A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part II: Inflection: VI. Conjugation: A. First Conjugation: Verbs in -ω.

1. They are formed in the usual manner with the necessary changes:

a) final ν before κ becomes γ; b) final ν before μ becomes σ; c) σ between two consonants is dropped; d) the ε of monosyllabic stems becomes ᾰ (cf. 11, 3, extr.).

2. Synopsis of the Formation of Tenses.

3. Inflection of the Perfect and Pluperfect Mid. and Pass.

φαίνω show — st. φαν‑

ἀγγέλλω announce — st. ἀγγελ‑

4. Liquid verbs lack the future perfect.
5. For βάλλω, κλίνω, κρίνω, τείνω see 92, 4. 6. 7 with note.

§ 86

I. Second Aorist Active and Middle

1. Formative syllables are -ο, and -ε, to be added to the verb stem. Thus the endings of the indicative are the same as those of the imperfect, those of the other moods the same as those of the respective forms of the present. However, four forms have a different accent:

• in the active: the inf. and the part.: βαλεῖν, βαλών.
• in the middle: the 2. p. imper. and the inf.: βαλοῦ, βαλέσθαι.

Note. The compounds too have the accent on the thematic vowel in these forms: ἀποβαλεῖν, ἀποβαλών, ἀποβαλοῦ, ἀποβαλέσθαι.

2. Paradigm (βάλλω)

3. The following second aorists of regular verbs arethe most important in Attic prose

Some have a peculiar formation; as:

Among the irregular verbs II aorists are very numerous.

§ 87

II. Second Aorist and Second Future Passive

1. The formative syllable is ‑η, before vowels or ντ ‑ε, to be added to the verb stem. These tenses are inflected like the I aor. and fut. pass. (79, 8), except that in the 2d person sing. of the imper. the ending ‑θι remains unchanged: στάλη‑θι.

2. Several II aor. have an intransitive meaning.

3. In Attic prose, the following II aorists are almost exclusively used:

The stem-vowel ε is changed to ᾱ:

Note 1. To be distinguished:

• ἐφάνην appeared, of φαίνομαι appear,
• ἐφάνθην was shown, of φαίνω show.

Note 2. A II aor. pass. occurs in such verbs only as lack a II aor. act.; the verb τρέπω, however, has all the aorists possible:

• in the act.: ἔτρεψα and ἔτραπον turned,
• in the mid.: ἐτρεψάμην put to flight, and ἐτραπόμην took to flight,
• in the pass.: ἐτρέφθην was turned, and ἐτράπην was turned and turned myself.

§ 88

III. Second Perfect and Second Pluperfect Active

1. Formative syllables are ‑α and ‑ει, to be added directly to the reduplicated verb stem.

E.g. γράφω write, st. γρᾶφ‑, II pf. γέγρᾶφ‑α, II plupf. ἐ‑γεγράφ‑ειν.

Such II perfects and II plupf. active (without κ¹) are found only in mute verbs and in some few liquid verbs.

¹ In the present work, only such perfects as end in ‑κα are called I perfects, all others, including aspirated forms, are designated as II perfects.

These tenses are inflected throughout like the I tenses:

• pf. ind. γέγραφ‑α, ‑ας, ‑ε(ν), etc.
• plupf. ἐγεγράφ‑ειν, ‑εις, ‑ει, etc.
• subj. γεγράφ‑ω, ‑ῃς, ‑ῃ, etc.
• opt. γεγράφοιμι, ‑οις, ‑οι, etc.
• inf. γεγραφ‑έ‑ναι.
• part. γεγραφ‑ώς, ‑υῖα, ‑ός, ‑ότος, ‑υίας, ‑ότος.

2. Changes of the verb stem in II perfect

It may happen that the verb stem remains unchanged in the second perfect (3, a). But more frequently it is changed as follows:

• final gutturals and labials are altered to the corresponding rough mutes (3, b.);
• short vowels of the stem undergo certain changes (3, c.);
• or both aspiration and change of vowel take place (3, d.).

Several II perfects have an intransitive meaning.

3. Common II perfects of regular verbs

a) No change in the verb stem:

b) Final consonant becomes rough:

c) Stem vowel changed (see 11):

d) Both aspiration and ablaut (11, 2):

Note the difference between (see 87, 3. note 1):

• πέφηνα have appeared, of φαίνομαι appear,
• πέφαγκα have shown, of φαίνω show.

A. Augment and Reduplication

§ 89

1. Six verbs originally beginning with a consonant have not η but ει (from ε-ε) for their augment and reduplication:

E.g. εἶχον, εἷλκον, εἱπόμην - εἴων, εἴθισα, εἴθικα, etc.

Note. - For the same reason, ὠθέω (originally ϝωθέω) and ὠνέομαι (orig. ϝωνέομαι) take the syllabic augment 111, 3; 112, 18; 209, 7.

2. Both the syllabic and the temporal augment are found in:

3. Ἔοικα resemble, am (look) like, seem, which is a defective II perfect of εἴκω, has in a similar manner in the plup. ἐῴκειν.

The participle ἐοικώς similar, must not be confounded with εἰκός meet, fitting, right, adv. εἰκότως.

4. The following verbs have εἰ- instead of the reduplication:

Similarly the defective II pf. εἴωθα, plup. εἰώθειν am, was wont.

5. There is the so-called Attic reduplication in:

In this reduplication, the first two letters of the stem are repeated before the temporal augment.

6. Some verbs that are compounded with prepositions came to be treated like simple verbs and, in consequence, take their augment before the preposition:

7. Both the verb and the preposition are augmented in ἀν-έχομαι bear up against: ἠνειχόμην, ἠνεσχόμην. See 112, 5.

B. Peculiarities in the Formation of Tenses

§ 90. FUTURE AND AORIST

1. Some verbs drop σ in the future act. and mid. and are then treated like contract verbs (the Attic Future). Thus:

2. Verbs in -ίζω of more than two syllables regularly take the Attic future, which in the active ends in -ιῶ, -ιεῖς, etc., in the middle in -ιοῦμαι, -ιῇ (-ιεῖ), etc.

3. The aorist of αἴρω lift up, [st. ἀρ- (from ἀερ-)] has ᾱ instead of η: fut. ἀρῶ, -εῖς; aor. ἦρα (augment!), ἄρω, ἄραιμι, ἆρον, ἆραι, ἄρας, 84.

§ 91. PURE VERBS

1. χράομαι use, changes ᾰ to η in spite of the ρ (agst. 80):

χρήσομαι, ἐχρησάμην, κέχρημαι.

2. ζάω live, and χράομαι use, have η wherever ᾱ would result from contraction:

ζῶ, ζῇς, ζῇ, ζῆτε, ἔζης, ἔζη, ἐζῆτε, ζῆν,

χρῶμαι, χρῇ, χρῆται, χρῆσθε, ἐχρῆτο, ἐχρῆσθε, χρῆσθαι.

3. Monosyllabic stems in -ε contract only to -ει:

πλέω, πλεῖς, πλεῖ, πλέομεν, πλεῖτε, πλέουσιν, πλέῃς,

ἔπλεον, ἔπλεις, ἔπλει, ἐπλέομεν, ἐπλεῖτε, πλέοιμι, πλεῖν.

4. The following verbs retain the short final vowel of the stem through all the tenses. Moreover, in the perf., plupf. and aor. pass. and in the verb. adj., they insert σ before the endings beginning with -μ, -τ and -θ.

5. The compounds of αἰνέω, speak in favorable terms of, approve, retain the short vowel through all the tenses that are most in use, but have no σ inserted. Thus especially:

6. There is a short vowel in some tenses, but without σ, in:

7. Some verbs have σ after the lengthened vowel or diphthong (either in all, or at least in some forms of the passive):

§ 92. Verbs with several of the above Peculiarities

They are formed from stems that are not altogether different.

Note. - κλαίω is inflected like καίω, κλίνω like κρίνω: 97, 45. 49.

C. Peculiarities in the Use of the Voices

§ 93. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE MEANING

Whenever there is a fluctuation between transitive and intransitive meaning in the forms of a verb,

• the I. aor. and the I. perf. have the trans. meaning of the act.,
• the II. aor. and the II. perf. have the intr. meaning of the mid.-pass. (95, 3.);

whenever only one perfect occurs, it is intransitive. Examples:

Compare ἵστημι 100, 2 and 106, 9-11; 108, 1.

§ 94. MIDDLE FUTURES IN ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSE

1. Many active verbs have a middle future with active meaning:

2. Some active verbs employ the middle future in a passive sense; thus:

3. A few verbs employ both the middle and the passive forms in a passive sense:

§ 95. DEPONENTS AND MIDDLE-PASSIVES

1. Middle deponents (72, 3 note) have in the passive form of the aorist a passive meaning, in the perfect both an active and a passive meaning;

e.g. αἰτιάομαι accuse: ᾐτιασάμην accused, ᾐτιάθην was accused, ᾐτίαμαι have and have been accused.

Thus:

2. Passive deponents (72, 3 note) are especially verbs denoting motion, feeling or mental action. They have generally a middle future.

For passive deponents of irregular verbs, see 111.

3. Middle-Passives. Some (chiefly direct) middles (165, 1) have passed from a reflexive into the intransitive and passive meaning, and consequently some of their tenses are passive. They are called middle-passives. E.g.

It has but two forms, one for the 2., the other for the 3. person; the 1. person dual is always the same as the 1. person plural. The endings are:

Hence:

The same holds for the verbs in -μι.