	Active	θηρᾱ́-σω	τιμή-σω
		Middle	θηρᾱ́-σο-μαι	τιμή-σο-μαι
3	Aorist	Active	ἐ-θήρᾱ-σα	ἐ-τίμη-σα
		Middle	ἐ-θηρᾱ-σά-μην	ἐ-τιμη-σά-μην
4	Perfect	Active	τε-θήρᾱ-κα	τε-τίμη-κα
		Mid., Pass.	τε-θήρᾱ-μαι	τε-τίμη-μαι
5	Aorist	Passive	ἐ-θηρᾱ́-θη-ν	ἐ-τιμή-θη-ν
	Future	Passive	θηρᾱ-θή-σομαι	τιμη-θή-σομαι
6	Verb. Adjectives		θηρᾱ-τός, 3.

θηρᾱ-τέος, 3. | τιμη-τός, 3.

τιμη-τέος, 3. |

Verbs in -έω, -όω, and -ύω

No.	Tense / form	Voice	ποιέω — make	δουλόω — enslave	μηνύω — make known
1	Present	Active	ποιέ-ω	δουλό-ω	μηνῡ́-ω
		Mid., Pass.	ποιέ-ο-μαι	δουλό-ο-μαι	μηνῡ́-ο-μαι
2	Future	Active	ποιή-σω	δουλώ-σω	μηνῡ́-σω
		Middle	ποιή-σο-μαι	δουλώ-σο-μαι	μηνῡ́-σο-μαι
3	Aorist	Active	ἐ-ποίη-σα	ἐ-δούλω-σα	ἐ-μήνῡ-σα
		Middle	ἐ-ποιη-σά-μην	ἐ-δουλω-σά-μην	ἐ-μηνῡ-σά-μην
4	Perfect	Active	πε-ποίη-κα	δε-δούλω-κα	με-μήνῡ-κα
		Mid., Pass.	πε-ποίη-μαι	δε-δούλω-μαι	με-μήνῡ-μαι
5	Aorist	Passive	ἐ-ποιή-θη-ν	ἐ-δουλώ-θη-ν	ἐ-μηνῡ́-θη-ν
	Future	Passive	ποιη-θή-σομαι	δουλω-θή-σομαι	μηνῡ-θή-σομαι
6	Verb. Adjectives		ποιη-τός, 3.

ποιη-τέος, 3. | δουλω-τός, 3.

δουλω-τέος, 3. | μηνῡ-τός, 3.

μηνῡ-τέος, 3. |

For peculiarities of pure verbs see 91.

Paradigm τιμάω: I honor

α + E-sound (ε, η, ει, ῃ) gives ᾱ (ᾳ), α + O-sound (ο, ω, οι, ου) gives ω (ῳ), original ι becomes iota subscript.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	τιμάω	τιμῶ	τιμάομαι	τιμῶμαι
	S. 2.	τιμάεις	τιμᾷς	τιμάῃ (-ει)	τιμᾷ
	S. 3.	τιμάει	τιμᾷ	τιμάεται	τιμᾶται
	P. 1.	τιμάομεν	τιμῶμεν	τιμαόμεθα	τιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	τιμάετε	τιμᾶτε	τιμάεσθε	τιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	τιμάουσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	τιμάονται	τιμῶνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐτίμαον	ἐτίμων	ἐτιμαόμην	ἐτιμώμην
	S. 2.	ἐτίμαες	ἐτίμας	ἐτιμάου	ἐτιμῶ
	S. 3.	ἐτίμαε(ν)	ἐτίμα	ἐτιμάετο	ἐτιμᾶτο
	P. 1.	ἐτιμάομεν	ἐτιμῶμεν	ἐτιμαόμεθα	ἐτιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐτιμάετε	ἐτιμᾶτε	ἐτιμάεσθε	ἐτιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	ἐτίμαον	ἐτίμων	ἐτιμάοντο	ἐτιμῶντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	τιμάω	τιμῶ	τιμάωμαι	τιμῶμαι
	S. 2.	τιμάῃς	τιμᾷς	τιμάῃ	τιμᾷ
	S. 3.	τιμάῃ	τιμᾷ	τιμάηται	τιμᾶται
	P. 1.	τιμάωμεν	τιμῶμεν	τιμαώμεθα	τιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	τιμάητε	τιμᾶτε	τιμάησθε	τιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	τιμάωσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	τιμάωνται	τιμῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	τιμάοιμι	τιμῷμι

also -ῴην | τιμαοίμην | τιμῴμην | | | S. 2. | τιμάοις | τιμῷς

also -ῴης | τιμάοιο | τιμῷο | | | S. 3. | τιμάοι | τιμῷ

also -ῴη | τιμάοιτο | τιμῷτο | | | P. 1. | τιμάοιμεν | τιμῷμεν

also -ῴημεν | τιμαοίμεθα | τιμῴμεθα | | | P. 2. | τιμάοιτε | τιμῷτε

also -ῴητε | τιμάοισθε | τιμῷσθε | | | P. 3. | τιμάοιεν | τιμῷεν | τιμάοιντο | τιμῷντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | τίμαε | τίμα | τιμάου | τιμῶ | | | S. 3. | τιμαέτω | τιμάτω | τιμαέσθω | τιμάσθω | | | P. 2. | τιμάετε | τιμᾶτε | τιμάεσθε | τιμᾶσθε | | | P. 3. | τιμαόντων | τιμώντων | τιμαέσθων | τιμάσθων | | Infinitive | | τιμάειν | τιμᾶν | τιμάεσθαι | τιμᾶσθαι | | Participle | M. | τιμάων | τιμῶν, gen. -ῶντος | τιμαόμενος | τιμώμενος | | | F. | τιμάουσα | τιμῶσα, gen. -ώσης | τιμαομένη | τιμωμένη | | | N. | τιμάον | τιμῶν, gen. -ῶντος | τιμαόμενον | τιμώμενον |

Note 1. — As the ending of the inf. act. ειν arises from a contraction of ε-εν, and consequently does not contain an original ι, the contracted inf. is τιμᾶν (not τιμᾷν) and δουλοῦν (not δουλοῖν).

Paradigm ποιέω: I make

ε + ε gives ει, ε + ο gives ου, ε before a long vowel or diphthong is absorbed.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	ποιέω	ποιῶ	ποιέομαι	ποιοῦμαι
	S. 2.	ποιέεις	ποιεῖς	ποιέῃ (-ει)	ποιῇ (-εῖ)
	S. 3.	ποιέει	ποιεῖ	ποιέεται	ποιεῖται
	P. 1.	ποιέομεν	ποιοῦμεν	ποιεόμεθα	ποιούμεθα
	P. 2.	ποιέετε	ποιεῖτε	ποιέεσθε	ποιεῖσθε
	P. 3.	ποιέουσι(ν)	ποιοῦσι(ν)	ποιέονται	ποιοῦνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐποίεον	ἐποίουν	ἐποιεόμην	ἐποιούμην
	S. 2.	ἐποίεες	ἐποίεις	ἐποιέου	ἐποιοῦ
	S. 3.	ἐποίεε(ν)	ἐποίει	ἐποιέετο	ἐποιεῖτο
	P. 1.	ἐποιέομεν	ἐποιοῦμεν	ἐποιεόμεθα	ἐποιούμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐποιέετε	ἐποιεῖτε	ἐποιέεσθε	ἐποιεῖσθε
	P. 3.	ἐποίεον	ἐποίουν	ἐποιέοντο	ἐποιοῦντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	ποιέω	ποιῶ	ποιέωμαι	ποιῶμαι
	S. 2.	ποιέῃς	ποιῇς	ποιέῃ	ποιῇ
	S. 3.	ποιέῃ	ποιῇ	ποιέηται	ποιῆται
	P. 1.	ποιέωμεν	ποιῶμεν	ποιεώμεθα	ποιώμεθα
	P. 2.	ποιέητε	ποιῆτε	ποιέησθε	ποιῆσθε
	P. 3.	ποιέωσι(ν)	ποιῶσι(ν)	ποιέωνται	ποιῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	ποιέοιμι	ποιοῖμι

also -οίην | ποιεοίμην | ποιοίμην | | | S. 2. | ποιέοις | ποιοῖς

also -οίης | ποιέοιο | ποιοῖο | | | S. 3. | ποιέοι | ποιοῖ

also -οίη | ποιέοιτο | ποιοῖτο | | | P. 1. | ποιέοιμεν | ποιοῖμεν

also -οίημεν | ποιεοίμεθα | ποιοίμεθα | | | P. 2. | ποιέοιτε | ποιοῖτε

also -οίητε | ποιέοισθε | ποιοῖσθε | | | P. 3. | ποιέοιεν | ποιοῖεν | ποιέοιντο | ποιοῖντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | ποίεε | ποίει | ποιέου | ποιοῦ | | | S. 3. | ποιεέτω | ποιείτω | ποιεέσθω | ποιείσθω | | | P. 2. | ποιέετε | ποιεῖτε | ποιέεσθε | ποιεῖσθε | | | P. 3. | ποιεόντων | ποιούντων | ποιεέσθων | ποιείσθων | | Infinitive | | ποιέειν | ποιεῖν | ποιέεσθαι | ποιεῖσθαι | | Participle | M. | ποιέων | ποιῶν, gen. -οῦντος | ποιεόμενος | ποιούμενος | | | F. | ποιέουσα | ποιοῦσα, gen. -ούσης | ποιεομένη | ποιουμένη | | | N. | ποιέον | ποιοῦν, gen. -οῦντος | ποιεόμενον | ποιούμενον |

Note 2. — In the optative sing. the forms with η, in the plural those without η prevail.

Paradigm δουλόω: I enslave

ο + ε or ο or ου gives ου, ο + η or ω gives ω, ο + ι-diphthong (ει, οι, ῃ) gives οι.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	δουλόω	δουλῶ	δουλόομαι	δουλοῦμαι
	S. 2.	δουλόεις	δουλοῖς	δουλόῃ (-ει)	δουλοῖ
	S. 3.	δουλόει	δουλοῖ	δουλόεται	δουλοῦται
	P. 1.	δουλόομεν	δουλοῦμεν	δουλοόμεθα	δουλούμεθα
	P. 2.	δουλόετε	δουλοῦτε	δουλόεσθε	δουλοῦσθε
	P. 3.	δουλόουσι(ν)	δουλοῦσι(ν)	δουλόονται	δουλοῦνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐδούλοον	ἐδούλουν	ἐδουλοόμην	ἐδουλούμην
	S. 2.	ἐδούλοες	ἐδούλους	ἐδουλόου	ἐδουλοῦ
	S. 3.	ἐδούλοε(ν)	ἐδούλου	ἐδουλόετο	ἐδουλοῦτο
	P. 1.	ἐδουλόομεν	ἐδουλοῦμεν	ἐδουλοόμεθα	ἐδουλούμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐδουλόετε	ἐδουλοῦτε	ἐδουλόεσθε	ἐδουλοῦσθε
	P. 3.	ἐδούλοον	ἐδούλουν	ἐδουλόοντο	ἐδουλοῦντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	δουλόω	δουλῶ	δουλόωμαι	δουλῶμαι
	S. 2.	δουλόῃς	δουλοῖς	δουλόῃ	δουλοῖ
	S. 3.	δουλόῃ	δουλοῖ	δουλόηται	δουλῶται
	P. 1.	δουλόωμεν	δουλῶμεν	δουλοώμεθα	δουλώμεθα
	P. 2.	δουλόητε	δουλῶτε	δουλόησθε	δουλῶσθε
	P. 3.	δουλόωσι(ν)	δουλῶσι(ν)	δουλόωνται	δουλῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	δουλόοιμι	δουλοῖμι

also -οίην | δουλοοίμην | δουλοίμην | | | S. 2. | δουλόοις | δουλοῖς

also -οίης | δουλόοιο | δουλοῖο | | | S. 3. | δουλόοι | δουλοῖ

also -οίη | δουλόοιτο | δουλοῖτο | | | P. 1. | δουλόοιμεν | δουλοῖμεν

also -οίημεν | δουλοοίμεθα | δουλοίμεθα | | | P. 2. | δουλόοιτε | δουλοῖτε

also -οίητε | δουλόοισθε | δουλοῖσθε | | | P. 3. | δουλόοιεν | δουλοῖεν | δουλόοιντο | δουλοῖντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | δούλοε | δούλου | δουλόου | δουλοῦ | | | S. 3. | δουλοέτω | δουλούτω | δουλοέσθω | δουλούσθω | | | P. 2. | δουλόετε | δουλοῦτε | δουλόεσθε | δουλοῦσθε | | | P. 3. | δουλοόντων | δουλούντων | δουλοέσθων | δουλούσθων | | Infinitive | | δουλόειν | δουλοῦν | δουλόεσθαι | δουλοῦσθαι | | Participle | M. | δουλόων | δουλῶν, gen. -οῦντος | δουλοόμενος | δουλούμενος | | | F. | δουλόουσα | δουλοῦσα, gen. -ούσης | δουλοομένη | δουλουμένη | | | N. | δουλόον | δουλοῦν, gen. -οῦντος | δουλοόμενον | δουλούμενον |

Note 3. — For the inf. act. δουλοῦν see note 1, page 56.

Note 4. — Contracted forms of the 3. p. sg. have no ν ἐφελκυστικόν: ἐτίμα, ἐποίει, ἐδούλου.

Their tenses are formed by means of the same formative syllables and endings as those of pure verbs. Special attention is due only to the euphonic changes to which those suffixes are subject when brought into contact with the final consonants of the stem.

1 Dental stems

Dental stems drop their final consonants δ, τ, θ before σ and κ (see ἐλπίσω § 39.1), but change them to σ before μ or other dentals.

Note. σπένδω takes compensative lengthening throughout: σπένδω, σπείσω, ἔσπεισα, (ἔσπεικα), ἔσπεισμαι, ἐσπείσθην.

2 Guttural and labial stems

With suffix ‑σ‑:

any guttural → ξ any labial → ψ.

Before μ:

guttural → γ, labial → μ.

Before τ:

guttural → κ, labial → π.

Before θ:

guttural → χ, labial → φ.

These stems have no first perfect active in ‑κα; if they have any perfect active at all, it is the second (see § 88).

3 Synopsis of the formation of tenses (mute stems)

	γυμνᾶδ‑ train	ἁρμοτ‑ join	πρᾶγ‑ do	κρύφ‑ hide
Pres. act.	γυμνάζω	ἁρμόττω	πράττω	κρύπτω
Future	γυμνᾶ‑σω	ἁρμό‑σω	πράξω	κρύψω
Aorist	ἐγύμνᾶ‑σα	ἥρμο‑σα	ἔπρᾶξα	ἔκρυψα
Perfect act.	γεγύμνᾶ‑κα	ἥρμο‑κα	(88, 3b)	(88, 3a)
Perf. mid./pass.	γεγύμνα‑σμαι	ἥρμοσ‑μαι	πέπρᾶγ‑μαι	κέκρυμ‑μαι
Aorist pass.	ἐγυμνάσ‑θην	ἡρμόσ‑θην	ἐπρᾶχ‑θην	ἐκρύφ‑θην
III future	—	—	πεπράξομαι	κεκρύψομαι
Verbal adj.	γυμνασ‑τός	ἁρμοσ‑τός	πρᾶκ‑τός	κρυπ‑τός
	γυμνασ‑τέος	ἁρμοσ‑τέος	πρᾶκ‑τέος	κρυπ‑τέος

As the final consonant of the stem must be assimilated to the initial sound of the endings and σ be dropped between two consonants, the following are the only combinations possible:

Dentals	Gutturals	Labials
σμ	γμ	μμ
σ	ξ	ψ
στ	κτ	πτ
σθ	χθ	φθ

The endings -νται and -ντο cannot be added to consonant stems; the third person plural, therefore, is always formed by the perfect participle passive, with

εἰσί(ν), neuter ἐστί(ν), in the perfect, ἦσαν, neuter ἦν, in the pluperfect.

Paradigms

Verb and stem	Perfect indicative	Pluperfect	Perfect imperative	Infinitive and participle
ψεύδω — deceive

st. ψευδ- | S. 1. ἔψευσ-μαι

ἔψευ-σαι

ἔψευσ-ται

P. 1. ἐψεύσ-μεθα

ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψευσ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐψεύσ-μην

ἔψευ-σο

ἔψευσ-το

P. 1. ἐψεύσ-μεθα

ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψευσ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. ἔψευ-σο

ἐψεύ-σθω

P. 2. ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψεύ-σθων | Inf. ἐψεῦ-σθαι

Part. M. ἐψευσ-μένος

F. ἐψευσ-μένη

N. ἐψευσ-μένον | | πράττω — do

st. πράγ- | S. 1. πέπραγ-μαι

πέπραξαι

πέπρακ-ται

P. 1. πεπράγ-μεθα

πέπραχ-θε

πεπραγ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐπεπράγ-μην

ἐπέπραξο

ἐπέπρακ-το

P. 1. ἐπεπράγ-μεθα

ἐπέπραχ-θε

πεπραγ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. πέπραξο

πεπράχ-θω

P. 2. πεπράχ-θε

πεπράχ-θων | Inf. πεπρᾶχ-θαι

Part. M. πεπραγ-μένος

F. πεπραγ-μένη

N. πεπραγ-μένον | | γράφω — write

st. γράφ- | S. 1. γέγραμ-μαι

γέγραψαι

γέγραπ-ται

P. 1. γεγράμ-μεθα

γέγραφ-θε

γεγραμ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐγεγράμ-μην

ἐγέγραψο

ἐγέγραπ-το

P. 1. ἐγεγράμ-μεθα

ἐγέγραφ-θε

γεγραμ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. γέγραψο

γεγράφ-θω

P. 2. γεγράφ-θε

γεγράφ-θων | Inf. γεγράφ-θαι

Part. M. γεγραμ-μένος

F. γεγραμ-μένη

N. γεγραμ-μένον |

The three verbs στρέφω turn, τρέπω turn, τρέφω nourish, change their stem vowel ε to ᾰ:

ἔστραμμαι, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι (21, 2).

An accumulation of consonants is avoided; e.g. in πέπεμ-μαι, πεπεμ-μένος (instead of πέπεμπ-μαι, πεπεμπ-μένος) from πέμπω. Nor is this the only instance.

Future and First Aorist Act. and Mid.

The future adds to the verb stem the endings (‑έσω, ‑έω): ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς, etc.

It is inflected like contract verbs in ‑έω (Futurum contractum); see 3.

In the first aorist the σ drops out with compensative lengthening (13) of the last syllable of the stem. Thus

Change	Present	Meaning	Stem	Future	Aorist
ᾰ after ι, ρ becomes ᾱ	μιαίνω	stain	μιάν-	μιᾱνῶ	ἐμίᾱνα
	περαίνω	finish	περάν-	περᾱνῶ	ἐπέρᾱνα
elsewhere η	φαίνω	show	φάν-	φανῶ	ἔφηνα
ε becomes ει	δέρω	flay	δερ-	δερῶ	ἔδειρα
ῐ becomes ῑ	κρίνω	judge	κρίν-	κρινῶ	ἔκρῑνα
ῠ becomes ῡ	ἀμύνω	ward off	ἀμύν-	ἀμυνῶ	ἤμῡνα

Paradigm: στέλλω I send.

Future of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	στελῶ	—	στελοίην, στελοίης, στελοίη,	—	στελεῖν
	στελεῖς		στελοίημεν, στελοίητε, στελοίησαν		στελῶν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖ		(στελοῖεν)		στελοῦσα, ‑ούσης
	στελοῦμεν				στελοῦν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖτε				
	στελοῦσι(ν)				
Mid.	στελοῦμαι	—	στελοίμην, στελοῖο, στελοῖτο	—	στελεῖσθαι
	στελήσῃ (‑εῖ)		στελοίμεθα, στελοῖσθε, στελοῖντο		στελούμενος, στελουμένη, στελούμενον
	στελεῖται				
	στελοῦμεθα				
	στελεῖσθε				
	στελοῦνται				

First aorist of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	ἔστειλα	στείλω	στείλαιμι, στείλαις (‑σειας), στείλαι (‑σειε(ν))	στειλον	στειλαι
	ἔστειλας	στείλῃς	στείλαιμεν	στειλάτω	στείλας, ‑αντος
	ἔστειλε(ν)	στείλῃ	στείλαιτε	στείλατε	στείλασα, ‑άσης
	ἐστείλαμεν	στείλωμεν	στείλαιεν (‑σειαν)	στειλάντων	στειλαν, ‑αντος
	ἐστείλατε	στείλητε			
	ἔστειλαν	στείλωσι(ν)			
Mid.	ἐστειλάμην	στείλωμαι	στειλαίμην, στείλαιο, στείλαιτο	στείλω	στειλάσθαι
	ἐστείλω	στείλῃ	στειλαίμεθα, στείλαισθε, στείλαιντο	στειλάσθω	στειλάμενος, στειλαμένη, στειλάμενον
	ἐστείλατο	στείληται		στείλασθε	
	ἐστειλάμεθα	στειλώμεθα		στειλάσθων	
	ἐστείλασθε	στείλησθε			
	ἐστείλαντο	στείλωνται

They are formed in the usual manner with the necessary changes:

a) final ν before κ becomes γ; b) final ν before μ becomes σ; c) σ between two consonants is dropped; d) the ε of monosyllabic stems becomes ᾰ (cf. 11, 3, extr.).

Synopsis of the Formation of Tenses.

Stems:	φαν‑ show	ἀγγελ‑ announce	στελ‑ send	σπερ‑ sow
Pres. Act.	φαίνω	ἀγγέλλω	στέλλω	σπείρω
Fut.	φαν‑ῶ, ‑εῖς	ἀγγελ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς	στελ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς	σπερ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς
Aor.	ἔ‑φηνα	ἤγγειλα	ἔ‑στειλα	ἔ‑σπειρα
Perf.	πέ‑φαγ‑κα	ἤγγελ‑κα	ἔ‑σταλ‑κα	ἔ‑σπαρ‑κα
Perf. M. & P.	πέ‑φασ‑μαι	ἤγγελ‑μαι	ἔ‑σταλ‑μαι	ἔ‑σπαρ‑μαι
Aor. Pass.	ἐ‑φαν‑θην	ἠγγέλ‑θην	ἐ‑στάλ‑ην	ἐ‑σπάρ‑ην (87, 3)
Verb. Adj.	φαν‑τός	ἀγγελ‑τός	σταλ‑τός	σπαρ‑τός
	φαν‑τέος	ἀγγελ‑τέος	σταλ‑τέος	σπαρ‑τέος

Inflection of the Perfect and Pluperfect Mid. and Pass.

φαίνω show — st. φαν‑

	PERF. INDIC.	PLUPERFECT	PERF. IMPER.	INF. AND PART.
φαίνω show	πέφασ‑μαι	ἐπεφάσ‑μην		πεφάν‑θαι
st. φαν‑	πέφαν‑σαι	ἐπέφαν‑σο	πέφαν‑σο	πεφασ‑μένος
	πέφαν‑ται	ἐπέφαν‑το	πεφάν‑θω	πεφασ‑μένη
	πεφάσ‑μεθα	ἐπεφάσ‑μεθα		πεφασ‑μένον
	πέφαν‑θε	ἐπέφαν‑θε	πέφαν‑θε	
	πεφασ‑μένοι εἰσί(ν)	πεφασ‑μένοι ἦσαν	πεφάν‑θων	

ἀγγέλλω announce — st. ἀγγελ‑

	PERF. INDIC.	PLUPERFECT	PERF. IMPER.	INF. AND PART.
ἀγγέλλω announce	ἤγγελ‑μαι	ἠγγέλ‑μην		ἠγγέλ‑θαι
st. ἀγγελ‑	ἤγγελ‑σαι	ἤγγελ‑σο	ἤγγελ‑σο	ἠγγελ‑μένος
	ἤγγελ‑ται	ἤγγελ‑το	ἠγγέλ‑θω	ἠγγελ‑μένη
	ἠγγέλ‑μεθα	ἠγγέλ‑μεθα		ἠγγελ‑μένον
	ἤγγελ‑θε	ἤγγελ‑θε	ἤγγελ‑θε	
	ἠγγελ‑μένοι εἰσί(ν)	ἠγγελ‑μένοι ἦσαν	ἠγγέλ‑θων	

Liquid verbs lack the future perfect.

For βάλλω, κλίνω, κρίνω, τείνω see 92, 4. 6. 7 with note.

§ 86

I. Second Aorist Active and Middle

Formative syllables are -ο, and -ε, to be added to the verb stem. Thus the endings of the indicative are the same as those of the imperfect, those of the other moods the same as those of the respective forms of the present. However, four forms have a different accent:

in the active: the inf. and the part.: βαλεῖν, βαλών. in the middle: the 2. p. imper. and the inf.: βαλοῦ, βαλέσθαι.

Note. The compounds too have the accent on the thematic vowel in these forms: ἀποβαλεῖν, ἀποβαλών, ἀποβαλοῦ, ἀποβαλέσθαι.

Paradigm (βάλλω)

	INDICATIVE	SUBJUNCTIVE	OPTATIVE	IMPERATIVE	INF. AND PART.
Active	ἔ-βαλ-ο-ν	βάλ-ω	βάλ-οι-μι		βαλεῖν
	ἔ-βαλ-ε-ς	βάλ-ῃς	βάλ-οι-ς	βάλ-ε	
	ἔ-βαλ-ε(ν)	βάλ-ῃ	βάλ-οι	βαλ-έ-τω	
	ἐ-βάλ-ο-μεν	βάλ-ω-μεν	βάλ-οι-μεν		βαλ-ών, -όντος
	ἐ-βάλ-ε-τε	βάλ-η-τε	βάλ-οι-τε	βάλ-ε-τε	βαλ-οῦσα, -ούσης
	ἔ-βαλ-ο-ν	βάλ-ωσι(ν)	βάλ-οιεν	βαλ-ό-ντων	βαλ-όν, -όντος
Middle	ἐ-βαλ-ό-μην	βάλ-ω-μαι	βαλ-οί-μην		βαλ-έσθαι
	ἐ-βάλ-ου	βάλ-ῃ	βάλ-οι-ο	βαλ-οῦ	
	ἐ-βάλ-ε-το	βάλ-η-ται	βάλ-οι-το	βαλ-έ-σθω	
	ἐ-βαλ-ό-μεθα	βαλ-ώ-μεθα	βαλ-οί-μεθα		βαλ-ό-μενος
	ἐ-βάλ-ε-σθε	βάλ-η-σθε	βάλ-οι-σθε	βάλ-ε-σθε	βαλ-ο-μένη
	ἐ-βάλ-ο-ντο	βάλ-ω-νται	βαλ-οι-ντο	βαλ-έ-σθων	βαλ-ό-μενον

The following second aorists of regular verbs arethe most important in Attic prose

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II aor. form
τίκτω	bring forth	τεκ-	ἔτεκον
ἀνα-κράζω	cry out	κρᾱγ-	ἀν-έκρᾱγον
βάλλω	throw	βάλ-	ἔβαλον
κατα-καίνω	kill	καίν-	κατ-έκᾱνον
ὀφείλω	owe	ὀφελ-	ὤφελον utinam ego, would that I, with inf., 172, 2. note.

Some have a peculiar formation; as:

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II aor. form
ἄγω	lead	ἀγ-	ἤγαγον (redupl.)
τρέπομαι	turn, intr.	τρεπ-	ἐτραπόμην (ablaut, 11, 2).

Among the irregular verbs II aorists are very numerous.

§ 87

II. Second Aorist and Second Future Passive

The formative syllable is ‑η, before vowels or ντ ‑ε, to be added to the verb stem. These tenses are inflected like the I aor. and fut. pass. (79, 8), except that in the 2d person sing. of the imper. the ending ‑θι remains unchanged: στάλη‑θι.

Several II aor. have an intransitive meaning.

In Attic prose, the following II aorists are almost exclusively used:

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II aor. form
γράφω	write	γρᾶφ-	ἐγράφην
βλάπτω	damage	βλᾶβ-	ἐβλάβην
θάπτω	bury	τᾶφ-	ἐτάφην
κόπτω	cut	κοπ-	ἐκόπην
σκάπτω	dig	σκᾶφ-	ἐσκάφην
ἀλλάττω	change	ἀλλᾶγ-	ἠλλάγην
σφάττω	slay	σφᾶγ-	ἐσφάγην
σφάλλω	deceive	σφᾶλ-	ἐσφάλην, pass. & intr.
μαίνομαι	rage	μᾶν-	ἐμάνην
φαίνομαι	appear	φᾶν-	ἐφάνην

The stem-vowel ε is changed to ᾱ:

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II aor. form
τρέπω	turn	τρεπ-	ἐτράπην, pass. & intr.
στρέφω	twist	στρεφ-	ἐστράφην, pass. & intr.
τρέφω	nourish	τρεφ-	ἐτράφην
δέρω	skin, flay	δερ-	ἐδάρην
στέλλω	send	στελ-	ἐστάλην
σπείρω	sow	σπερ-	ἐσπάρην
δια-φθείρω	spoil	φθερ-	δι-εφθάρην, pass. & intr.
συλ-λέγω	collect	λεγ-	συν-ελέγην

Note 1. To be distinguished:

ἐφάνην appeared, of φαίνομαι appear, ἐφάνθην was shown, of φαίνω show.

Note 2. A II aor. pass. occurs in such verbs only as lack a II aor. act.; the verb τρέπω, however, has all the aorists possible:

in the act.: ἔτρεψα and ἔτραπον turned, in the mid.: ἐτρεψάμην put to flight, and ἐτραπόμην took to flight, in the pass.: ἐτρέφθην was turned, and ἐτράπην was turned and turned myself.

§ 88

III. Second Perfect and Second Pluperfect Active

Formative syllables are ‑α and ‑ει, to be added directly to the reduplicated verb stem.

E.g. γράφω write, st. γρᾶφ‑, II pf. γέγρᾶφ‑α, II plupf. ἐ‑γεγράφ‑ειν.

Such II perfects and II plupf. active (without κ¹) are found only in mute verbs and in some few liquid verbs.

¹ In the present work, only such perfects as end in ‑κα are called I perfects, all others, including aspirated forms, are designated as II perfects.

These tenses are inflected throughout like the I tenses:

pf. ind. γέγραφ‑α, ‑ας, ‑ε(ν), etc. plupf. ἐγεγράφ‑ειν, ‑εις, ‑ει, etc. subj. γεγράφ‑ω, ‑ῃς, ‑ῃ, etc. opt. γεγράφοιμι, ‑οις, ‑οι, etc. inf. γεγραφ‑έ‑ναι. part. γεγραφ‑ώς, ‑υῖα, ‑ός, ‑ότος, ‑υίας, ‑ότος.

Changes of the verb stem in II perfect

It may happen that the verb stem remains unchanged in the second perfect (3, a). But more frequently it is changed as follows:

final gutturals and labials are altered to the corresponding rough mutes (3, b.); short vowels of the stem undergo certain changes (3, c.); or both aspiration and change of vowel take place (3, d.).

Several II perfects have an intransitive meaning.

Common II perfects of regular verbs

a) No change in the verb stem:

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II perf. form
κύπτω	stoop	κῦφ-	κέ-κῦφ-α
γράφω	write	γρᾶφ-	γέ-γρᾶφ-α

b) Final consonant becomes rough:

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II perf. form
ἄγω	lead	ἀγ-	ἦχ-α
τάττω	arrange	τἀγ-	τέ-τἀχ-α
πράττω	do	πραγ-	πέ-πραχ-α
κόπτω	cut	κοπ-	κέ-κοφ-α

c) Stem vowel changed (see 11):

Change	Present	Meaning	Stem	Perfect	Meaning
α becomes η in	μαίνομα-ι	rage	μᾰν-	μέ-μην-α	am mad
	φαίνομαι	appear	φᾰν-	πέ-φην-α	have app.
ε becomes ο in	στρέφω	turn	στρεφ-	ἔ-στροφ-α	
	τρέφω	nourish	τρεφ-	τέ-τροφ-α	
	ἀπο-κτείνω	kill	κτεν-	ἀπ-έ-κτον-α	

d) Both aspiration and ablaut (11, 2):

Verb	Gloss	Stem	II perf. form
πέμπω	send	πεμπ-	πέ-πομπ-α
τρέπω	turn	τρεπ-	τέ-τροπ-α

Note the difference between (see 87, 3. note 1):

πέφηνα have appeared, of φαίνομαι appear, πέφαγκα have shown, of φαίνω show.

A. Augment and Reduplication

§ 89

Six verbs originally beginning with a consonant have not η but ει (from ε-ε) for their augment and reduplication:

Verb	Meaning	Verb	Meaning	Verb	Meaning
ἔχω	have	ἕλκω	pull, draw	ἕπομαι	sequor
ἐάω	allow	ἐθίζω	accustom	ἐργάζομαι	work

E.g. εἶχον, εἷλκον, εἱπόμην - εἴων, εἴθισα, εἴθικα, etc.

Note. - For the same reason, ὠθέω (originally ϝωθέω) and ὠνέομαι (orig. ϝωνέομαι) take the syllabic augment 111, 3; 112, 18; 209, 7.

Both the syllabic and the temporal augment are found in:

Voice	Imperfect	Aorist	Perfect	Verb
Active	ἐ-ώρων	-	ἑ-ώρακα (112, 6)	ὁράω see
Active	ἀν-έ-ῳγον	ἀν-έ-ῳξα	ἀνέῳγα (88, 3, b)	ἀν-οίγω open

(subj. ἀν-οίξω) | | Passive | ἀν-ε-ῳγόμην | ἀν-ε-ῴχθην

(inf. ἀν-οιχθῆναι) | ἀν-έ-ῳγμαι | |

Ἔοικα resemble, am (look) like, seem, which is a defective II perfect of εἴκω, has in a similar manner in the plup. ἐῴκειν.

The participle ἐοικώς similar, must not be confounded with εἰκός meet, fitting, right, adv. εἰκότως.

The following verbs have εἰ- instead of the reduplication:

Verb	Meaning	Forms
δια-λέγομαι	speak with	perf. δι-είλεγ-μαι (aor. δι-ελέχ-θην)
συλ-λέγω	gather	pf. act. συν-είλοχα, pf. pass. συν-είλεγ-μαι

Similarly the defective II pf. εἴωθα, plup. εἰώθειν am, was wont.

There is the so-called Attic reduplication in:

Perfect	Pluperfect	Verb
ἀκήκοα	ἠκηκόειν	ἀκούω hear
ὀρώρυχα	ὠρωρύγμην	ὀρύττω dig

In this reduplication, the first two letters of the stem are repeated before the temporal augment.

Some verbs that are compounded with prepositions came to be treated like simple verbs and, in consequence, take their augment before the preposition:

Verb	Meaning	Imperfect	Aorist
ἐν-αντιόομαι	withstand, oppose	ἠναντιούμην	
καθ-έζομαι	take a seat	ἐκαθεζόμην	
καθ-ίζω	seat and take a seat	ἐκάθιζον	ἐκάθισα
καθ-εύδω	sleep	ἐκάθευδον	

Both the verb and the preposition are augmented in ἀν-έχομαι bear up against: ἠνειχόμην, ἠνεσχόμην. See 112, 5.

B. Peculiarities in the Formation of Tenses

§ 90. FUTURE AND AORIST

Some verbs drop σ in the future act. and mid. and are then treated like contract verbs (the Attic Future). Thus:

Verb	Meaning	Uncontracted future	Attic future
βιβάζω	cause to go	(βιβάσω)	βιβῶ, -ᾷς, etc.
καλέω	call, name	(καλέσω)	καλῶ, -εῖς, etc.
τελέω	finish	(τελέσω)	τελῶ, -εῖς, etc.

Verbs in -ίζω of more than two syllables regularly take the Attic future, which in the active ends in -ιῶ, -ιεῖς, etc., in the middle in -ιοῦμαι, -ιῇ (-ιεῖ), etc.

Voice	Indicative	Optative	Infinitive	Participle
Active	νομιῶ, -εῖς	νομιοίην	νομιεῖν	νομιῶν, -οῦσα, -οῦν
Middle	νομιοῦμαι, -ῇ	νομιοίμην	νομιεῖσθαι	νομιούμενος, 3.

The aorist of αἴρω lift up, [st. ἀρ- (from ἀερ-)] has ᾱ instead of η: fut. ἀρῶ, -εῖς; aor. ἦρα (augment!), ἄρω, ἄραιμι, ἆρον, ἆραι, ἄρας, 84.

§ 91. PURE VERBS

χράομαι use, changes ᾰ to η in spite of the ρ (agst. 80):

χρήσομαι, ἐχρησάμην, κέχρημαι.

ζάω live, and χράομαι use, have η wherever ᾱ would result from contraction:

ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ἔζης, ἔζη, ἐζῆτε, ζῆν,

χρῶμαι, χρῇ, χρῆται, χρῆσθε, ἐχρῆτο, ἐχρῆσθε, χρῆσθαι.

Monosyllabic stems in -ε contract only to -ει:

πλέω, πλεῖς, πλεῖ, πλέομεν, πλεῖτε, πλέουσιν, πλέῃς,

ἔπλεον, ἔπλεις, ἔπλει, ἐπλέομεν, ἐπλεῖτε, πλέοιμι, πλεῖν.

The following verbs retain the short final vowel of the stem through all the tenses. Moreover, in the perf., plupf. and aor. pass. and in the verb. adj., they insert σ before the endings beginning with -μ, -τ and -θ.

Verb	Meaning / voice	Future	Aorist	Perfect	Verbal adjective
γελάω	laugh

pass. | γελάσομαι

γελασθήσομαι | ἐγέλασα

ἐγελάσθην | γεγέλακα

γεγέλασμαι | γελαστός

laughable | | σπάω | draw | σπάσω

σπασθήσομαι | ἔσπασα

ἐσπάσθην | ἔσπακα

ἔσπασμαι | σπαστός

drawn | | τελέω | finish | τελῶ, -εῖς

τελεσθήσομαι | ἐτέλεσα

ἐτελέσθην | τετέλεκα

τετέλεσμαι | ἀτέλεστος

unfinished | | αἰδέομαι D.P. | stand in awe of | αἰδέσομαι | ᾐδέσθην | ᾔδεσμαι | | | ἀρκέω | suffice | ἀρκέσω | ἤρκεσα | - | |

The compounds of αἰνέω, speak in favorable terms of, approve, retain the short vowel through all the tenses that are most in use, but have no σ inserted. Thus especially:

Verb	Meaning	Future	Aorist	Perfect	Aorist passive
ἐπ-αινέω	praise	ἐπ-αινέσομαι	ἐπ-ῄνεσα	ἐπ-ῄνεκα	ἐπ-ῃνέθην
παρ-αινέω	encourage	παρ-αινέσω	παρ-ῄνεσα	παρ-ῄνεκα	παρ-ῃνέθην

There is a short vowel in some tenses, but without σ, in:

Verb	Meaning / voice	Future	Aorist	Perfect	Verbal adjective
δέω	bind

pass. | δήσω

δεθήσομαι | ἔδησα

ἐδέθην | δέδεκα

δέδεμαι | δετός | | θύω | sacrifice | θύσω

τυθήσομαι | ἔθυσα

ἐτύθην 21, 1 | τέθυκα

τέθυμαι | | | λύω | loose | λύσω

λυθήσομαι | ἔλυσα

ἐλύθην | λέλυκα

λέλυμαι | λυτός | | δύω trans. | cause to sink | δύσω

δυθήσομαι | ἔδυσα

ἐδύθην | -

δέδυμαι | | | δύομαι intr. | sink | δύσομαι | ἔδυν 102 | δέδυκα | |

Some verbs have σ after the lengthened vowel or diphthong (either in all, or at least in some forms of the passive):

Verb	Meaning	Perfect middle/passive	Aorist passive	Verbal adjective
κελεύω	bid	κεκέλευσμαι	ἐκελεύσθην	κελευστός
κλείω (κλῄω)	shut	κέκλειμαι	ἐκλείσθην	κλειστός
χρίω	anoint	κέχρισμαι	ἐχρίσθην	χριστός
χράομαι	use	κέχρημαι, mid.	ἐχρήσθην, pass.	χρηστός

§ 92. Verbs with several of the above Peculiarities

They are formed from stems that are not altogether different.

No.	Verb	Meaning / voice	Stem(s)	Future	Aorist	Perfect / other form
1	ἕλκω	pull, drag	ἑλκ

ἑλκυ(σ) | ἕλξω

ἑλκυσθήσομαι | εἵλκυσα

εἱλκύσθην | εἵλκυκα

εἵλκυσμαι | | 2 | καίω

κᾱ́ω

(often κατα-)

never contracted | burn, trans. | και

κᾱ

καυ | καύσω

καυθήσομαι | ἔκαυσα

ἐκαύθην | κέκαυκα

κέκαυμαι

ἄκαυ(σ)τος | | 3 | σῴζω | save

mid. save for myself

pass. am saved, save myself | σῳδ

σω | σώσω

σώσομαι

σωθήσομαι | ἔσωσα

ἐσωσάμην

ἐσώθην | σέσωκα

σέσωσμαι

(σέσῳ[σ]μαι) | | 4 | βάλλω | throw

mid.

pass. | βᾰλ

βλη | βᾰλῶ, -εῖς

βᾰλοῦμαι, -ῇ

βληθήσομαι | ἔβᾰλον

ἐβᾰλόμην

ἐβλήθην | βέβληκα

βέβλημαι | | 5 | καλέω | call, name

mid.

pass. | κᾰλ

κλη | κᾰλῶ, -εῖς

κᾰλοῦμαι, -ῇ

κληθήσομαι | ἐκᾰ́λεσα

ἐκᾰλεσάμην

ἐκλήθην | κέκληκα

κέκλημαι

κέκλημαι - my name is | | 6 | κρίνω | judge

pass. | κρῐν

κρῐ | κρῐνῶ, -εῖς

κρῐθήσομαι | ἔκρῑνα

ἐκρῐ́θην | κέκρῐκα

κέκρῐμαι | | 7 | τείνω | stretch

pass. | τεν

τᾰ | τενῶ, -εῖς

τᾰθήσομαι | ἔτεινα

ἐτᾰ́θην | τέτᾰκα

τέτᾰμαι |

Note. - κλαίω is inflected like καίω, κλίνω like κρίνω: 97, 45. 49.

C. Peculiarities in the Use of the Voices

§ 93. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE MEANING

Whenever there is a fluctuation between transitive and intransitive meaning in the forms of a verb,

the I. aor. and the I. perf. have the trans. meaning of the act., the II. aor. and the II. perf. have the intr. meaning of the mid.-pass. (95, 3.);

whenever only one perfect occurs, it is intransitive. Examples:

Verb	Meaning	Future	Aorist	Perfect
φαίνω	show	φανῶ, -εῖς	ἔφηνα	πέφαγκα
φαίνομαι	appear	φανοῦμαι, -ῇ	ἐφάνην	πέφηνα
δύω	cause to sink	δύσω	ἔδυσα	-
δύομαι	sink, intr.	δύσομαι	ἔδυν (102)	δέδυκα
ἐνδύω	put on (another)	ἐνδύσω	ἐνέδυσα	-
ἐνδύομαι	put on (myself)	ἐνδύσομαι	ἐνέδυν	ἐνδέδυκα
καταδύω	cause to sink	καταδύσω	κατέδυσα	-
καταδύομαι	sink, intr.	καταδύσομαι	κατέδυν	καταδέδυκα
φύω	produce	φύσω	ἔφυσα	-
φύομαι	am born	φύσομαι	ἔφυν (102)	πέφυκα - am by nature

Compare ἵστημι 100, 2 and 106, 9-11; 108, 1.

§ 94. MIDDLE FUTURES IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSE

Many active verbs have a middle future with active meaning:

Verb	Meaning	Middle future
ἀκούω	hear	ἀκούσομαι
γελάω	laugh	γελάσομαι
βοάω	shout	βοήσομαι
διώκω	pursue	διώξομαι

Some active verbs employ the middle future in a passive sense; thus:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
ἀξιώσομαι	shall be deemed worthy	βλάψομαι	shall be injured
πολιορκήσομαι	shall be blockaded	ὠφελήσομαι	shall be aided

A few verbs employ both the middle and the passive forms in a passive sense:

Middle future	Passive future	Meaning
ἀπο-στερήσομαι	ἀποστερηθήσομαι	shall be deprived
τιμήσομαι	τιμηθήσομαι	shall be honored

§ 95. DEPONENTS AND MIDDLE-PASSIVES

Middle deponents (72, 3 note) have in the passive form of the aorist a passive meaning, in the perfect both an active and a passive meaning;

e.g. αἰτιάομαι accuse: ᾐτιασάμην accused, ᾐτιάθην was accused, ᾐτίαμαι have and have been accused.

Thus:

Verb	Meaning	Verb	Meaning	Verb	Meaning
βιάζομαι	force	ἰάομαι	heal	μιμέομαι	imitate
δέχομαι	receive	λογίζομαι	reason	χειρόομαι	overpower
ἐργάζομαι	work	μέμφομαι	blame	ἐν-τέλλομαι	enjoin
ἀπο-κρίνομαι	reply	μετα-πέμπομαι	send for	κατα-στρέφομαι	subdue

Passive deponents (72, 3 note) are especially verbs denoting motion, feeling or mental action. They have generally a middle future.

Verb	Meaning	Future	Aorist passive
ἐναντιόομαι	oppose	ἐναντιώσομαι	ἠναντιώθην
ἐράω, ἔραμαι	love	ἐρασθήσομαι	ἠράσθην
ἥδομαι	rejoice	ἡσθήσομαι	ἥσθην
ἡττάομαι	am defeated	ἡττήσομαι	ἡττήθην
ἐν-θυμέομαι	consider	ἐν-θυμήσομαι	ἐν-εθυμήθην
προ-θυμέομαι	am anxious	προ-θυμήσομαι	προ-εθυμήθην
δια-νοέομαι	intend	δια-νοήσομαι	δι-ενοήθην

For passive deponents of irregular verbs, see 111.

Middle-Passives. Some (chiefly direct) middles (165, 1) have passed from a reflexive into the intransitive and passive meaning, and consequently some of their tenses are passive. They are called middle-passives. E.g.

Active verb	Active meaning	Middle-passive meaning	Future	Aorist passive
αἰσχύνω	make ashamed	am ashamed	αἰσχυνοῦμαι, -ῇ	ᾐσχύνθην
κοιμάω	lay to rest	go to sleep	κοιμήσομαι	ἐκοιμήθην
ὀργίζω	make angry	grow angry	ὀργιοῦμαι, -ῇ	ὠργίσθην
ὁρμάω	urge on	set out	ὁρμήσομαι	ὡρμήθην
πείθω	persuade	obey	πείσομαι	ἐπείσθην
πειράω	try (trans.)	try (my own skill)	πειράσομαι	ἐπειράθην
πλανάω	lead astray	go astray	πλανήσομαι	ἐπλανήθην
πορεύω	convey	march, travel	πορεύσομαι	ἐπορεύθην
φοβέω	scare	am scared, fear	φοβήσομαι	ἐφοβήθην
φαίνω	show	appear	φανοῦμαι, -ῇ

and φανήσομαι | ἐφάνην |

It has but two forms, one for the 2., the other for the 3. person; the 1. person dual is always the same as the 1. person plural. The endings are:

Usage	Person	Act. and Aor. Pass.	Mid. and Pass.
1. in the principal tenses and the subj.	2. p.	-τον	-σθον
	3. p.	-τον	-σθον
2. in the historical tenses and optatives, or in the augmented forms	2. p.	-τον	-σθον
	3. p.	-την	-σθην
3. in the imperatives	2. p.	-τον	-σθον
	3. p.	-των	-σθων

Hence:

Voice	Tense	Mood	Singular	Dual, 2. p.	Dual, 3. p.
Active	Present	Indicative	παιδεύω	παιδεύε-τον	παιδεύε-τον
Active	Imperfect	Indicative	ἐπαίδευον	ἐπαιδεύε-τον	ἐπαιδευέ-την
Active	Present	Subjunctive	παιδεύω	παιδεύη-τον	παιδεύη-τον
Active	Present	Optative	παιδεύοιμι	παιδεύοι-τον	παιδευοί-την
Active	Present	Imperative	παίδευε	παιδεύε-τον	παιδευέ-των
Active	Aorist	Indicative	ἐπαίδευσα	ἐπαιδεύσα-τον	ἐπαιδευσά-την
Active	Aorist	Subjunctive	παιδεύσω	παιδεύση-τον	παιδεύση-τον
Active	Aorist	Optative	παιδεύσαιμι	παιδεύσαι-τον	παιδευσαί-την
Active	Aorist	Imperative	παίδευσον	παιδεύσα-τον	παιδευσά-των
Aorist Passive	Aorist	Indicative	ἐπαιδεύθην	ἐπαιδεύθη-τον	ἐπαιδευθή-την
Aorist Passive	Aorist	Subjunctive	παιδευθῶ	παιδευθῆ-τον	παιδευθῆ-τον
Aorist Passive	Aorist	Optative	παιδευθείην	παιδευθεῖ-τον	παιδευθεί-την
Aorist Passive	Aorist	Imperative	παιδεύθητι	παιδευθή-τον	παιδευθή-των
Middle and Passive	Present	Indicative	παιδεύομαι	παιδεύε-σθον	παιδεύε-σθον
Middle and Passive	Imperfect	Indicative	ἐπαιδευόμην	ἐπαιδεύε-σθον	ἐπαιδευέ-σθην
Middle and Passive	Present	Subjunctive	παιδεύωμαι	παιδεύη-σθον	παιδεύη-σθον
Middle and Passive	Present	Optative	παιδευοίμην	παιδεύοι-σθον	παιδευοί-σθην
Middle and Passive	Present	Imperative	παιδεύου	παιδεύε-σθον	παιδευέ-σθων
Middle and Passive	Perfect	Indicative	πεπαίδευμαι	πεπαίδευ-σθον	πεπαίδευ-σθον
Middle and Passive	Pluperfect	Indicative	ἐπεπαιδεύμην	ἐπεπαιδεύ-σθον	ἐπεπαιδεύ-σθην
Middle and Passive	Perfect	Imperative	πεπαίδευσο	πεπαίδευ-σθον	πεπαιδεύ-σθων
Aorist Middle	Aorist	Indicative	ἐπαιδευσάμην	ἐπαιδεύσα-σθον	ἐπαιδευσά-σθην
Aorist Middle	Aorist	Subjunctive	παιδεύσωμαι	παιδεύση-σθον	παιδεύση-σθον
Aorist Middle	Aorist	Optative	παιδευσαίμην	παιδεύσαι-σθον	παιδευσαί-σθην
Aorist Middle	Aorist	Imperative	παίδευσαι	παιδεύσα-σθον	παιδευσά-σθων

The same holds for the verbs in -μι.

No.	Class	Present and meaning	Verb stem	Future	Aorist active	Perfect active	Perfect middle and passive	Aorist passive	Verbal adjective
1	a. Pure verbs	παιδεύω

educate | παιδευ- | παιδεύσω | ἐπαίδευσα | πεπαίδευκα | πεπαίδευμαι | ἐπαιδεύθην | παιδευτός, -τέος | | 2 | a. Pure verbs | θηράω

hunt | θηρα- | θηράσω | ἐθήρασα | τεθήρακα | τεθήραμαι | ἐθηράθην | θηρατός | | 3 | a. Pure verbs | τιμάω

honor | τιμη- | τιμήσω | ἐτίμησα | τετίμηκα | τετίμημαι | ἐτιμήθην | τιμητός | | 4 | a. Pure verbs | ποιέω

make | ποιη- (80) | ποιήσω | ἐποίησα | πεποίηκα | πεποίημαι | ἐποιήθην | ποιητός | | 5 | a. Pure verbs | δουλόω

enslave | δουλω- | δουλώσω | ἐδούλωσα | δεδούλωκα | δεδούλωμαι | ἐδουλώθην | δουλωτός | | 6 | b. Mute verbs | γυμνάζω

train | γυμναδ- | γυμνάσω | ἐγύμνασα | γεγύμνακα | γεγύμνασμαι | ἐγυμνάσθην | γυμναστός | | 7 | b. Mute verbs | ἁρμόττω

set in order | ἁρμοτ- | ἁρμόσω | ἥρμοσα | ἥρμοκα | ἥρμοσμαι | ἡρμόσθην | ἁρμοστός | | 8 | b. Mute verbs | πείθω

persuade | πειθ- | πείσω | ἔπεισα | πέπεικα | πέπεισμαι | ἐπείσθην - was persuaded | πειστός | | 9 | b. Mute verbs | πείθομαι

obey | πειθ- | πείσομαι | — | — | πέπεισμαι | ἐπείσθην - obeyed | πειστέον | | 10 | b. Mute verbs | ψεύδω

deceive | ψευδ- | ψεύσω | ἔψευσα | ἔψευκα | ἔψευσμαι | ἐψεύσθην - was deceived | ψευστός | | 11 | b. Mute verbs | ψεύδομαι

lie | ψευδ- | ψεύσομαι | ἐψευσάμην - lied | — | ἔψευσμαι | ἐψεύσθην - was mistaken | — | | 12 | b. Mute verbs | σπένδω

pour (a libation) | σπενδ- | σπείσω (13; 82, 1, note) | ἔσπεισα | ἔσπεικα | ἔσπεισμαι | ἐσπείσθην | σπειστέον | | 13 | b. Mute verbs | πράττω

do | πραγ- | πράξω | ἔπραξα | πέπραχα (88, 3) | πέπραγμαι | ἐπράχθην | πρακτός | | 14 | b. Mute verbs | τάττω

arrange | ταγ- | τάξω | ἔταξα | τέταχα | τέταγμαι | ἐτάχθην | τακτός | | 15 | b. Mute verbs | ἄρχω

rule, begin | ἀρχ- | ἄρξω | ἦρξα | ἦρχα | ἦργμαι | ἤρχθην | ἀρκτός | | 16 | b. Mute verbs | ἄγω

lead | ἀγ- | ἄξω | ἤγαγον (86, 3) | ἦχα | ἦγμαι | ἤχθην | ἀκτός | | 17 | b. Mute verbs | πέμπω

send | πεμπ- | πέμψω | ἔπεμψα | πέπομφα | πέπεμμαι | ἐπέμφθην | πεμπτός | | 18 | b. Mute verbs | γράφω

write | γραφ- | γράψω | ἔγραψα | γέγραφα | γέγραμμαι | ἐγράφην (87, 3) | γραπτός | | 19 | b. Mute verbs | κόπτω

cut | κοπ- | κόψω | ἔκοψα | κέκοφα | κέκομμαι | ἐκόπην | κοπτός | | 20 | b. Mute verbs | βλάπτω

damage | βλαβ- | βλάψω | ἔβλαψα | βέβλαφα | βέβλαμμαι | ἐβλάβην | βλαπτός | | 21 | b. Mute verbs | θάπτω

bury | ταφ- | θάψω (21, 2) | ἔθαψα | τέταφα | τέθαμμαι | ἐτάφην | ἄ-θαπτος | | 22 | b. Mute verbs | ῥίπτω

throw | ῥιπ- | ῥίψω | ἔρριψα | ἔρριφα | ἔρριμμαι | ἐρρίφθην | ῥιπτός | | 23 | b. Mute verbs | τρέπω

turn | τρεπ- | τρέψω | ἔτρεψα;

ἔτραπον (87, 3, note 2) | τέτροφα | τέτραμμαι (83, 4) | ἐτράπην | τρεπτός | | 24 | b. Mute verbs | τρέφω

feed | τρεφ- | θρέψω (21, 2) | ἔθρεψα | τέτροφα | τέθραμμαι | ἐτράφην | θρεπτός | | 25 | b. Mute verbs | στρέφω

turn, twist | στρεφ- | στρέψω | ἔστρεψα | ἔστροφα | ἔστραμμαι | ἐστράφην | στρεπτός | | 26 | c. Liquid verbs | μαίνω

stain | μαν- | μανῶ, -εῖς | ἐμίανα | μεμίαγκα | μεμίασμαι | ἐμιάνθην | ἀ-μίαντος | | 27 | c. Liquid verbs | καθαίρω

purify | καθαρ- | καθαρῶ, -εῖς | ἐκάθηρα | κεκάθαρκα | κεκάθαρμαι | ἐκαθάρθην | καθαρτός | | 28 | c. Liquid verbs | φαίνω

show | φαν- | φανῶ, -εῖς | ἔφηνα | πέφαγκα - have shown | πέφασμαι | ἐφάνθην - was shown | ἄ-φαντος | | 29 | c. Liquid verbs | φαίνομαι

appear | φαν- | φανοῦμαι, -ῇ;

φανήσομαι | — | πέφηνα - have appeared | — | ἐφάνην - appeared | — | | 30 | c. Liquid verbs | ἀγγέλλω

announce | ἀγγελ- | ἀγγελῶ, -εῖς | ἤγγειλα | ἤγγελκα | ἤγγελμαι | ἠγγέλθην | ἀγγελτός | | 31 | c. Liquid verbs | δέρω

flay, skin | δερ- | δερῶ, -εῖς | ἔδειρα | δέδαρκα | δέδαρμαι | ἐδάρην | δαρτός | | 32 | c. Liquid verbs | στέλλω

send | στελ- | στελῶ, -εῖς | ἔστειλα | ἔσταλκα | ἔσταλμαι | ἐστάλην | σταλτέον | | 33 | c. Liquid verbs | σπείρω

sow | σπερ- | σπερῶ, -εῖς | ἔσπειρα | ἔσπαρκα | ἔσπαρμαι | ἐσπάρην | σπαρτός | | 34 | c. Liquid verbs | ἀπο-κτείνω

kill | κτεν- | ἀποκτενῶ, -εῖς | ἀπέκτεινα | ἀπέκτονα | — | — | — | | 35 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | νομίζω

believe | νομιδ- | νομιῶ, -εῖς | ἐνόμισα | νενόμικα | νενόμισμαι | ἐνομίσθην | νομιστέος | | 36 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | σπάω

draw | σπα(σ)- | σπάσω | ἔσπασα | ἔσπακα | ἔσπασμαι | ἐσπάσθην | σπαστός | | 37 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | τελέω

finish | τελεσ- | τελῶ, -εῖς | ἐτέλεσα | τετέλεκα | τετέλεσμαι | ἐτελέσθην | τελεστός | | 38 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | δέω

bind | δη-, δε- | δήσω | ἔδησα | δέδεκα | δέδεμαι | ἐδέθην | δετός | | 39 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | χράομαι

use | χρη(σ)- | χρήσομαι | ἐχρησάμην | — | κέχρημαι | ἐχρήσθην | χρηστός | | 40 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | κελεύω

command | κελευ(σ)- | κελεύσω | ἐκέλευσα | κεκέλευκα | κεκέλευσμαι | ἐκελεύσθην | κελευστός | | 41 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | ἀκούω

hear | ἀκου(σ)- | ἀκούσομαι | ἤκουσα | ἀκήκοα | ἤκουσμαι | ἠκούσθην | ἀκουστός | | 42 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | κλείω

shut | κλει(σ)- | κλείσω | ἔκλεισα | κέκλεικα | κέκλειμαι | ἐκλείσθην | κλειστός | | 43 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | χρίω

anoint | χρι(σ)- | χρίσω | ἔχρισα | κέχρικα | κέχρισμαι | ἐχρίσθην | χριστός | | 44 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | καίω, κάω

burn, trans. | καυ(σ)-, κᾱ- | καύσω | ἔκαυσα | κέκαυκα | κέκαυμαι | ἐκαύθην | ἄ-καυ(σ)τος | | 45 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | κλαίω, κλάω

weep | κλαυ(σ)-, κλᾱ- | κλαύσομαι | ἔκλαυσα | κέκλαυκα | κέκλαυμαι | ἐκλαύ(σ)θην | ἄ-κλαυ(σ)τος | | 46 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | σῴζω

save | σωδ-, σω- | σώσω | ἔσωσα | σέσωκα | σέσωσμαι | ἐσώθην | ἄ-σωτος | | 47 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | αἴρω

lift up | ἀρ-, (ἀερ-) | ἀρῶ, -εῖς | ἦρα (ἆραι) | ἦρκα | ἦρμαι | ἤρθην | ἀρτέον | | 48 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | κρίνω

judge | κρῑν-, κρῐ- | κρῐνῶ, -εῖς | ἔκρῑνα | κέκρῐκα | κέκρῐμαι | ἐκρῐ́θην | κρῐτός | | 49 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | κλίνω

lean, incline | κλῑν-, κλῐ- | κλῐνῶ, -εῖς | ἔκλῑνα | κέκλῐκα | κέκλῐμαι | ἐκλῐ́θην | κλῐτός | | 50 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | τείνω

stretch | τεν-, τᾰ- | τενῶ, -εῖς | ἔτεινα | τέτᾰκα | τέτᾰμαι | ἐτᾰ́θην | τᾰτός | | 51 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | βάλλω

throw | βαλ-, βλη- | βαλῶ, -εῖς | ἔβαλον | βέβληκα | βέβλημαι | ἐβλήθην | βλητός | | 52 | d. Verbs with certain peculiarities | καλέω

call, name | καλ-ε-, κλη- | καλῶ, -εῖς | ἐκάλεσα | κέκληκα | κέκλημαι | ἐκλήθην | κλητός |

A. FIRST CONJUGATION: VERBS IN -ω.

A. FIRST CONJUGATION: VERBS IN -ω.

CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS.

§76

ACCORDING TO THE FINAL CONSONANT OF THE VERB STEM.

ACCORDING TO THE FINAL CONSONANT OF THE VERB STEM.

Pure Verbs.

The stem ends in a vowel (or diphthong):

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	λύ-ω	loose	τί-ω	value
τιμά-ω	honor	ποιέ-ω	make	δουλό-ω	enslave

Mute Verbs.

The stem ends in a mute:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
διώκ-ω	pursue	λέγ-ω	say	τρέχ-ω	run
τρέπ-ω	turn	τρίβ-ω	rub	τρέφ-ω	feed
ψεύδ-ω	cheat	σπένδ-ω	pour out	πείθ-ω	persuade

Liquid Verbs.

The stem ends in a liquid:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
στέλ-λ-ω	send	δέρ-ω	flay	σπείρ-ω	sow
νέμ-ω	allot	μέν-ω	stay	κρίν-ω	judge

1. Pure Verbs.

The stem ends in a vowel (or diphthong):

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	λύ-ω	loose	τί-ω	value
τιμά-ω	honor	ποιέ-ω	make	δουλό-ω	enslave

2. Mute Verbs.

The stem ends in a mute:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
διώκ-ω	pursue	λέγ-ω	say	τρέχ-ω	run
τρέπ-ω	turn	τρίβ-ω	rub	τρέφ-ω	feed
ψεύδ-ω	cheat	σπένδ-ω	pour out	πείθ-ω	persuade

3. Liquid Verbs.

The stem ends in a liquid:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
στέλ-λ-ω	send	δέρ-ω	flay	σπείρ-ω	sow
νέμ-ω	allot	μέν-ω	stay	κρίν-ω	judge

§77

ACCORDING TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PRESENT STEM IS FORMED FROM THE VERB STEM.

ACCORDING TO THE MANNER IN WHICH THE PRESENT STEM IS FORMED FROM THE VERB STEM.

See 72, 7.

First or ω-Class: Present in -ω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the thematic vowel -ο, -ε.

Almost all pure verbs (see 76, 1), very many mute verbs, and a few liquid verbs belong to this class:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	διώκ-ω	pursue	τρέφ-ω	feed
παύ-ω	stop	λέγ-ω	say	ψεύδ-ω	deceive
μηνί-ω	am angry	ἄρχ-ω	rule	πέρθ-ω	sack
μηνύ-ω	inform	τρέπ-ω	turn	δέρ-ω	flay

Second or τ-Class: Present in -τω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the suffix -το, -τε. This class consists almost exclusively of labial verbs:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τύπτω	strike	τυπ-	ὁ τύπ-ος, blow
βλάπτω	damage	βλαβ-	ἡ βλάβη, damage
κρύπτω	hide	κρυφ-	κρύφ-α, secretly
θάπτω	bury	ταφ-	ὁ τάφ-ος, grave; cf. 21, 2

Note.—Exceptional formations are:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τίκτω	beget	τεκ-	τὸ τέκ-νον, child
ἀνύτω	accomplish	ἀνυ-	collat. ἀνύω, ἀνύω

Third or Iod-Class: Present in -jω (1, 2, note 2).

The verb stem is enlarged by the formative syllable -jo, -je. The concurrence of j with the final consonant of the stem makes a variety of euphonic changes necessary.

a) A guttural (κ, γ, χ) with j becomes ττ (σσ):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φυλάττω	watch	φυλάκ-	ἡ φυλακ-ή, watch
τάττω	arrange	τάγ-	ὁ τάγ-ός, commander
ταράττω	disturb	ταράχ-	ἡ ταραχ-ή, tumult

Note.—A dental with j becomes ττ (σσ) in:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἁρμόττω	regulate	ἁρμοτ-	ὁ ἁρμοστής, he who regulates
πλάττω	form, mold	πλάτ-	τὸ πλάσμα, anything molded

b) δ with j becomes ζ:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἐλπίζω	hope	ἐλπιδ-	ἡ ἐλπίς, hope
καθ-έζομαι	take a seat	ἑδ-	τὸ ἕδ-ος, seat
ὄζω	smell of	ὀδ-	ἡ ὀδ-μή, odor

Note.—In some verbs, such especially as denote a sound, a guttural underlies the ζ.

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
στενάζω	moan	στενάγ-	ὁ στεναγ-μός, moaning
οἰμώζω	lament	οἰμωγ-	ἡ οἰμωγ-ή, wailing

c) λ with j becomes λλ (compare μάλα, μᾶλλον):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἅλλομαι	leap	ἁλ-	τὸ ἅλ-μα, leap; sal-io
ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελ-	ὁ ἄγγελ-ος, messenger

Note.—Only the stem ὀφελ- forms ὀφείλω (see d).

d) -ανjω, -ενjω, -ινjω, -υνjω and -αρjω, -ερjω, -ιρjω, -υρjω become -αίνω, -είνω, -ίνω, -ύνω and -αίρω, -είρω, -ίρω, -ύρω;

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φαίνω	show	φαν-	φαν-ε-ρός, visible
καθαίρω	cleanse	καθαρ-	καθαρ-ός, pure
τείνω	stretch	τεν-	ἀ-τεν-ής, stretched
σπείρω	sow	σπερ-	τὸ σπέρ-μα, seed
κρίνω	judge	κριν-	fut. κριν-ῶ
ἀμύνω	ward off	ἀμυν-	fut. ἀμυν-ῶ
likewise ὀφείλω	am indebted	ὀφελ-	aor. II. ὤφελ-ον, 86

Note.—In καίω (besides κάω) burn, st. καυ- (τὸ καῦ-μα heat), and κλαίω (besides κλάω) weep, st. κλαυ- (ὁ κλαυ-θμός weeping), the stem remains unchanged before consonants; their presents are formed from κᾰF-jω and κλᾰF-jω. 92, 2; 97, 44. 45.

For the remaining five classes, see the irregular conjugation, 107–112.

See 72, 7.

1. First or ω-Class: Present in -ω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the thematic vowel -ο, -ε.

Almost all pure verbs (see 76, 1), very many mute verbs, and a few liquid verbs belong to this class:

Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning	Form	Meaning
παιδεύ-ω	educate	διώκ-ω	pursue	τρέφ-ω	feed
παύ-ω	stop	λέγ-ω	say	ψεύδ-ω	deceive
μηνί-ω	am angry	ἄρχ-ω	rule	πέρθ-ω	sack
μηνύ-ω	inform	τρέπ-ω	turn	δέρ-ω	flay

2. Second or τ-Class: Present in -τω.

The verb stem is enlarged by the suffix -το, -τε. This class consists almost exclusively of labial verbs:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τύπτω	strike	τυπ-	ὁ τύπ-ος, blow
βλάπτω	damage	βλαβ-	ἡ βλάβη, damage
κρύπτω	hide	κρυφ-	κρύφ-α, secretly
θάπτω	bury	ταφ-	ὁ τάφ-ος, grave; cf. 21, 2

Note.—Exceptional formations are:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
τίκτω	beget	τεκ-	τὸ τέκ-νον, child
ἀνύτω	accomplish	ἀνυ-	collat. ἀνύω, ἀνύω

3. Third or Iod-Class: Present in -jω (1, 2, note 2).

The verb stem is enlarged by the formative syllable -jo, -je. The concurrence of j with the final consonant of the stem makes a variety of euphonic changes necessary.

a) A guttural (κ, γ, χ) with j becomes ττ (σσ):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φυλάττω	watch	φυλάκ-	ἡ φυλακ-ή, watch
τάττω	arrange	τάγ-	ὁ τάγ-ός, commander
ταράττω	disturb	ταράχ-	ἡ ταραχ-ή, tumult

Note.—A dental with j becomes ττ (σσ) in:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἁρμόττω	regulate	ἁρμοτ-	ὁ ἁρμοστής, he who regulates
πλάττω	form, mold	πλάτ-	τὸ πλάσμα, anything molded

b) δ with j becomes ζ:

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἐλπίζω	hope	ἐλπιδ-	ἡ ἐλπίς, hope
καθ-έζομαι	take a seat	ἑδ-	τὸ ἕδ-ος, seat
ὄζω	smell of	ὀδ-	ἡ ὀδ-μή, odor

Note.—In some verbs, such especially as denote a sound, a guttural underlies the ζ.

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
στενάζω	moan	στενάγ-	ὁ στεναγ-μός, moaning
οἰμώζω	lament	οἰμωγ-	ἡ οἰμωγ-ή, wailing

c) λ with j becomes λλ (compare μάλα, μᾶλλον):

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
ἅλλομαι	leap	ἁλ-	τὸ ἅλ-μα, leap; sal-io
ἀγγέλλω	announce	ἀγγελ-	ὁ ἄγγελ-ος, messenger

Note.—Only the stem ὀφελ- forms ὀφείλω (see d).

d) -ανjω, -ενjω, -ινjω, -υνjω and -αρjω, -ερjω, -ιρjω, -υρjω become -αίνω, -είνω, -ίνω, -ύνω and -αίρω, -είρω, -ίρω, -ύρω;

Present	Meaning	Stem	Related form
φαίνω	show	φαν-	φαν-ε-ρός, visible
καθαίρω	cleanse	καθαρ-	καθαρ-ός, pure
τείνω	stretch	τεν-	ἀ-τεν-ής, stretched
σπείρω	sow	σπερ-	τὸ σπέρ-μα, seed
κρίνω	judge	κριν-	fut. κριν-ῶ
ἀμύνω	ward off	ἀμυν-	fut. ἀμυν-ῶ
likewise ὀφείλω	am indebted	ὀφελ-	aor. II. ὤφελ-ον, 86

Note.—In καίω (besides κάω) burn, st. καυ- (τὸ καῦ-μα heat), and κλαίω (besides κλάω) weep, st. κλαυ- (ὁ κλαυ-θμός weeping), the stem remains unchanged before consonants; their presents are formed from κᾰF-jω and κλᾰF-jω. 92, 2; 97, 44. 45.

For the remaining five classes, see the irregular conjugation, 107–112.

§78

1. PURE VERBS

1. PURE VERBS

Active Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate [*]

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω

2. παιδεύ-εις

3. παιδεύ-ει

P. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μεν

2. παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. παιδεύ-ουσι(ν) [1] | I educated

S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν

2. ἐ-παίδευ-ε-ς

3. ἐ-παίδευ-ε(ν)

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν | (that)7 I may educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω

2. παιδεύ-ῃς

3. παιδεύ-ῃ

P. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μεν

2. παιδεύ-η-τε

3. παιδεύ-ωσι(ν) [2] | may I educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μι

2. παιδεύ-οι-ς

3. παιδεύ-οι

P. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μεν

2. παιδεύ-οι-τε

3. παιδεύ-οιε-ν | S. 2. παίδευ-ε – educate

3. παιδευ-έ-τω – let him [= he should] educate

P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-τε

3. παιδευ-όντων [7] | παιδεύ-ειν

to educate | παιδεύ-ων, -οντος

παιδεύ-ουσα, -ούσης

παιδεῦ-ον, -οντος

one that educates | | Future | I shall educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω

2. παιδεύ-σεις

3. παιδεύ-σει etc.

same as in present | – | – | (saying that) I should educate

169, 4. note

S. 1. παιδεύ-σοι-μι

2. παιδεύ-σοι-ς

3. παιδεύ-σοι etc.

same as in present | – | παιδεύ-σειν

(to educate in future) | παιδεύ-σων, -οντος etc.

one that will [is about to] educate | | I Aorist | – | I educated (168, 2. a)

S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-σα

2. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ς

3. ἐ-παίδευ-σε(ν)

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-τε

3. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ν | (that)[6] I may educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω

2. παιδεύ-σῃς

3. παιδεύ-σῃ

P. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μεν

2. παιδεύ-ση-τε

3. παιδεύ-σωσι(ν) | may I educate

S. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μι

2. παιδεύ-σαι-ς, -σειας

3. παιδεύ-σαι, -σειε(ν)

P. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μεν

2. παιδεύ-σαι-τε

3. παιδεύ-σαιε-ν, -σειαν | S. 2. παίδευ-σον – educate

3. παιδευ-σά-τω – let him educate

P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-τε

3. παιδευ-σά-ντων [8] | παιδεῦ-σαι

to educate or: to have educated, 169, 4. | παιδεύ-σας, -σαντος

παιδεύ-σασα, -σάσης

παιδεῦ-σαν, -σαντος

one that educated | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have educated

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-κα

2. πε-παίδευ-κα-ς

3. πε-παίδευ-κε(ν)

P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κα-μεν

2. πε-παιδεύ-κα-τε

3. πε-παιδεύ-κασι(ν) [3] | I had educated

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ν [4]

2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ς [4]

3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει [4]

P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-μεν[^5]

2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-τε [5]

3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-σαν [5] | (that) [6] I may have educated

S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κω

2. πε-παιδεύ-κῃς etc.

same as in present, or:

πεπαιδευκὼς ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ etc. | may I have educated

S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-μι

2. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-ς etc.

same as in present, or:

πεπαιδευκὼς εἴην, εἴης, εἴη etc. | – | πε-παιδευ-κέ-ναι

to have educated | πε-παιδευ-κώς, -κότος

πε-παιδευ-κυῖα, -κυίας

πε-παιδευ-κός, -κότος

one that has educated |

Note. – For the forms of the II Aorist and the II Perfect Active see 86; 88.

[*]: In the paradigms only one meaning out of a variety is given. For a full explanation see Syntax, 167 seqq.

Remarks. – Note in the subj. the iota subscript: παιδεύῃς, παιδεύῃ.

[1]: From παιδεύ-ο-ντι, παιδεύ-ο-νσι.

[2]: From παιδεύ-ω-ντι, παιδεύ-ω-νσι.

[3]: From πεπαιδεύ-κα-ντι, πεπαιδεύ-κα-νσι.

[4]: Early collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύκη, -κης, -κει(ν) [from -εα, -εας, -εε(ν)].

[5]: Late collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύ-κειμεν, -κειτε, -κεισαν.

[6]: That = in order that (implying intention, as in final clauses).

[7]: Late collat. form παιδευ-έ-τωσαν.

[8]: Late collat. form παιδευ-σά-τωσαν.

Middle Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate (for my own sake), 165, 1. b.

S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ [1] (-ει) [3]

3. παιδεύ-ε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-ό-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. παιδεύ-ο-νται | I educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου [4]

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το

P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μεθα

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-ντο | (that) I may educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ [2]

3. παιδεύ-η-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-ώ-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-η-σθε

3. παιδεύ-ω-νται | may I educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην

2. παιδεύ-οι-ο[^p51-1]

3. παιδεύ-οι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-οί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-οι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-οι-ντο | educate (for your own sake)

S. 2. παιδεύ-ου [7]

3. παιδευ-έ-σθω

P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε

3. παιδευ-έ-σθων [8] | παιδεύ-ε-σθαι

to educate (for one's own sake) | παιδευ-ό-μενος

παιδευ-ο-μένη

παιδευ-ό-μενον

one that educates (for his own sake) | | Future | I shall educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-σο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-σῃ

3. παιδεύ-σε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-σό-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σε-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σο-νται | – | – | (saying that) I should educate (for my own sake), 169, 4. note

S. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μην

2. παιδεύ-σοι-ο [6]

3. παιδεύ-σοι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σοι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σοι-ντο | – | παιδεύ-σε-σθαι

to educate (for one's own sake) in future | παιδευ-σό-μενος

παιδευ-σο-μένη

παιδευ-σό-μενον

one that will educate (for his own sake) | | I Aorist | – | I educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σω [5]

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-το

P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μεθα

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-σθε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-ντο | (that) I may educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-σῃ

3. παιδεύ-ση-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-σώ-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-ση-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σω-νται | may I educate (for my own sake)

S. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μην

2. παιδεύ-σαι-ο [6]

3. παιδεύ-σαι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μεθα

2. παιδεύ-σαι-σθε

3. παιδεύ-σαι-ντο | educate (for your own sake)

S. 2. παίδευ-σαι

3. παιδευ-σά-σθω

P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-σθε

3. παιδευ-σά-σθων [9] | παιδεύ-σα-σθαι

to educate (have educated, 169, 4) (for one's own sake) | παιδευ-σά-μενος

παιδευ-σα-μένη

παιδευ-σά-μενον

one that educated (for his own sake) | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι

2. πε-παίδευ-σαι

3. πε-παίδευ-ται

P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-μεθα

2. πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. πε-παίδευν-ται | I had educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το

P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μεθα

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-ντο | (that) I may have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένος ὦ

2. – ᾖς

3. – ᾖ

P. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένοι ὦμεν

2. – ἦτε

3. – ὦσι(ν) | may I have educated (for my own sake)

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην

2. – εἴης

3. – εἴη

P. 1. πεπαιδευμένοι εἴημεν

2. – εἴητε

3. – εἴησαν | have educated (for your own sake)

S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω

P. 2. πε-παίδευ-σθε

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθων [10] | πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι

to have educated (for one's own sake) | πε-παιδευ-μένος

πε-παιδευ-μένη

πε-παιδευ-μένον

one that has educated (for his own sake) |

Note. – For the forms of the II Aor. Middle, see 86.

[1]: 1. From παιδεύ-ε-σαι, παιδεύ-ε-αι. Together with note 2: hence iota subscript.

[2]: 2. From παιδεύ-η-σαι, παιδεύ-η-αι. Together with note 1: hence iota subscript.

[3]: 3. The later form παιδεύει is often used in the indic. for the earlier form παιδεύῃ.

[4]: 4. From ἐπαιδεύ-ε-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-ε-ο.

[5]: 5. From ἐπαιδεύ-σα-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-σα-ο.

[6]: 1. From παιδεύ-οι-σο (fut. παιδεύ-σοι-σο, aor. παιδεύ-σαι-σο).

[7]: 2. From παιδεύ-ε-σο, παιδεύ-ε-ο.

[8]: 3. Later collat. form παιδευ-έ-σθωσαν.

[9]: 4. Later collat. form παιδευ-σά-σθωσαν.

[10]: 5. Later collat. form πεπαιδεύ-σθωσαν.

Passive Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I am educated

S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ (-ει)

3. παιδεύ-ε-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | I was educated

S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | (that) I may be educated

S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι

2. παιδεύ-ῃ

3. παιδεύ-η-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | may I be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην

2. παιδεύ-οι-ο

3. παιδεύ-οι-το

etc.

same as in the middle | let yourself be educated

S. 2. παιδεύ-ου

3. παιδευ-έ-σθω

etc.

same as in the middle | παιδεύ-ε-σθαι

to be educated | παιδευ-ό-μενος

one that is educated | | Future | I shall be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θή-σο-μαι

2. παιδευ-θή-σῃ (-σει)

3. παιδευ-θή-σε-ται

P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σό-μεθα

2. παιδευ-θή-σε-σθε

3. παιδευ-θή-σο-νται | – | – | (saying that) I should be educated (some time in the future), 169, 4. n.

S. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μην

2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ο

3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-το

P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μεθα

2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-σθε

3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ντο | – | παιδευ-θή-σε-σθαι

to be educated (at some future time) | παιδευ-θη-σό-μενος

παιδευ-θη-σο-μένη

παιδευ-θη-σό-μενον

one that will be educated | | I Aorist | – | I was educated

S. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ς

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη

P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-μεν

2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-τε

3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-σαν | (that) I may be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θῶ

2. παιδευ-θῇς

3. παιδευ-θῇ

P. 1. παιδευ-θῶ-μεν

2. παιδευ-θῆ-τε

3. παιδευ-θῶσι(ν) | may I be educated

S. 1. παιδευ-θείη-ν

2. παιδευ-θείη-ς

3. παιδευ-θείη

P. 1. παιδευ-θείη-μεν, -θεῖμεν

2. παιδευ-θείη-τε, -θεῖτε

3. παιδευ-θείη-σαν, -θεῖεν | let yourself be educated

S. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τι

3. παιδευ-θή-τω

P. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τε

3. παιδευ-θέ-ντων[^1] | παιδευ-θῆ-ναι

to be educated (to have been educated), 169, 4. | παιδευ-θείς, -θέντος

παιδευ-θεῖσα, -θείσης

παιδευ-θέν, -θέντος

educated, one that was (is) educated | | Perfect and Pluperfect | I have been educated

S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι

2. πε-παίδευ-σαι

3. πε-παίδευ-ται

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | I had been educated

S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην

2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο

3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το

P. 1. etc.

same as in the middle | (that) I may have been educated

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος ὦ

2. – ᾖς

3. – ᾖ

etc.

same as in the middle | may I have been educated

S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην

2. – εἴης

3. – εἴη

etc.

same as in the middle | be educated

S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο

3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω

etc.

same as in the middle | πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι

to have been educated | πε-παιδευ-μένος

(one who has been) educated |

Note. – For παιδεύῃ, παιδεύει, ἐπαιδεύου, παιδεύοιο and παιδεύου, see the notes, pp. 50 and 51.

[1]: Later collateral form παιδευ-θή-τωσαν; compare the notes on pp. 49 and 51.

Active Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate [] S. 1.* παιδεύ-ω 2. παιδεύ-εις 3. παιδεύ-ει P. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μεν 2. παιδεύ-ε-τε 3. παιδεύ-ουσι(ν) [1]	I educated S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν 2. ἐ-παίδευ-ε-ς 3. ἐ-παίδευ-ε(ν) P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-μεν 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-τε 3. ἐ-παίδευ-ο-ν	(that)<sup>7</sup> I may educate S. 1. παιδεύ-ω 2. παιδεύ-ῃς 3. παιδεύ-ῃ P. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μεν 2. παιδεύ-η-τε 3. παιδεύ-ωσι(ν) [2]	may I educate S. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μι 2. παιδεύ-οι-ς 3. παιδεύ-οι P. 1. παιδεύ-οι-μεν 2. παιδεύ-οι-τε 3. παιδεύ-οιε-ν	S. 2. παίδευ-ε – educate 3. παιδευ-έ-τω – let him [= he should] educate P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-τε 3. παιδευ-όντων [7]	παιδεύ-ειν to educate	παιδεύ-ων, -οντος παιδεύ-ουσα, -ούσης παιδεῦ-ον, -οντος one that educates
Future	I shall educate S. 1. παιδεύ-σω 2. παιδεύ-σεις 3. παιδεύ-σει etc. same as in present	–	–	(saying that) I should educate 169, 4. note S. 1. παιδεύ-σοι-μι 2. παιδεύ-σοι-ς 3. παιδεύ-σοι etc. same as in present	–	παιδεύ-σειν (to educate in future)	παιδεύ-σων, -οντος etc. one that will [is about to] educate
I Aorist	–	I educated (168, 2. a) S. 1. ἐ-παίδευ-σα 2. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ς 3. ἐ-παίδευ-σε(ν) P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-μεν 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-τε 3. ἐ-παίδευ-σα-ν	(that)[6] I may educate S. 1. παιδεύ-σω 2. παιδεύ-σῃς 3. παιδεύ-σῃ P. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μεν 2. παιδεύ-ση-τε 3. παιδεύ-σωσι(ν)	may I educate S. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μι 2. παιδεύ-σαι-ς, -σειας 3. παιδεύ-σαι, -σειε(ν) P. 1. παιδεύ-σαι-μεν 2. παιδεύ-σαι-τε 3. παιδεύ-σαιε-ν, -σειαν	S. 2. παίδευ-σον – educate 3. παιδευ-σά-τω – let him educate P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-τε 3. παιδευ-σά-ντων [8]	παιδεῦ-σαι to educate or: to have educated, 169, 4.	παιδεύ-σας, -σαντος παιδεύ-σασα, -σάσης παιδεῦ-σαν, -σαντος one that educated
Perfect and Pluperfect	I have educated S. 1. πε-παίδευ-κα 2. πε-παίδευ-κα-ς 3. πε-παίδευ-κε(ν) P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κα-μεν 2. πε-παιδεύ-κα-τε 3. πε-παιδεύ-κασι(ν) [3]	I had educated S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ν [4] 2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει-ς [4] 3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κει [4] P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-μεν[^5] 2. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-τε [5] 3. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-κε-σαν [5]	(that) [6] I may have educated S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κω 2. πε-παιδεύ-κῃς etc. same as in present, or: πεπαιδευκὼς ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ etc.	may I have educated S. 1. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-μι 2. πε-παιδεύ-κοι-ς etc. same as in present, or: πεπαιδευκὼς εἴην, εἴης, εἴη etc.	–	πε-παιδευ-κέ-ναι to have educated	πε-παιδευ-κώς, -κότος πε-παιδευ-κυῖα, -κυίας πε-παιδευ-κός, -κότος one that has educated

Note. – For the forms of the II Aorist and the II Perfect Active see 86; 88.

[*]: In the paradigms only one meaning out of a variety is given. For a full explanation see Syntax, 167 seqq.

Remarks. – Note in the subj. the iota subscript: παιδεύῃς, παιδεύῃ.

[1]: From παιδεύ-ο-ντι, παιδεύ-ο-νσι.

[2]: From παιδεύ-ω-ντι, παιδεύ-ω-νσι.

[3]: From πεπαιδεύ-κα-ντι, πεπαιδεύ-κα-νσι.

[4]: Early collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύκη, -κης, -κει(ν) [from -εα, -εας, -εε(ν)].

[5]: Late collat. form ἐπεπαιδεύ-κειμεν, -κειτε, -κεισαν.

[6]: That = in order that (implying intention, as in final clauses).

[7]: Late collat. form παιδευ-έ-τωσαν.

[8]: Late collat. form παιδευ-σά-τωσαν.

Middle Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I educate (for my own sake), 165, 1. b. S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι 2. παιδεύ-ῃ [1] (-ει) [3] 3. παιδεύ-ε-ται P. 1. παιδευ-ό-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε 3. παιδεύ-ο-νται	I educated (for my own sake) S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου [4] 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μεθα 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-σθε 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ο-ντο	(that) I may educate (for my own sake) S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι 2. παιδεύ-ῃ [2] 3. παιδεύ-η-ται P. 1. παιδευ-ώ-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-η-σθε 3. παιδεύ-ω-νται	may I educate (for my own sake) S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην 2. παιδεύ-οι-ο[^p51-1] 3. παιδεύ-οι-το P. 1. παιδευ-οί-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-οι-σθε 3. παιδεύ-οι-ντο	educate (for your own sake) S. 2. παιδεύ-ου [7] 3. παιδευ-έ-σθω P. 2. παιδεύ-ε-σθε 3. παιδευ-έ-σθων [8]	παιδεύ-ε-σθαι to educate (for one's own sake)	παιδευ-ό-μενος παιδευ-ο-μένη παιδευ-ό-μενον one that educates (for his own sake)
Future	I shall educate (for my own sake) S. 1. παιδεύ-σο-μαι 2. παιδεύ-σῃ 3. παιδεύ-σε-ται P. 1. παιδευ-σό-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-σε-σθε 3. παιδεύ-σο-νται	–	–	(saying that) I should educate (for my own sake), 169, 4. note S. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μην 2. παιδεύ-σοι-ο [6] 3. παιδεύ-σοι-το P. 1. παιδευ-σοί-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-σοι-σθε 3. παιδεύ-σοι-ντο	–	παιδεύ-σε-σθαι to educate (for one's own sake) in future	παιδευ-σό-μενος παιδευ-σο-μένη παιδευ-σό-μενον one that will educate (for his own sake)
I Aorist	–	I educated (for my own sake) S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μην 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σω [5] 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-το P. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-σά-μεθα 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-σθε 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-σα-ντο	(that) I may educate (for my own sake) S. 1. παιδεύ-σω-μαι 2. παιδεύ-σῃ 3. παιδεύ-ση-ται P. 1. παιδευ-σώ-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-ση-σθε 3. παιδεύ-σω-νται	may I educate (for my own sake) S. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μην 2. παιδεύ-σαι-ο [6] 3. παιδεύ-σαι-το P. 1. παιδευ-σαί-μεθα 2. παιδεύ-σαι-σθε 3. παιδεύ-σαι-ντο	educate (for your own sake) S. 2. παίδευ-σαι 3. παιδευ-σά-σθω P. 2. παιδεύ-σα-σθε 3. παιδευ-σά-σθων [9]	παιδεύ-σα-σθαι to educate (have educated, 169, 4) (for one's own sake)	παιδευ-σά-μενος παιδευ-σα-μένη παιδευ-σά-μενον one that educated (for his own sake)
Perfect and Pluperfect	I have educated (for my own sake) S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι 2. πε-παίδευ-σαι 3. πε-παίδευ-ται P. 1. πε-παιδεύ-μεθα 2. πε-παίδευ-σθε 3. πε-παίδευν-ται	I had educated (for my own sake) S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην 2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο 3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το P. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μεθα 2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σθε 3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-ντο	(that) I may have educated (for my own sake) S. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένος ὦ 2. – ᾖς 3. – ᾖ P. 1. πε-παιδευ-μένοι ὦμεν 2. – ἦτε 3. – ὦσι(ν)	may I have educated (for my own sake) S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην 2. – εἴης 3. – εἴη P. 1. πεπαιδευμένοι εἴημεν 2. – εἴητε 3. – εἴησαν	have educated (for your own sake) S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο 3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω P. 2. πε-παίδευ-σθε 3. πε-παιδεύ-σθων [10]	πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι to have educated (for one's own sake)	πε-παιδευ-μένος πε-παιδευ-μένη πε-παιδευ-μένον one that has educated (for his own sake)

Note. – For the forms of the II Aor. Middle, see 86.

[1]: 1. From παιδεύ-ε-σαι, παιδεύ-ε-αι. Together with note 2: hence iota subscript.

[2]: 2. From παιδεύ-η-σαι, παιδεύ-η-αι. Together with note 1: hence iota subscript.

[3]: 3. The later form παιδεύει is often used in the indic. for the earlier form παιδεύῃ.

[4]: 4. From ἐπαιδεύ-ε-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-ε-ο.

[5]: 5. From ἐπαιδεύ-σα-σο, ἐπαιδεύ-σα-ο.

[6]: 1. From παιδεύ-οι-σο (fut. παιδεύ-σοι-σο, aor. παιδεύ-σαι-σο).

[7]: 2. From παιδεύ-ε-σο, παιδεύ-ε-ο.

[8]: 3. Later collat. form παιδευ-έ-σθωσαν.

[9]: 4. Later collat. form παιδευ-σά-σθωσαν.

[10]: 5. Later collat. form πεπαιδεύ-σθωσαν.

Passive Voice

Tense	Indicative – Principal Tenses	Indicative – Historical Tenses	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infinitive	Participle
Present and Imperfect	I am educated S. 1. παιδεύ-ο-μαι 2. παιδεύ-ῃ (-ει) 3. παιδεύ-ε-ται P. 1. etc. same as in the middle	I was educated S. 1. ἐ-παιδευ-ό-μην 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-ου 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-ε-το P. 1. etc. same as in the middle	(that) I may be educated S. 1. παιδεύ-ω-μαι 2. παιδεύ-ῃ 3. παιδεύ-η-ται P. 1. etc. same as in the middle	may I be educated S. 1. παιδευ-οί-μην 2. παιδεύ-οι-ο 3. παιδεύ-οι-το etc. same as in the middle	let yourself be educated S. 2. παιδεύ-ου 3. παιδευ-έ-σθω etc. same as in the middle	παιδεύ-ε-σθαι to be educated	παιδευ-ό-μενος one that is educated
Future	I shall be educated S. 1. παιδευ-θή-σο-μαι 2. παιδευ-θή-σῃ (-σει) 3. παιδευ-θή-σε-ται P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σό-μεθα 2. παιδευ-θή-σε-σθε 3. παιδευ-θή-σο-νται	–	–	(saying that) I should be educated (some time in the future), 169, 4. n. S. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μην 2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ο 3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-το P. 1. παιδευ-θη-σοί-μεθα 2. παιδευ-θή-σοι-σθε 3. παιδευ-θή-σοι-ντο	–	παιδευ-θή-σε-σθαι to be educated (at some future time)	παιδευ-θη-σό-μενος παιδευ-θη-σο-μένη παιδευ-θη-σό-μενον one that will be educated
I Aorist	–	I was educated S. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ν 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-ς 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη P. 1. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-μεν 2. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-τε 3. ἐ-παιδεύ-θη-σαν	(that) I may be educated S. 1. παιδευ-θῶ 2. παιδευ-θῇς 3. παιδευ-θῇ P. 1. παιδευ-θῶ-μεν 2. παιδευ-θῆ-τε 3. παιδευ-θῶσι(ν)	may I be educated S. 1. παιδευ-θείη-ν 2. παιδευ-θείη-ς 3. παιδευ-θείη P. 1. παιδευ-θείη-μεν, -θεῖμεν 2. παιδευ-θείη-τε, -θεῖτε 3. παιδευ-θείη-σαν, -θεῖεν	let yourself be educated S. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τι 3. παιδευ-θή-τω P. 2. παιδεύ-θη-τε 3. παιδευ-θέ-ντων[^1]	παιδευ-θῆ-ναι to be educated (to have been educated), 169, 4.	παιδευ-θείς, -θέντος παιδευ-θεῖσα, -θείσης παιδευ-θέν, -θέντος educated, one that was (is) educated
Perfect and Pluperfect	I have been educated S. 1. πε-παίδευ-μαι 2. πε-παίδευ-σαι 3. πε-παίδευ-ται P. 1. etc. same as in the middle	I had been educated S. 1. ἐ-πε-παιδεύ-μην 2. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-σο 3. ἐ-πε-παίδευ-το P. 1. etc. same as in the middle	(that) I may have been educated S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος ὦ 2. – ᾖς 3. – ᾖ etc. same as in the middle	may I have been educated S. 1. πεπαιδευμένος εἴην 2. – εἴης 3. – εἴη etc. same as in the middle	be educated S. 2. πε-παίδευ-σο 3. πε-παιδεύ-σθω etc. same as in the middle	πε-παιδεῦ-σθαι to have been educated	πε-παιδευ-μένος (one who has been) educated

Note. – For παιδεύῃ, παιδεύει, ἐπαιδεύου, παιδεύοιο and παιδεύου, see the notes, pp. 50 and 51.

[1]: Later collateral form παιδευ-θή-τωσαν; compare the notes on pp. 49 and 51.

§79

FORMATION OF THE TENSE STEMS FROM THE VERB STEMS

FORMATION OF THE TENSE STEMS FROM THE VERB STEMS

Pres. and Impf. Act., Mid., and Pass.

Formative syllables are the thematic vowels -ο, -ε,

-ο before μ, ν and in the optative, -ε before σ, τ and before vowels; -ειν in the infinitive arises from -ε-εν.

Fut. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllables: -σο, -σε.

Same inflection as in the present.

Subjunctive and imperative are wanting.

I Aor. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllable: -σα.

The subjunctive has the same endings as the present.

To be distinguished: παίδευσον and παιδεῦσον; παίδευσαι, παιδεύσαι, παιδεῦσαι.

[or λῦσαι, 2. and λύσαι — γράψαι, 3.]

I Perf. Active

Formative syllable is -κα, added to the redupl. stem.

Subj. and opt. have the same endings as in the present.

I Pluperf. Active

Formative syllable: -κει, -κε, added to the redupl. stem.

Perfects with ἐ- as reduplication take no extra augment.

Perf. and Plup. Mid. and Pass.

Without formative syllable. The endings are applied directly to the reduplicated stem. The infin. and part. have the accent throughout on the penult.

Future Perfect

The act. is expressed by the pf. part. and ἔσομαι (104, 3); thus πεπαιδευκὼς ἔσομαι, I shall have educated.

The pass. adds to the redupl. stem the middle endings -σομαι, etc.; thus πεπαιδεύσομαι, I shall have been educated.

I Aor. and I Fut. Pass.

Formative syllable: -θη, before vowels or -ντ: -θε, to be contracted with the thematic vowel of the subjunctive.

The aorist passive has active, the future pass. has middle endings.

Mark as imper. παιδεύθητι for παιδευθήθι (21, 1).

Verbal Adjectives

Formative syllables are -τός, -τή, -τόν and -τέος, -τέα, -τέον.

παιδευτός, 3. (capable of being) educated,

παιδευτέος, 3. that must be educated, educandus.

1. Pres. and Impf. Act., Mid., and Pass.

Formative syllables are the thematic vowels -ο, -ε,

-ο before μ, ν and in the optative,
-ε before σ, τ and before vowels;
-ειν in the infinitive arises from -ε-εν.

2. Fut. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllables: -σο, -σε.

Same inflection as in the present.

Subjunctive and imperative are wanting.

3. I Aor. Act. and Mid.

Formative syllable: -σα.

The subjunctive has the same endings as the present.

To be distinguished: παίδευσον and παιδεῦσον; παίδευσαι, παιδεύσαι, παιδεῦσαι.

[or λῦσαι, 2. and λύσαι — γράψαι, 3.]

4. I Perf. Active

Formative syllable is -κα, added to the redupl. stem.

Subj. and opt. have the same endings as in the present.

5. I Pluperf. Active

Formative syllable: -κει, -κε, added to the redupl. stem.

Perfects with ἐ- as reduplication take no extra augment.

6. Perf. and Plup. Mid. and Pass.

Without formative syllable. The endings are applied directly to the reduplicated stem. The infin. and part. have the accent throughout on the penult.

7. Future Perfect

The act. is expressed by the pf. part. and ἔσομαι (104, 3); thus πεπαιδευκὼς ἔσομαι, I shall have educated.

The pass. adds to the redupl. stem the middle endings -σομαι, etc.; thus πεπαιδεύσομαι, I shall have been educated.

8. I Aor. and I Fut. Pass.

Formative syllable: -θη, before vowels or -ντ: -θε, to be contracted with the thematic vowel of the subjunctive.

The aorist passive has active, the future pass. has middle endings.

Mark as imper. παιδεύθητι for παιδευθήθι (21, 1).

9. Verbal Adjectives

Formative syllables are -τός, -τή, -τόν and -τέος, -τέα, -τέον.

παιδευτός, 3. (capable of being) educated,

παιδευτέος, 3. that must be educated, educandus.

§80

SYNOPSIS OF THE FORMATION OF TENSES OF PURE VERBS

SYNOPSIS OF THE FORMATION OF TENSES OF PURE VERBS

The stems of pure verbs, from the future onward, end in a long vowel as follows:

the verbs in -άω have after ε, ι, ρ: ᾱ (28, 1; 29, 1; 34, 2); otherwise: η; the verbs in -έω: η; the verbs in -όω: ω; the verbs in -ίω: ῑ; the verbs in -ύω: ῡ.

Verbs in -άω

No.	Tense / form	Voice	θηράω — hunt	τιμάω — honor
1	Present	Active	θηρά-ω	τιμά-ω
		Mid., Pass.	θηρά-ο-μαι	τιμά-ο-μαι
2	Future	Active	θηρᾱ́-σω	τιμή-σω
		Middle	θηρᾱ́-σο-μαι	τιμή-σο-μαι
3	Aorist	Active	ἐ-θήρᾱ-σα	ἐ-τίμη-σα
		Middle	ἐ-θηρᾱ-σά-μην	ἐ-τιμη-σά-μην
4	Perfect	Active	τε-θήρᾱ-κα	τε-τίμη-κα
		Mid., Pass.	τε-θήρᾱ-μαι	τε-τίμη-μαι
5	Aorist	Passive	ἐ-θηρᾱ́-θη-ν	ἐ-τιμή-θη-ν
	Future	Passive	θηρᾱ-θή-σομαι	τιμη-θή-σομαι
6	Verb. Adjectives		θηρᾱ-τός, 3.

θηρᾱ-τέος, 3. | τιμη-τός, 3.

τιμη-τέος, 3. |

Verbs in -έω, -όω, and -ύω

No.	Tense / form	Voice	ποιέω — make	δουλόω — enslave	μηνύω — make known
1	Present	Active	ποιέ-ω	δουλό-ω	μηνῡ́-ω
		Mid., Pass.	ποιέ-ο-μαι	δουλό-ο-μαι	μηνῡ́-ο-μαι
2	Future	Active	ποιή-σω	δουλώ-σω	μηνῡ́-σω
		Middle	ποιή-σο-μαι	δουλώ-σο-μαι	μηνῡ́-σο-μαι
3	Aorist	Active	ἐ-ποίη-σα	ἐ-δούλω-σα	ἐ-μήνῡ-σα
		Middle	ἐ-ποιη-σά-μην	ἐ-δουλω-σά-μην	ἐ-μηνῡ-σά-μην
4	Perfect	Active	πε-ποίη-κα	δε-δούλω-κα	με-μήνῡ-κα
		Mid., Pass.	πε-ποίη-μαι	δε-δούλω-μαι	με-μήνῡ-μαι
5	Aorist	Passive	ἐ-ποιή-θη-ν	ἐ-δουλώ-θη-ν	ἐ-μηνῡ́-θη-ν
	Future	Passive	ποιη-θή-σομαι	δουλω-θή-σομαι	μηνῡ-θή-σομαι
6	Verb. Adjectives		ποιη-τός, 3.

ποιη-τέος, 3. | δουλω-τός, 3.

δουλω-τέος, 3. | μηνῡ-τός, 3.

μηνῡ-τέος, 3. |

For peculiarities of pure verbs see 91.

The stems of pure verbs, from the future onward, end in a long vowel as follows:

the verbs in -άω have after ε, ι, ρ: ᾱ (28, 1; 29, 1; 34, 2); otherwise: η;
the verbs in -έω: η;
the verbs in -όω: ω;
the verbs in -ίω: ῑ;
the verbs in -ύω: ῡ.

Verbs in `-άω`

No.	Tense / form	Voice	`θηράω` — hunt	`τιμάω` — honor
1	Present	Active	`θηρά-ω`	`τιμά-ω`
		Mid., Pass.	`θηρά-ο-μαι`	`τιμά-ο-μαι`
2	Future	Active	`θηρᾱ́-σω`	`τιμή-σω`
		Middle	`θηρᾱ́-σο-μαι`	`τιμή-σο-μαι`
3	Aorist	Active	`ἐ-θήρᾱ-σα`	`ἐ-τίμη-σα`
		Middle	`ἐ-θηρᾱ-σά-μην`	`ἐ-τιμη-σά-μην`
4	Perfect	Active	`τε-θήρᾱ-κα`	`τε-τίμη-κα`
		Mid., Pass.	`τε-θήρᾱ-μαι`	`τε-τίμη-μαι`
5	Aorist	Passive	`ἐ-θηρᾱ́-θη-ν`	`ἐ-τιμή-θη-ν`
	Future	Passive	`θηρᾱ-θή-σομαι`	`τιμη-θή-σομαι`
6	Verb. Adjectives		`θηρᾱ-τός, 3.` `θηρᾱ-τέος, 3.`	`τιμη-τός, 3.` `τιμη-τέος, 3.`

Verbs in `-έω`, `-όω`, and `-ύω`

No.	Tense / form	Voice	`ποιέω` — make	`δουλόω` — enslave	`μηνύω` — make known
1	Present	Active	`ποιέ-ω`	`δουλό-ω`	`μηνῡ́-ω`
		Mid., Pass.	`ποιέ-ο-μαι`	`δουλό-ο-μαι`	`μηνῡ́-ο-μαι`
2	Future	Active	`ποιή-σω`	`δουλώ-σω`	`μηνῡ́-σω`
		Middle	`ποιή-σο-μαι`	`δουλώ-σο-μαι`	`μηνῡ́-σο-μαι`
3	Aorist	Active	`ἐ-ποίη-σα`	`ἐ-δούλω-σα`	`ἐ-μήνῡ-σα`
		Middle	`ἐ-ποιη-σά-μην`	`ἐ-δουλω-σά-μην`	`ἐ-μηνῡ-σά-μην`
4	Perfect	Active	`πε-ποίη-κα`	`δε-δούλω-κα`	`με-μήνῡ-κα`
		Mid., Pass.	`πε-ποίη-μαι`	`δε-δούλω-μαι`	`με-μήνῡ-μαι`
5	Aorist	Passive	`ἐ-ποιή-θη-ν`	`ἐ-δουλώ-θη-ν`	`ἐ-μηνῡ́-θη-ν`
	Future	Passive	`ποιη-θή-σομαι`	`δουλω-θή-σομαι`	`μηνῡ-θή-σομαι`
6	Verb. Adjectives		`ποιη-τός, 3.` `ποιη-τέος, 3.`	`δουλω-τός, 3.` `δουλω-τέος, 3.`	`μηνῡ-τός, 3.` `μηνῡ-τέος, 3.`

For peculiarities of pure verbs see 91.

§81

PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF CONTRACT VERBS

PRESENT AND IMPERFECT OF CONTRACT VERBS

Paradigm τιμάω: I honor

α + E-sound (ε, η, ει, ῃ) gives ᾱ (ᾳ), α + O-sound (ο, ω, οι, ου) gives ω (ῳ), original ι becomes iota subscript.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	τιμάω	τιμῶ	τιμάομαι	τιμῶμαι
	S. 2.	τιμάεις	τιμᾷς	τιμάῃ (-ει)	τιμᾷ
	S. 3.	τιμάει	τιμᾷ	τιμάεται	τιμᾶται
	P. 1.	τιμάομεν	τιμῶμεν	τιμαόμεθα	τιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	τιμάετε	τιμᾶτε	τιμάεσθε	τιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	τιμάουσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	τιμάονται	τιμῶνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐτίμαον	ἐτίμων	ἐτιμαόμην	ἐτιμώμην
	S. 2.	ἐτίμαες	ἐτίμας	ἐτιμάου	ἐτιμῶ
	S. 3.	ἐτίμαε(ν)	ἐτίμα	ἐτιμάετο	ἐτιμᾶτο
	P. 1.	ἐτιμάομεν	ἐτιμῶμεν	ἐτιμαόμεθα	ἐτιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐτιμάετε	ἐτιμᾶτε	ἐτιμάεσθε	ἐτιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	ἐτίμαον	ἐτίμων	ἐτιμάοντο	ἐτιμῶντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	τιμάω	τιμῶ	τιμάωμαι	τιμῶμαι
	S. 2.	τιμάῃς	τιμᾷς	τιμάῃ	τιμᾷ
	S. 3.	τιμάῃ	τιμᾷ	τιμάηται	τιμᾶται
	P. 1.	τιμάωμεν	τιμῶμεν	τιμαώμεθα	τιμώμεθα
	P. 2.	τιμάητε	τιμᾶτε	τιμάησθε	τιμᾶσθε
	P. 3.	τιμάωσι(ν)	τιμῶσι(ν)	τιμάωνται	τιμῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	τιμάοιμι	τιμῷμι

also -ῴην | τιμαοίμην | τιμῴμην | | | S. 2. | τιμάοις | τιμῷς

also -ῴης | τιμάοιο | τιμῷο | | | S. 3. | τιμάοι | τιμῷ

also -ῴη | τιμάοιτο | τιμῷτο | | | P. 1. | τιμάοιμεν | τιμῷμεν

also -ῴημεν | τιμαοίμεθα | τιμῴμεθα | | | P. 2. | τιμάοιτε | τιμῷτε

also -ῴητε | τιμάοισθε | τιμῷσθε | | | P. 3. | τιμάοιεν | τιμῷεν | τιμάοιντο | τιμῷντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | τίμαε | τίμα | τιμάου | τιμῶ | | | S. 3. | τιμαέτω | τιμάτω | τιμαέσθω | τιμάσθω | | | P. 2. | τιμάετε | τιμᾶτε | τιμάεσθε | τιμᾶσθε | | | P. 3. | τιμαόντων | τιμώντων | τιμαέσθων | τιμάσθων | | Infinitive | | τιμάειν | τιμᾶν | τιμάεσθαι | τιμᾶσθαι | | Participle | M. | τιμάων | τιμῶν, gen. -ῶντος | τιμαόμενος | τιμώμενος | | | F. | τιμάουσα | τιμῶσα, gen. -ώσης | τιμαομένη | τιμωμένη | | | N. | τιμάον | τιμῶν, gen. -ῶντος | τιμαόμενον | τιμώμενον |

Note 1. — As the ending of the inf. act. ειν arises from a contraction of ε-εν, and consequently does not contain an original ι, the contracted inf. is τιμᾶν (not τιμᾷν) and δουλοῦν (not δουλοῖν).

Paradigm ποιέω: I make

ε + ε gives ει, ε + ο gives ου, ε before a long vowel or diphthong is absorbed.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	ποιέω	ποιῶ	ποιέομαι	ποιοῦμαι
	S. 2.	ποιέεις	ποιεῖς	ποιέῃ (-ει)	ποιῇ (-εῖ)
	S. 3.	ποιέει	ποιεῖ	ποιέεται	ποιεῖται
	P. 1.	ποιέομεν	ποιοῦμεν	ποιεόμεθα	ποιούμεθα
	P. 2.	ποιέετε	ποιεῖτε	ποιέεσθε	ποιεῖσθε
	P. 3.	ποιέουσι(ν)	ποιοῦσι(ν)	ποιέονται	ποιοῦνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐποίεον	ἐποίουν	ἐποιεόμην	ἐποιούμην
	S. 2.	ἐποίεες	ἐποίεις	ἐποιέου	ἐποιοῦ
	S. 3.	ἐποίεε(ν)	ἐποίει	ἐποιέετο	ἐποιεῖτο
	P. 1.	ἐποιέομεν	ἐποιοῦμεν	ἐποιεόμεθα	ἐποιούμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐποιέετε	ἐποιεῖτε	ἐποιέεσθε	ἐποιεῖσθε
	P. 3.	ἐποίεον	ἐποίουν	ἐποιέοντο	ἐποιοῦντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	ποιέω	ποιῶ	ποιέωμαι	ποιῶμαι
	S. 2.	ποιέῃς	ποιῇς	ποιέῃ	ποιῇ
	S. 3.	ποιέῃ	ποιῇ	ποιέηται	ποιῆται
	P. 1.	ποιέωμεν	ποιῶμεν	ποιεώμεθα	ποιώμεθα
	P. 2.	ποιέητε	ποιῆτε	ποιέησθε	ποιῆσθε
	P. 3.	ποιέωσι(ν)	ποιῶσι(ν)	ποιέωνται	ποιῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	ποιέοιμι	ποιοῖμι

also -οίην | ποιεοίμην | ποιοίμην | | | S. 2. | ποιέοις | ποιοῖς

also -οίης | ποιέοιο | ποιοῖο | | | S. 3. | ποιέοι | ποιοῖ

also -οίη | ποιέοιτο | ποιοῖτο | | | P. 1. | ποιέοιμεν | ποιοῖμεν

also -οίημεν | ποιεοίμεθα | ποιοίμεθα | | | P. 2. | ποιέοιτε | ποιοῖτε

also -οίητε | ποιέοισθε | ποιοῖσθε | | | P. 3. | ποιέοιεν | ποιοῖεν | ποιέοιντο | ποιοῖντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | ποίεε | ποίει | ποιέου | ποιοῦ | | | S. 3. | ποιεέτω | ποιείτω | ποιεέσθω | ποιείσθω | | | P. 2. | ποιέετε | ποιεῖτε | ποιέεσθε | ποιεῖσθε | | | P. 3. | ποιεόντων | ποιούντων | ποιεέσθων | ποιείσθων | | Infinitive | | ποιέειν | ποιεῖν | ποιέεσθαι | ποιεῖσθαι | | Participle | M. | ποιέων | ποιῶν, gen. -οῦντος | ποιεόμενος | ποιούμενος | | | F. | ποιέουσα | ποιοῦσα, gen. -ούσης | ποιεομένη | ποιουμένη | | | N. | ποιέον | ποιοῦν, gen. -οῦντος | ποιεόμενον | ποιούμενον |

Note 2. — In the optative sing. the forms with η, in the plural those without η prevail.

Paradigm δουλόω: I enslave

ο + ε or ο or ου gives ου, ο + η or ω gives ω, ο + ι-diphthong (ει, οι, ῃ) gives οι.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	δουλόω	δουλῶ	δουλόομαι	δουλοῦμαι
	S. 2.	δουλόεις	δουλοῖς	δουλόῃ (-ει)	δουλοῖ
	S. 3.	δουλόει	δουλοῖ	δουλόεται	δουλοῦται
	P. 1.	δουλόομεν	δουλοῦμεν	δουλοόμεθα	δουλούμεθα
	P. 2.	δουλόετε	δουλοῦτε	δουλόεσθε	δουλοῦσθε
	P. 3.	δουλόουσι(ν)	δουλοῦσι(ν)	δουλόονται	δουλοῦνται
Imperfect	S. 1.	ἐδούλοον	ἐδούλουν	ἐδουλοόμην	ἐδουλούμην
	S. 2.	ἐδούλοες	ἐδούλους	ἐδουλόου	ἐδουλοῦ
	S. 3.	ἐδούλοε(ν)	ἐδούλου	ἐδουλόετο	ἐδουλοῦτο
	P. 1.	ἐδουλόομεν	ἐδουλοῦμεν	ἐδουλοόμεθα	ἐδουλούμεθα
	P. 2.	ἐδουλόετε	ἐδουλοῦτε	ἐδουλόεσθε	ἐδουλοῦσθε
	P. 3.	ἐδούλοον	ἐδούλουν	ἐδουλόοντο	ἐδουλοῦντο
Subjunctive	S. 1.	δουλόω	δουλῶ	δουλόωμαι	δουλῶμαι
	S. 2.	δουλόῃς	δουλοῖς	δουλόῃ	δουλοῖ
	S. 3.	δουλόῃ	δουλοῖ	δουλόηται	δουλῶται
	P. 1.	δουλόωμεν	δουλῶμεν	δουλοώμεθα	δουλώμεθα
	P. 2.	δουλόητε	δουλῶτε	δουλόησθε	δουλῶσθε
	P. 3.	δουλόωσι(ν)	δουλῶσι(ν)	δουλόωνται	δουλῶνται
Optative	S. 1.	δουλόοιμι	δουλοῖμι

also -οίην | δουλοοίμην | δουλοίμην | | | S. 2. | δουλόοις | δουλοῖς

also -οίης | δουλόοιο | δουλοῖο | | | S. 3. | δουλόοι | δουλοῖ

also -οίη | δουλόοιτο | δουλοῖτο | | | P. 1. | δουλόοιμεν | δουλοῖμεν

also -οίημεν | δουλοοίμεθα | δουλοίμεθα | | | P. 2. | δουλόοιτε | δουλοῖτε

also -οίητε | δουλόοισθε | δουλοῖσθε | | | P. 3. | δουλόοιεν | δουλοῖεν | δουλόοιντο | δουλοῖντο | | Imperative | S. 2. | δούλοε | δούλου | δουλόου | δουλοῦ | | | S. 3. | δουλοέτω | δουλούτω | δουλοέσθω | δουλούσθω | | | P. 2. | δουλόετε | δουλοῦτε | δουλόεσθε | δουλοῦσθε | | | P. 3. | δουλοόντων | δουλούντων | δουλοέσθων | δουλούσθων | | Infinitive | | δουλόειν | δουλοῦν | δουλόεσθαι | δουλοῦσθαι | | Participle | M. | δουλόων | δουλῶν, gen. -οῦντος | δουλοόμενος | δουλούμενος | | | F. | δουλόουσα | δουλοῦσα, gen. -ούσης | δουλοομένη | δουλουμένη | | | N. | δουλόον | δουλοῦν, gen. -οῦντος | δουλοόμενον | δουλούμενον |

Note 3. — For the inf. act. δουλοῦν see note 1, page 56.

Note 4. — Contracted forms of the 3. p. sg. have no ν ἐφελκυστικόν: ἐτίμα, ἐποίει, ἐδούλου.

1. Paradigm `τιμάω`: I honor

α + E-sound (ε, η, ει, ῃ) gives ᾱ (ᾳ),
α + O-sound (ο, ω, οι, ου) gives ω (ῳ),
original ι becomes iota subscript.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	`τιμάω`	`τιμῶ`	`τιμάομαι`	`τιμῶμαι`
	S. 2.	`τιμάεις`	`τιμᾷς`	`τιμάῃ (-ει)`	`τιμᾷ`
	S. 3.	`τιμάει`	`τιμᾷ`	`τιμάεται`	`τιμᾶται`
	P. 1.	`τιμάομεν`	`τιμῶμεν`	`τιμαόμεθα`	`τιμώμεθα`
	P. 2.	`τιμάετε`	`τιμᾶτε`	`τιμάεσθε`	`τιμᾶσθε`
	P. 3.	`τιμάουσι(ν)`	`τιμῶσι(ν)`	`τιμάονται`	`τιμῶνται`
Imperfect	S. 1.	`ἐτίμαον`	`ἐτίμων`	`ἐτιμαόμην`	`ἐτιμώμην`
	S. 2.	`ἐτίμαες`	`ἐτίμας`	`ἐτιμάου`	`ἐτιμῶ`
	S. 3.	`ἐτίμαε(ν)`	`ἐτίμα`	`ἐτιμάετο`	`ἐτιμᾶτο`
	P. 1.	`ἐτιμάομεν`	`ἐτιμῶμεν`	`ἐτιμαόμεθα`	`ἐτιμώμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ἐτιμάετε`	`ἐτιμᾶτε`	`ἐτιμάεσθε`	`ἐτιμᾶσθε`
	P. 3.	`ἐτίμαον`	`ἐτίμων`	`ἐτιμάοντο`	`ἐτιμῶντο`
Subjunctive	S. 1.	`τιμάω`	`τιμῶ`	`τιμάωμαι`	`τιμῶμαι`
	S. 2.	`τιμάῃς`	`τιμᾷς`	`τιμάῃ`	`τιμᾷ`
	S. 3.	`τιμάῃ`	`τιμᾷ`	`τιμάηται`	`τιμᾶται`
	P. 1.	`τιμάωμεν`	`τιμῶμεν`	`τιμαώμεθα`	`τιμώμεθα`
	P. 2.	`τιμάητε`	`τιμᾶτε`	`τιμάησθε`	`τιμᾶσθε`
	P. 3.	`τιμάωσι(ν)`	`τιμῶσι(ν)`	`τιμάωνται`	`τιμῶνται`
Optative	S. 1.	`τιμάοιμι`	`τιμῷμι` also `-ῴην`	`τιμαοίμην`	`τιμῴμην`
	S. 2.	`τιμάοις`	`τιμῷς` also `-ῴης`	`τιμάοιο`	`τιμῷο`
	S. 3.	`τιμάοι`	`τιμῷ` also `-ῴη`	`τιμάοιτο`	`τιμῷτο`
	P. 1.	`τιμάοιμεν`	`τιμῷμεν` also `-ῴημεν`	`τιμαοίμεθα`	`τιμῴμεθα`
	P. 2.	`τιμάοιτε`	`τιμῷτε` also `-ῴητε`	`τιμάοισθε`	`τιμῷσθε`
	P. 3.	`τιμάοιεν`	`τιμῷεν`	`τιμάοιντο`	`τιμῷντο`
Imperative	S. 2.	`τίμαε`	`τίμα`	`τιμάου`	`τιμῶ`
	S. 3.	`τιμαέτω`	`τιμάτω`	`τιμαέσθω`	`τιμάσθω`
	P. 2.	`τιμάετε`	`τιμᾶτε`	`τιμάεσθε`	`τιμᾶσθε`
	P. 3.	`τιμαόντων`	`τιμώντων`	`τιμαέσθων`	`τιμάσθων`
Infinitive		`τιμάειν`	`τιμᾶν`	`τιμάεσθαι`	`τιμᾶσθαι`
Participle	M.	`τιμάων`	`τιμῶν`, gen. `-ῶντος`	`τιμαόμενος`	`τιμώμενος`
	F.	`τιμάουσα`	`τιμῶσα`, gen. `-ώσης`	`τιμαομένη`	`τιμωμένη`
	N.	`τιμάον`	`τιμῶν`, gen. `-ῶντος`	`τιμαόμενον`	`τιμώμενον`

Note 1. — As the ending of the inf. act. ειν arises from a contraction of ε-εν, and consequently does not contain an original ι, the contracted inf. is τιμᾶν (not τιμᾷν) and δουλοῦν (not δουλοῖν).

2. Paradigm `ποιέω`: I make

ε + ε gives ει,
ε + ο gives ου,
ε before a long vowel or diphthong is absorbed.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	`ποιέω`	`ποιῶ`	`ποιέομαι`	`ποιοῦμαι`
	S. 2.	`ποιέεις`	`ποιεῖς`	`ποιέῃ (-ει)`	`ποιῇ (-εῖ)`
	S. 3.	`ποιέει`	`ποιεῖ`	`ποιέεται`	`ποιεῖται`
	P. 1.	`ποιέομεν`	`ποιοῦμεν`	`ποιεόμεθα`	`ποιούμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ποιέετε`	`ποιεῖτε`	`ποιέεσθε`	`ποιεῖσθε`
	P. 3.	`ποιέουσι(ν)`	`ποιοῦσι(ν)`	`ποιέονται`	`ποιοῦνται`
Imperfect	S. 1.	`ἐποίεον`	`ἐποίουν`	`ἐποιεόμην`	`ἐποιούμην`
	S. 2.	`ἐποίεες`	`ἐποίεις`	`ἐποιέου`	`ἐποιοῦ`
	S. 3.	`ἐποίεε(ν)`	`ἐποίει`	`ἐποιέετο`	`ἐποιεῖτο`
	P. 1.	`ἐποιέομεν`	`ἐποιοῦμεν`	`ἐποιεόμεθα`	`ἐποιούμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ἐποιέετε`	`ἐποιεῖτε`	`ἐποιέεσθε`	`ἐποιεῖσθε`
	P. 3.	`ἐποίεον`	`ἐποίουν`	`ἐποιέοντο`	`ἐποιοῦντο`
Subjunctive	S. 1.	`ποιέω`	`ποιῶ`	`ποιέωμαι`	`ποιῶμαι`
	S. 2.	`ποιέῃς`	`ποιῇς`	`ποιέῃ`	`ποιῇ`
	S. 3.	`ποιέῃ`	`ποιῇ`	`ποιέηται`	`ποιῆται`
	P. 1.	`ποιέωμεν`	`ποιῶμεν`	`ποιεώμεθα`	`ποιώμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ποιέητε`	`ποιῆτε`	`ποιέησθε`	`ποιῆσθε`
	P. 3.	`ποιέωσι(ν)`	`ποιῶσι(ν)`	`ποιέωνται`	`ποιῶνται`
Optative	S. 1.	`ποιέοιμι`	`ποιοῖμι` also `-οίην`	`ποιεοίμην`	`ποιοίμην`
	S. 2.	`ποιέοις`	`ποιοῖς` also `-οίης`	`ποιέοιο`	`ποιοῖο`
	S. 3.	`ποιέοι`	`ποιοῖ` also `-οίη`	`ποιέοιτο`	`ποιοῖτο`
	P. 1.	`ποιέοιμεν`	`ποιοῖμεν` also `-οίημεν`	`ποιεοίμεθα`	`ποιοίμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ποιέοιτε`	`ποιοῖτε` also `-οίητε`	`ποιέοισθε`	`ποιοῖσθε`
	P. 3.	`ποιέοιεν`	`ποιοῖεν`	`ποιέοιντο`	`ποιοῖντο`
Imperative	S. 2.	`ποίεε`	`ποίει`	`ποιέου`	`ποιοῦ`
	S. 3.	`ποιεέτω`	`ποιείτω`	`ποιεέσθω`	`ποιείσθω`
	P. 2.	`ποιέετε`	`ποιεῖτε`	`ποιέεσθε`	`ποιεῖσθε`
	P. 3.	`ποιεόντων`	`ποιούντων`	`ποιεέσθων`	`ποιείσθων`
Infinitive		`ποιέειν`	`ποιεῖν`	`ποιέεσθαι`	`ποιεῖσθαι`
Participle	M.	`ποιέων`	`ποιῶν`, gen. `-οῦντος`	`ποιεόμενος`	`ποιούμενος`
	F.	`ποιέουσα`	`ποιοῦσα`, gen. `-ούσης`	`ποιεομένη`	`ποιουμένη`
	N.	`ποιέον`	`ποιοῦν`, gen. `-οῦντος`	`ποιεόμενον`	`ποιούμενον`

Note 2. — In the optative sing. the forms with η, in the plural those without η prevail.

3. Paradigm `δουλόω`: I enslave

ο + ε or ο or ου gives ου,
ο + η or ω gives ω,
ο + ι-diphthong (ει, οι, ῃ) gives οι.

Mood / tense	Person	Active, uncontracted	Active, contracted / alternative	Middle and passive, uncontracted	Middle and passive, contracted
Indicative	S. 1.	`δουλόω`	`δουλῶ`	`δουλόομαι`	`δουλοῦμαι`
	S. 2.	`δουλόεις`	`δουλοῖς`	`δουλόῃ (-ει)`	`δουλοῖ`
	S. 3.	`δουλόει`	`δουλοῖ`	`δουλόεται`	`δουλοῦται`
	P. 1.	`δουλόομεν`	`δουλοῦμεν`	`δουλοόμεθα`	`δουλούμεθα`
	P. 2.	`δουλόετε`	`δουλοῦτε`	`δουλόεσθε`	`δουλοῦσθε`
	P. 3.	`δουλόουσι(ν)`	`δουλοῦσι(ν)`	`δουλόονται`	`δουλοῦνται`
Imperfect	S. 1.	`ἐδούλοον`	`ἐδούλουν`	`ἐδουλοόμην`	`ἐδουλούμην`
	S. 2.	`ἐδούλοες`	`ἐδούλους`	`ἐδουλόου`	`ἐδουλοῦ`
	S. 3.	`ἐδούλοε(ν)`	`ἐδούλου`	`ἐδουλόετο`	`ἐδουλοῦτο`
	P. 1.	`ἐδουλόομεν`	`ἐδουλοῦμεν`	`ἐδουλοόμεθα`	`ἐδουλούμεθα`
	P. 2.	`ἐδουλόετε`	`ἐδουλοῦτε`	`ἐδουλόεσθε`	`ἐδουλοῦσθε`
	P. 3.	`ἐδούλοον`	`ἐδούλουν`	`ἐδουλόοντο`	`ἐδουλοῦντο`
Subjunctive	S. 1.	`δουλόω`	`δουλῶ`	`δουλόωμαι`	`δουλῶμαι`
	S. 2.	`δουλόῃς`	`δουλοῖς`	`δουλόῃ`	`δουλοῖ`
	S. 3.	`δουλόῃ`	`δουλοῖ`	`δουλόηται`	`δουλῶται`
	P. 1.	`δουλόωμεν`	`δουλῶμεν`	`δουλοώμεθα`	`δουλώμεθα`
	P. 2.	`δουλόητε`	`δουλῶτε`	`δουλόησθε`	`δουλῶσθε`
	P. 3.	`δουλόωσι(ν)`	`δουλῶσι(ν)`	`δουλόωνται`	`δουλῶνται`
Optative	S. 1.	`δουλόοιμι`	`δουλοῖμι` also `-οίην`	`δουλοοίμην`	`δουλοίμην`
	S. 2.	`δουλόοις`	`δουλοῖς` also `-οίης`	`δουλόοιο`	`δουλοῖο`
	S. 3.	`δουλόοι`	`δουλοῖ` also `-οίη`	`δουλόοιτο`	`δουλοῖτο`
	P. 1.	`δουλόοιμεν`	`δουλοῖμεν` also `-οίημεν`	`δουλοοίμεθα`	`δουλοίμεθα`
	P. 2.	`δουλόοιτε`	`δουλοῖτε` also `-οίητε`	`δουλόοισθε`	`δουλοῖσθε`
	P. 3.	`δουλόοιεν`	`δουλοῖεν`	`δουλόοιντο`	`δουλοῖντο`
Imperative	S. 2.	`δούλοε`	`δούλου`	`δουλόου`	`δουλοῦ`
	S. 3.	`δουλοέτω`	`δουλούτω`	`δουλοέσθω`	`δουλούσθω`
	P. 2.	`δουλόετε`	`δουλοῦτε`	`δουλόεσθε`	`δουλοῦσθε`
	P. 3.	`δουλοόντων`	`δουλούντων`	`δουλοέσθων`	`δουλούσθων`
Infinitive		`δουλόειν`	`δουλοῦν`	`δουλόεσθαι`	`δουλοῦσθαι`
Participle	M.	`δουλόων`	`δουλῶν`, gen. `-οῦντος`	`δουλοόμενος`	`δουλούμενος`
	F.	`δουλόουσα`	`δουλοῦσα`, gen. `-ούσης`	`δουλοομένη`	`δουλουμένη`
	N.	`δουλόον`	`δουλοῦν`, gen. `-οῦντος`	`δουλοόμενον`	`δουλούμενον`

Note 3. — For the inf. act. δουλοῦν see note 1, page 56.

Note 4. — Contracted forms of the 3. p. sg. have no ν ἐφελκυστικόν: ἐτίμα, ἐποίει, ἐδούλου.

§82

2. MUTE VERBS

2. MUTE VERBS 

Their tenses are formed by means of the same formative syllables and endings as those of pure verbs. Special attention is due only to the euphonic changes to which those suffixes are subject when brought into contact with the final consonants of the stem.

1 Dental stems

Dental stems drop their final consonants δ, τ, θ before σ and κ (see ἐλπίσω § 39.1), but change them to σ before μ or other dentals.

Note. σπένδω takes compensative lengthening throughout: σπένδω, σπείσω, ἔσπεισα, (ἔσπεικα), ἔσπεισμαι, ἐσπείσθην.

2 Guttural and labial stems

With suffix ‑σ‑:

any guttural → ξ any labial → ψ.

Before μ:

guttural → γ, labial → μ.

Before τ:

guttural → κ, labial → π.

Before θ:

guttural → χ, labial → φ.

These stems have no first perfect active in ‑κα; if they have any perfect active at all, it is the second (see § 88).

3 Synopsis of the formation of tenses (mute stems)

	γυμνᾶδ‑ train	ἁρμοτ‑ join	πρᾶγ‑ do	κρύφ‑ hide
Pres. act.	γυμνάζω	ἁρμόττω	πράττω	κρύπτω
Future	γυμνᾶ‑σω	ἁρμό‑σω	πράξω	κρύψω
Aorist	ἐγύμνᾶ‑σα	ἥρμο‑σα	ἔπρᾶξα	ἔκρυψα
Perfect act.	γεγύμνᾶ‑κα	ἥρμο‑κα	(88, 3b)	(88, 3a)
Perf. mid./pass.	γεγύμνα‑σμαι	ἥρμοσ‑μαι	πέπρᾶγ‑μαι	κέκρυμ‑μαι
Aorist pass.	ἐγυμνάσ‑θην	ἡρμόσ‑θην	ἐπρᾶχ‑θην	ἐκρύφ‑θην
III future	—	—	πεπράξομαι	κεκρύψομαι
Verbal adj.	γυμνασ‑τός	ἁρμοσ‑τός	πρᾶκ‑τός	κρυπ‑τός
	γυμνασ‑τέος	ἁρμοσ‑τέος	πρᾶκ‑τέος	κρυπ‑τέος

Their tenses are formed by means of the same formative syllables and endings as those of pure verbs. Special attention is due only to the euphonic changes to which those suffixes are subject when brought into contact with the final consonants of the stem.

1 Dental stems

Dental stems drop their final consonants δ, τ, θ before σ and κ (see ἐλπίσω § 39.1), but change them to σ before μ or other dentals.

Note. σπένδω takes compensative lengthening throughout: σπένδω, σπείσω, ἔσπεισα, (ἔσπεικα), ἔσπεισμαι, ἐσπείσθην.

2 Guttural and labial stems

With suffix ‑σ‑:

any guttural → ξ
any labial → ψ.

Before μ:

guttural → γ, labial → μ.

Before τ:

guttural → κ, labial → π.

Before θ:

guttural → χ, labial → φ.

These stems have no first perfect active in ‑κα; if they have any perfect active at all, it is the second (see § 88).

3 Synopsis of the formation of tenses (mute stems)

	γυμνᾶδ‑ train	ἁρμοτ‑ join	πρᾶγ‑ do	κρύφ‑ hide
Pres. act.	γυμνάζω	ἁρμόττω	πράττω	κρύπτω
Future	γυμνᾶ‑σω	ἁρμό‑σω	πράξω	κρύψω
Aorist	ἐγύμνᾶ‑σα	ἥρμο‑σα	ἔπρᾶξα	ἔκρυψα
Perfect act.	γεγύμνᾶ‑κα	ἥρμο‑κα	(88, 3b)	(88, 3a)
Perf. mid./pass.	γεγύμνα‑σμαι	ἥρμοσ‑μαι	πέπρᾶγ‑μαι	κέκρυμ‑μαι
Aorist pass.	ἐγυμνάσ‑θην	ἡρμόσ‑θην	ἐπρᾶχ‑θην	ἐκρύφ‑θην
III future	—	—	πεπράξομαι	κεκρύψομαι
Verbal adj.	γυμνασ‑τός	ἁρμοσ‑τός	πρᾶκ‑τός	κρυπ‑τός
	γυμνασ‑τέος	ἁρμοσ‑τέος	πρᾶκ‑τέος	κρυπ‑τέος

§83

INFLECTION OF THE PERF. AND PLUP. MID. AND PASS.

INFLECTION OF THE PERF. AND PLUP. MID. AND PASS.

As the final consonant of the stem must be assimilated to the initial sound of the endings and σ be dropped between two consonants, the following are the only combinations possible:

Dentals	Gutturals	Labials
σμ	γμ	μμ
σ	ξ	ψ
στ	κτ	πτ
σθ	χθ	φθ

The endings -νται and -ντο cannot be added to consonant stems; the third person plural, therefore, is always formed by the perfect participle passive, with

εἰσί(ν), neuter ἐστί(ν), in the perfect, ἦσαν, neuter ἦν, in the pluperfect.

Paradigms

Verb and stem	Perfect indicative	Pluperfect	Perfect imperative	Infinitive and participle
ψεύδω — deceive

st. ψευδ- | S. 1. ἔψευσ-μαι

ἔψευ-σαι

ἔψευσ-ται

P. 1. ἐψεύσ-μεθα

ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψευσ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐψεύσ-μην

ἔψευ-σο

ἔψευσ-το

P. 1. ἐψεύσ-μεθα

ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψευσ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. ἔψευ-σο

ἐψεύ-σθω

P. 2. ἔψευ-σθε

ἐψεύ-σθων | Inf. ἐψεῦ-σθαι

Part. M. ἐψευσ-μένος

F. ἐψευσ-μένη

N. ἐψευσ-μένον | | πράττω — do

st. πράγ- | S. 1. πέπραγ-μαι

πέπραξαι

πέπρακ-ται

P. 1. πεπράγ-μεθα

πέπραχ-θε

πεπραγ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐπεπράγ-μην

ἐπέπραξο

ἐπέπρακ-το

P. 1. ἐπεπράγ-μεθα

ἐπέπραχ-θε

πεπραγ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. πέπραξο

πεπράχ-θω

P. 2. πεπράχ-θε

πεπράχ-θων | Inf. πεπρᾶχ-θαι

Part. M. πεπραγ-μένος

F. πεπραγ-μένη

N. πεπραγ-μένον | | γράφω — write

st. γράφ- | S. 1. γέγραμ-μαι

γέγραψαι

γέγραπ-ται

P. 1. γεγράμ-μεθα

γέγραφ-θε

γεγραμ-μένοι εἰσί(ν) | S. 1. ἐγεγράμ-μην

ἐγέγραψο

ἐγέγραπ-το

P. 1. ἐγεγράμ-μεθα

ἐγέγραφ-θε

γεγραμ-μένοι ἦσαν | S. 2. γέγραψο

γεγράφ-θω

P. 2. γεγράφ-θε

γεγράφ-θων | Inf. γεγράφ-θαι

Part. M. γεγραμ-μένος

F. γεγραμ-μένη

N. γεγραμ-μένον |

The three verbs στρέφω turn, τρέπω turn, τρέφω nourish, change their stem vowel ε to ᾰ:

ἔστραμμαι, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι (21, 2).

An accumulation of consonants is avoided; e.g. in πέπεμ-μαι, πεπεμ-μένος (instead of πέπεμπ-μαι, πεπεμπ-μένος) from πέμπω. Nor is this the only instance.

1. As the final consonant of the stem must be assimilated to the initial sound of the endings and σ be dropped between two consonants, the following are the only combinations possible:

Dentals	Gutturals	Labials
σμ	γμ	μμ
σ	ξ	ψ
στ	κτ	πτ
σθ	χθ	φθ

2. The endings -νται and -ντο cannot be added to consonant stems; the third person plural, therefore, is always formed by the perfect participle passive, with

εἰσί(ν), neuter ἐστί(ν), in the perfect,
ἦσαν, neuter ἦν, in the pluperfect.

3. Paradigms

Verb and stem	Perfect indicative	Pluperfect	Perfect imperative	Infinitive and participle
`ψεύδω` — deceive st. `ψευδ-`	S. 1. `ἔψευσ-μαι` 2. `ἔψευ-σαι` 3. `ἔψευσ-ται` P. 1. `ἐψεύσ-μεθα` 2. `ἔψευ-σθε` 3. `ἐψευσ-μένοι εἰσί(ν)`	S. 1. `ἐψεύσ-μην` 2. `ἔψευ-σο` 3. `ἔψευσ-το` P. 1. `ἐψεύσ-μεθα` 2. `ἔψευ-σθε` 3. `ἐψευσ-μένοι ἦσαν`	S. 2. `ἔψευ-σο` 3. `ἐψεύ-σθω` P. 2. `ἔψευ-σθε` 3. `ἐψεύ-σθων`	Inf. `ἐψεῦ-σθαι` Part. M. `ἐψευσ-μένος` F. `ἐψευσ-μένη` N. `ἐψευσ-μένον`
`πράττω` — do st. `πράγ-`	S. 1. `πέπραγ-μαι` 2. `πέπραξαι` 3. `πέπρακ-ται` P. 1. `πεπράγ-μεθα` 2. `πέπραχ-θε` 3. `πεπραγ-μένοι εἰσί(ν)`	S. 1. `ἐπεπράγ-μην` 2. `ἐπέπραξο` 3. `ἐπέπρακ-το` P. 1. `ἐπεπράγ-μεθα` 2. `ἐπέπραχ-θε` 3. `πεπραγ-μένοι ἦσαν`	S. 2. `πέπραξο` 3. `πεπράχ-θω` P. 2. `πεπράχ-θε` 3. `πεπράχ-θων`	Inf. `πεπρᾶχ-θαι` Part. M. `πεπραγ-μένος` F. `πεπραγ-μένη` N. `πεπραγ-μένον`
`γράφω` — write st. `γράφ-`	S. 1. `γέγραμ-μαι` 2. `γέγραψαι` 3. `γέγραπ-ται` P. 1. `γεγράμ-μεθα` 2. `γέγραφ-θε` 3. `γεγραμ-μένοι εἰσί(ν)`	S. 1. `ἐγεγράμ-μην` 2. `ἐγέγραψο` 3. `ἐγέγραπ-το` P. 1. `ἐγεγράμ-μεθα` 2. `ἐγέγραφ-θε` 3. `γεγραμ-μένοι ἦσαν`	S. 2. `γέγραψο` 3. `γεγράφ-θω` P. 2. `γεγράφ-θε` 3. `γεγράφ-θων`	Inf. `γεγράφ-θαι` Part. M. `γεγραμ-μένος` F. `γεγραμ-μένη` N. `γεγραμ-μένον`

4. The three verbs στρέφω turn, τρέπω turn, τρέφω nourish, change their stem vowel ε to ᾰ:

ἔστραμμαι, τέτραμμαι, τέθραμμαι (21, 2).

5. An accumulation of consonants is avoided; e.g. in πέπεμ-μαι, πεπεμ-μένος (instead of πέπεμπ-μαι, πεπεμπ-μένος) from πέμπω. Nor is this the only instance.

§84

3. LIQUID VERBS

3. LIQUID VERBS

Future and First Aorist Act. and Mid.

The future adds to the verb stem the endings (‑έσω, ‑έω): ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς, etc.

It is inflected like contract verbs in ‑έω (Futurum contractum); see 3.

In the first aorist the σ drops out with compensative lengthening (13) of the last syllable of the stem. Thus

Change	Present	Meaning	Stem	Future	Aorist
ᾰ after ι, ρ becomes ᾱ	μιαίνω	stain	μιάν-	μιᾱνῶ	ἐμίᾱνα
	περαίνω	finish	περάν-	περᾱνῶ	ἐπέρᾱνα
elsewhere η	φαίνω	show	φάν-	φανῶ	ἔφηνα
ε becomes ει	δέρω	flay	δερ-	δερῶ	ἔδειρα
ῐ becomes ῑ	κρίνω	judge	κρίν-	κρινῶ	ἔκρῑνα
ῠ becomes ῡ	ἀμύνω	ward off	ἀμύν-	ἀμυνῶ	ἤμῡνα

Paradigm: στέλλω I send.

Future of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	στελῶ	—	στελοίην, στελοίης, στελοίη,	—	στελεῖν
	στελεῖς		στελοίημεν, στελοίητε, στελοίησαν		στελῶν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖ		(στελοῖεν)		στελοῦσα, ‑ούσης
	στελοῦμεν				στελοῦν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖτε				
	στελοῦσι(ν)				
Mid.	στελοῦμαι	—	στελοίμην, στελοῖο, στελοῖτο	—	στελεῖσθαι
	στελήσῃ (‑εῖ)		στελοίμεθα, στελοῖσθε, στελοῖντο		στελούμενος, στελουμένη, στελούμενον
	στελεῖται				
	στελοῦμεθα				
	στελεῖσθε				
	στελοῦνται				

First aorist of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	ἔστειλα	στείλω	στείλαιμι, στείλαις (‑σειας), στείλαι (‑σειε(ν))	στειλον	στειλαι
	ἔστειλας	στείλῃς	στείλαιμεν	στειλάτω	στείλας, ‑αντος
	ἔστειλε(ν)	στείλῃ	στείλαιτε	στείλατε	στείλασα, ‑άσης
	ἐστείλαμεν	στείλωμεν	στείλαιεν (‑σειαν)	στειλάντων	στειλαν, ‑αντος
	ἐστείλατε	στείλητε			
	ἔστειλαν	στείλωσι(ν)			
Mid.	ἐστειλάμην	στείλωμαι	στειλαίμην, στείλαιο, στείλαιτο	στείλω	στειλάσθαι
	ἐστείλω	στείλῃ	στειλαίμεθα, στείλαισθε, στείλαιντο	στειλάσθω	στειλάμενος, στειλαμένη, στειλάμενον
	ἐστείλατο	στείληται		στείλασθε	
	ἐστειλάμεθα	στειλώμεθα		στειλάσθων	
	ἐστείλασθε	στείλησθε			
	ἐστείλαντο	στείλωνται

Future and First Aorist Act. and Mid.

1. The future adds to the verb stem the endings (‑έσω, ‑έω): ‑ῶ, ‑εῖς, etc.

It is inflected like contract verbs in ‑έω (Futurum contractum); see 3.

2. In the first aorist the σ drops out with compensative lengthening (13) of the last syllable of the stem. Thus

Change	Present	Meaning	Stem	Future	Aorist
`ᾰ` after `ι, ρ` becomes `ᾱ`	`μιαίνω`	stain	`μιάν-`	`μιᾱνῶ`	`ἐμίᾱνα`
	`περαίνω`	finish	`περάν-`	`περᾱνῶ`	`ἐπέρᾱνα`
elsewhere `η`	`φαίνω`	show	`φάν-`	`φανῶ`	`ἔφηνα`
`ε` becomes `ει`	`δέρω`	flay	`δερ-`	`δερῶ`	`ἔδειρα`
`ῐ` becomes `ῑ`	`κρίνω`	judge	`κρίν-`	`κρινῶ`	`ἔκρῑνα`
`ῠ` becomes `ῡ`	`ἀμύνω`	ward off	`ἀμύν-`	`ἀμυνῶ`	`ἤμῡνα`

3. Paradigm: στέλλω I send.

Future of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	στελῶ	—	στελοίην, στελοίης, στελοίη,	—	στελεῖν
	στελεῖς		στελοίημεν, στελοίητε, στελοίησαν		στελῶν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖ		(στελοῖεν)		στελοῦσα, ‑ούσης
	στελοῦμεν				στελοῦν, ‑οῦντος
	στελεῖτε
	στελοῦσι(ν)
Mid.	στελοῦμαι	—	στελοίμην, στελοῖο, στελοῖτο	—	στελεῖσθαι
	στελήσῃ (‑εῖ)		στελοίμεθα, στελοῖσθε, στελοῖντο		στελούμενος, στελουμένη, στελούμενον
	στελεῖται
	στελοῦμεθα
	στελεῖσθε
	στελοῦνται

First aorist of στέλλω

	Indicative	Subjunctive	Optative	Imperative	Infin., Participle
Act.	ἔστειλα	στείλω	στείλαιμι, στείλαις (‑σειας), στείλαι (‑σειε(ν))	στειλον	στειλαι
	ἔστειλας	στείλῃς	στείλαιμεν	στειλάτω	στείλας, ‑αντος
	ἔστειλε(ν)	στείλῃ	στείλαιτε	στείλατε	στείλασα, ‑άσης
	ἐστείλαμεν	στείλωμεν	στείλαιεν (‑σειαν)	στειλάντων	στειλαν, ‑αντος
	ἐστείλατε	στείλητε
	ἔστειλαν	στείλωσι(ν)
Mid.	ἐστειλάμην	στείλωμαι	στειλαίμην, στείλαιο, στείλαιτο	στείλω	στειλάσθαι
	ἐστείλω	στείλῃ	στειλαίμεθα, στείλαισθε, στείλαιντο	στειλάσθω	στειλάμενος, στειλαμένη, στειλάμενον
	ἐστείλατο	στείληται		στείλασθε
	ἐστειλάμεθα	στειλώμεθα		στειλάσθων
	ἐστείλασθε	στείλησθε
	ἐστείλαντο	στείλωνται