Elementary Greek Grammar: PART II: INFLECTION: PRONOUNS

1. The personal pronouns are ἐγώ, I, σύ, thou, and οὗ (genitive), of him, of her, of it. Αὐτός, himself, is used as a personal pronoun for him, her, it, &c. in the oblique cases, but never in the nominative. They are thus declined:—

Singular.

Dual.

Plural.

Note. 1. Αὐτός in the nominative of all numbers, and as an adjective pronoun in the oblique cases, is intensive, like ipse (§ 145, 1); except in ὁ αὐτός, the same (§ 79, 2). In the oblique cases it is the ordinary personal pronoun of the third person (§ 145, 2). For the uses of οὗ, οἷ, ἕ, see § 144, 2. In Attic prose, σφωέ, σφωΐν, σφέα, never occur; οὗ and ἕ (chiefly Epic) very rarely; οἷ, σφεῖς, σφῶν, σφίσι, σφᾶς, being the only common forms. The orators seldom use this pronoun at all, and the tragedians use chiefly σφίν (not σφί) and σφέ (Notes 2 and 3).

Note. 2. The following is the Ionic declension of ἐγώ, σύ, and οὗ. The forms in ( ) are not used by Herodotus.

Herodotus has also σφεῖς and σφέα in the plural of the third person, which are not found in Homer.

Note. 3. Σφέ is used as both singular and plural, him, her, it, them, by the tragedians.

Note. 4. The tragedians use the Doric accusative νίν as a personal pronoun in all genders, and in both singular and plural. The Ionic form μίν is used in all genders, but only in the singular.

Note. 5. The poets sometimes shorten the final syllable of ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς, ὑμῖν, ὑμᾶς, and σφᾶς, changing the circumflex to the acute, as ἡμίν, ἡμάς, &c.; and sometimes accenting ἥμιν, ἥμας, &c.

Note. 6. Herodotus has αὐτέων in the feminine (not in the masculine or the neuter) for αὐτῶν (§ 39). See § 88, N. 3. The Ionic contracts ὁ αὐτός into ωὐτός or ὡὐτός, and τὸ αὐτό into τωὐτό (§ 8).

Note. 7. The Doric has ἐμίν (for Attic ἐμοί); ἁμές, ἁμέων, ἁμίν, ἁμέ (for ἡμεῖς, ἡμῶν, ἡμῖν, ἡμᾶς); τύ (for σύ); τέο, τεῦ, τεῦς, τεοῦ (for σοῦ); τίν (for σοί); ὑμές and ὑμέ (for ὑμεῖς and ὑμᾶς); ἵν for οἷ; besides many of the Ionic and poetic forms already mentioned.

2. Αὐτός preceded by the article means the same; as ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνήρ, the same man; τὸν αὐτὸν πόλεμον, the same war. (See § 142, 4, N. 6.)

Note. Αὐτός is often contracted with the article; as ταὐτοῦ for τοῦ αὐτοῦ; ταὐτῷ for τῷ αὐτῷ; ταὐτῇ for τῇ αὐτῇ (not to be confounded with ταύτῃ from οὗτος). In the contracted form the neuter singular has ταὐτό or ταὐτόν.

The reflexive pronouns are ἐμαυτοῦ, ἐμαυτῆς, of myself; σεαυτοῦ, σεαυτῆς, of thyself; and ἑαυτοῦ, ἑαυτῆς, of himself, herself, itself. They are thus declined: —

Singular and Plural

The contracted forms αὑτοῦ, &c. must not be confounded with αὐτοῦ, &c. from αὐτός. For σφῶν αὐτῶν, &c. see Note.

Note. The reflexives are compounded of the personal pronouns and αὐτός, which appear separately in the plural of the first and second persons. In Homer they are separated in all persons and numbers; as σοὶ αὐτῷ, οἱ αὐτῷ, ἕ αὐτήν. Even in Attic prose σφῶν αὐτῶν, σφίσιν αὐτοῖς (αὐταῖς), σφᾶς αὐτούς (αὐτάς), often occur. Herodotus has ἐμεωυτοῦ, σεωυτοῦ, ἑωυτοῦ.

The reciprocal pronoun is ἀλλήλων, of one another, used only in the dual and plural. It is thus declined: —

The possessive pronouns are ἐμός, my, σός, thy, ἡμέτερος, our, ὑμέτερος, your, σφέτερος, their, and the poetic ὅς, his. They are declined like adjectives in ος.

Note 1. Homer has dual possessives νωΐτερος, of us two, σφωΐτερος, of you two; also τεός (Doric) for σός, ἑός for ὅς, ἁμός and ἀμός (ᾱ) for ἡμέτερος (in Attic poetry for ἐμός), ὑμός (ῡ) for ὑμέτερος, σφός for σφέτερος.

Note 2. Ὅς not being used in Attic prose, his is there expressed by the genitive of αὐτός, as ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ, his father.

The demonstrative pronouns are οὗτος and ὅδε, this, and ἐκεῖνος, that. They are thus declined: —

Note 1. Ἐκεῖνος is regular except in the neuter ἐκεῖνο. Ὅδε is merely the article ὁ with the inseparable particle -δε added. For its accent, see § 28, N. 3. Other demonstratives will be found among the pronominal adjectives (§ 87, 1).

Note 2. The demonstratives, including some adverbs (§ 87, 2), may be emphasized by the addition of long ί, before which a short vowel is dropped. Thus οὑτοσί, αὑτηί, τουτί; ὁδί, ἡδί, τοδί; τουτουί, ταυτί, τουτωνί; τοσουτοσί, ὡδί, οὑτωσί.

Note 3. Herodotus has τουτέων in the feminine (not in the masculine or the neuter) for τούτων. (For αὐτέων, see § 79, 1, N. 6.) Homer has τοῖσδεσσι or τοῖσδεσι for τοῖσδε. Κεῖνος is Ionic and poetic for ἐκεῖνος.

§ 84.

1. The interrogative pronoun τίς, τί, who? which? what? always takes the acute on the first syllable. The indefinite pronoun τις, τι, any one, some one, is enclitic, and its proper accent belongs on the last syllable.

2. These pronouns are thus declined: —

For the indefinite plural τινά there is a form ἄττα (Ionic ἄσσα).

Note 1. Οὔτις and μήτις, poetic for οὐδείς and μηδείς, no one, are declined like τίς.

Note 2. The acute accent of τίς is never changed to the grave (§ 23, 1, Note). The forms τὶς and τὶ of the indefinite pronoun seldom occur with the grave accent, as they are enclitic (§ 27). The Ionic has τέο and τεῦ for τοῦ, τέῳ for τῷ, τέων for τίνων, and τέοισι for τίσι; also the same forms as enclitics for του, τῳ, &c.

3. Ἄλλος, other, is declined like αὐτός (§ 79, 1), having ἄλλο in the neuter singular.

§ 85.

The indefinite δεῖνα, such a one, is sometimes indeclinable, and is sometimes declined as follows: —

The relative pronouns are ὅς, ἥ, ὅ, who, and ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅ τι, whoever. They are thus declined: —

Note 1. Ὅστις is compounded of the relative ὅς and the indefinite τις, and is called the indefinite relative. Each part is declined separately. For the accent see § 28, N. 3. It has a plural form ἅττα (Ionic ἅσσα), from ἃ ἄττα (§ 84, 2), for ἅτινα. Ὅ τι is thus written (sometimes ὅ, τι) to distinguish it from ὅτι, that.

Note 2. Homer has ὅου, ἕης, for οὗ, ἧς. The following are the peculiar Homeric forms of ὅστις: —

Herodotus has ὅτευ, ὅτεῳ, ὅτεων, ὁτέοισι, and ἅσσα (Note 1).

1. There are many pronominal adjectives which correspond to each other in form and meaning. The following are the most important: —

The pronouns τίς, τις, &c. form a corresponding series: —

Note. Τόσος and τοῖος seldom occur in Attic prose, τηλίκος never. Τοσόσδε, τοιόσδε, and τηλικόσδε are declined like τόσος and τοῖος; as τοσόσδε, τοσήδε, τοσόνδε, &c., — τοιόσδε, τοιάδε (ᾱ), τοιόνδε. (See § 28, Note 3.) Τοσοῦτος, τοιοῦτος, and τηλικοῦτος are declined like οὗτος (omitting the first τ in τούτου, τοῦτο, &c.), except that the neuter singular has ο or ον; as τοιοῦτος, τοιαύτη, τοιοῦτο or τοιοῦτον; gen. τοιούτου, τοιαύτης, &c.

2. Certain pronominal adverbs correspond to each other, like the adjectives given above. Such are the following: —

Note. There are no demonstratives corresponding to ποῦ and ποῖ, and equivalents of different form are given above. Forms which seldom or never occur in Attic prose are in ( ). Ἔνθα and ἔνθεν are relatives in prose, where, whence; as demonstratives they appear chiefly in a few expressions like ἔνθα καὶ ἔνθα, here and there, ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, on both sides.

The indefinite adverbs are all enclitic (§ 27, 2).