Greek · Grammars

J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Part II, Chapter I, Moods and Indicative

Syntax of The Greek Language, especially of the Attic dialect, for the use of schools, Dr. J. N. Madvig, professor in the university of Copenhagen. Translated from the German by the rev. Henry Browne, M. A and edited by the rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M. A, late rector of Lyndon, and formerly fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Together with an Appendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. 2nd edition. Rivingstons: London, Oxford, and Cambridge, 1873.

English Grammar Advanced 19th century J. N. Madvig

Pages 87–97 of the book.

Chapter I.

The Moods in general, and especially in the Indicative and its Tenses: the Indicative with ἄν.

To denote the relations of propositions, the Greeks have four personal and definite moods: the indicative, the subjunctive (conjunctive), the optative, and the imperative, of which the subjunctive and optative are related in point of conception; and besides these, the infinitive and the participle.

Both to the indicative (in certain tenses) and to the optative, as also to the infinitive and the participle, may be annexed the particle ἄν (Ionic and Epic κέ and κέν), to denote what is predicated upon the assumption of something being so and so, which is not actually so and so. The same particle, moreover, attaches itself to relative words (ὃς ἄν, ὅταν, &c.), and takes the subjunctive to denote an indefinite contingency.

The Indicative is the mood in which a thing is predicated absolutely, without any accessory modifications, or in which a thing is enquired about in the same way. It therefore stands in all both principal and accessory propositions, where no special rules, to be presently described, demand a different mood. Ὁ πατὴρ τέθνηκεν. Πόθεν ἥκεις; Λέγουσιν, ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἥρηται ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων. Ποιητέα ταῦτα, ἐπεὶ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ. Τούτου ἕνεκα οὐκ ἦλθον, ὅτι ᾔδειν τὰ γενησόμενα. Εἰ θεοὶ εἰσίν, ἔστι καὶ ἔργα θεῶν. Εἰ μὲν θεοῦ υἱὸς ἦν Ἀσκληπιός, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής, εἰ δὲ αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν θεοῦ (Pl. Rep. 3, 408. A simply conditional proposition, without any accompanying regard to the condition as actually obtaining or not). Ὀλοίμην, εἰ τοῦτο πεποίηκα. Εἰ μηδὲν ἐπεποιήκεις, τί ἐφόβου;

REM. In some kinds of dependent propositions, which, especially in Latin, are expressed in the subjunctive, the indicative is retained in Greek: on this see at end of Chapter III.

The principal times, together with imperfect, plusquamperfect, and future perf. passive, are expressed in Greek by the simple tenses of the verbs, and only in some passive forms by corresponding composite forms. To denote other relations of time, there are periphrastic combinations of the perf. participle with the tenses of εἰμί, or of μέλλω, am about, with the infinitive.

a) (334) The Present Tense is used of that which is, or is conceived to be, now present: Ὁμολογεῖ τούτοις Ὅμηρος.

REM. 1. (234, R.) The present is often used of that which has been for some time, and still is, going on, especially with πάλαι [where we use our progressive form for the perf. have been -ing]: Πάλαι τοῦτο σκοπῶ. Οὐ πάλαι σοι λέγω, ὅτι ταὐτόν φημι εἶναι τὸ βέλτιον καὶ τὸ κρεῖττον; (Pl. Gorg. 489). Πολλὰ ἤδη ἔτη ἐν Ἀθήναις οἰκεῖτε.

REM. 2. The present of certain verbs denotes, by an idiom of the language, either generally or in certain special senses, the past action as still going on, or still continued in its result; e.g. ἥκω, am come, φεύγω, am in exile, οἴχομαι, am gone: Οἶδα, ὅπῃ οἴχονται (Xen. An. 1, 4, 8). (So sometimes: ἀδικῶ, am in the wrong in what I have done, ἀποστερῶ, am keeping a person out of possession of --, νικῶ, am conqueror, have conquered: Ἀπαγγέλλετε Ἀριαίῳ, ὅτι ἡμεῖς γε νικῶμεν βασιλέα καὶ οὐδεὶς ἔτι ἡμῖν μάχεται, Xen. An. 2, 1, 4.)

REM. 3. Sometimes the present is put for the future, in speaking of being about to do something immediately: Εἴ φησι τοιοῦτόν τι εἶναι, δειξάτω καὶ παρασχέσθω, κἀγὼ καταβαίνω (Dem. 19, 32). (Εἶμι, ἰέναι, ἰών, present and future.)

b) (336) In lively connected narrative the præsens historicum is often used: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ· ὁ δὲ πείθεταί τε καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3).

REM. (336, R. 1) More rarely in the protasis with ἐπειδή: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Δικαιογένης οὐκέτι ὑμᾶς δύναται ἐξαπατᾶν, πείθει Μενέξενον ἡμᾶς προδοῦναι (Isæ. 5, 13), or in stating an individual fact: Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1, there were born to D. and P. --; D. and P. had two sons). But the poets often put the present for the aorist even in speaking of a single fact: Τίς μ’ ἐκφύει βροτῶν; (Soph. Œd. R. 437.) Διόνυσος, ὃν τίκτει ποθ’ ἡ Κάδμου κόρη (Eur. Bacch. 2).

In the past the Greek distinguishes two states: the narrative, denoted by the aorist, and the absolute (in English, have, am), denoted by the perfect. [1]

[1]: The Aorist bears the signification of past time only in the indicative and participle, and in some sorts of [subjunctive] optative and infinitive propositions; of the Aorist in the other moods, see under these in ch. 2, 3, 4, and 5.

(335, a) The Aorist is used in accounts and narratives of past occurrences, in historical connexion, or in stating a past occurrence, without relation to the present and a present result: Παυσανίας ὁ Κλεομβρότου ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος στρατηγὸς ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων ἐξεπέμφθη μετὰ εἴκοσι νεῶν ἀπὸ Πελοποννήσου· ξυνέπλεον δὲ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι τριάκοντα ναυσὶ καὶ ἐστράτευσαν ἐς Κύπρον καὶ αὐτῆς τὰ πολλὰ κατεστρέψαντο (Thuc. 1, 49. Of ξυνέπλεον, see § 113). Ὡς ἠθροίσθη Κύρῳ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν (the Grecian troops), ὅτε ἐπὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀρταξέρξην ἐστρατεύετο, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῇ ἀνόδῳ ἐπράχθη καὶ ὡς ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς ὁ Κῦρος ἐτελεύτησεν, ἐν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ δεδήλωται (Xen. An. 2, 1, 1. On δεδήλωται, see § 112). Ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ Κέφαλος ἐπείσθη μὲν ὑπὸ Περικλέους ἐς ταύτην τὴν γῆν ἀφικέσθαι, ἔτη δὲ τριάκοντα ᾤκησεν (Lys. 12, 1). Ὡς (ἐπεὶ) εἶδον τὸν πατέρα, ἠσπασάμην. (See Plusquamperf., § 114 c.) Πολλοὶ πόλεις ἔπεισαν πόλεμον ἄρασθαι πρὸς τούτους, ὑφ’ ὧν οἱ πεισθέντες ἀπώλοντο (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 45; of that which has sometimes happened: Many a time (ere now) have states let themselves be persuaded --). Ἤδη δὲ καί τινα οὐκ ἐθέλοντα ἀνίστασθαι ἀλλὰ προϊέμενον αὑτὸν τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ ἔπαισα καὶ ἐβιασάμην πορεύεσθαι (Xen. An. 5, 8, 14. It has happened now and then that I --).

REM. The Aorist is sometimes used in a somewhat peculiar manner:

a) (335, R. 3) The Aorist is used of that which has often happened, and consequently (in cases singly occurring) is wont to happen; in which sense it may then be found coupled with the present (which expresses the general relation absolutely): Τὰς τῶν φαύλων συνουσίας ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε, τὰς δὲ τῶν σπουδαίων φιλίας οὐδ’ ἂν ὁ πᾶς αἰὼν ἐξαλείψειεν (Isocr. Dem. 1). Ὁ τύραννος ταῖς μὲν πρώταις ἡμέραις προςγελᾷ τε καὶ ἀσπάζεται πάντας ὑπισχνεῖταί τε πολλὰ καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, χρεῶν τε ἠλευθέρωσε καὶ γῆν διένειμε δήμῳ τε καὶ τοῖς περὶ ἑαυτὸν καὶ πᾶσιν ἵλεώς τε καὶ πρᾶος εἶναι προςποιεῖται (Pl. Rep. 8, 566). Ὅταν πᾶσι ταὐτὰ συμφέρῃ τοῖς μετέχουσι τοῦ πολέμου, καὶ συμπονεῖν καὶ φέρειν τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ μένειν ἐθέλουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι· ὅταν δ’ ἐκ πλεονεξίας καὶ πονηρίας τις ὥςπερ Φίλιππος ἰσχύσῃ, ἡ πρώτη πρόφασις καὶ μικρὸν πταῖσμα ἅπαντα ἀνεχαίτισε καὶ διέλυσεν (Dem. 2, 9).

b) The first person of the aorist is sometimes applied to the expression of one's state of mind by words or gestures, occurring at the moment of speaking (the past tense referring to the preceding emotion which is in the speaker's thoughts): Ὦ γαθέ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐμαυτοῦ νῦν δὴ κατεγέλασα (Pl. Legg. 3, 686, I felt myself forced to laugh). (So ἐγέλασα, ᾔνεσα, ἐπῄνεσα, ἥσθην, ἐδεξάμην, ἀπέπτυσα, &c. in the dramatic poets.)

c) Of the Aorist in negative questions which stand in place of a demand or summons (τί οὐκ), see Imperative, § 141, R. 3.

d) Aor. of first attainment: [= came to --] Verbs signifying to have a public dignity, office, or power, are often used in the aorist in the sense of attaining to the same: Ἐπειδὴ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ (Thuc. 2, 15, became king; βασιλεύω, am king). (So ἦρξα, came to the government, became Archon, ἴσχυσα, ἡγησάμην, ἐταμίευσα, ἐτυράννευσα, ἐβούλευσα, became a councillor, &c. So in the participle: Βουλεύσας ποτὲ Σωκράτης, ἐπιθυμήσαντος τοῦ δήμου παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐννέα στρατηγοὺς μιᾷ ψήφῳ ἀποκτεῖναι πάντας, οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ἐπιψηφίσαι, Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 8.)

(335, b) The Perfect is used to denote an action as done and finished, not now going on, but now complete, or subsisting in its consequences: Ὁ πατήρ μου τέθνηκεν (is dead: but τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀπέθανεν, died in the same year). Ἐξηπατήμεθα αἴσχιστα ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητορῶν. Πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα οἱ θεοὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐηργετήκασιν. Εὑρήκαμεν ὃ πάλαι ἐζητοῦμεν. Ὅμηρος πεποίηκε (has composed) σχεδὸν περὶ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Ὁ πόλεμος ἁπάντων ἡμᾶς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπεστέρηκε· καὶ γὰρ πενεστέρους πεποίηκε καὶ πολλοὺς κινδύνους ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασε (compelled us while it lasted), καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας διαβέβληκε καὶ πάντας τρόπους τεταλαιπώρηκεν (Isocr. de Pac. 19). Ὁ δῆμος τῇ βουλῇ πολλάκις τὴν πολιτείαν ἐγκεχείρικεν (Dein. 1, 9).

REM. 1. Sometimes it makes little difference, whether a thing is denoted as a result, in reference to the present (perfect), or whether it is simply represented as an action and occurrence of the past (aorist). Φανήσομαι οὐδένα μὲν πώποτε ἀδικήσας, πλείους δὲ καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων εὖ πεποιηκὼς ἢ σύμπαντες οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ βασιλεύσαντες (Isocr. Nic. 35).

REM. 2. In some verbs, the perfect is used with the accessory signification of the present, in consequence of a peculiar way of taking its meaning, the present condition being denoted as produced by a preceding action, and as the result of the same. Such perfects are δέδοικα (δέδια), ἐγρήγορα, εἴωθα, ἔοικα, ἕστηκα, κέκτημαι (possess, κτῶμαι, acquire), κέκλημαι (am called), οἶδα, πέφυκα (πεφόβημαι in some writers = φοβοῦμαι). The plusquamperf. has then the signification of the imperfect: ὥσπερ εἰώθεσαν, as they used; ᾔδειν, I knew.

(337) The Imperfect is used of the condition at a certain time, or of actions which at a certain time were going on (still current, and not finished), or of that which was a custom at a certain time, the current or customary view, &c. of a certain person, or often repeating itself: Ἐπὶ Κέκροπος καὶ τῶν πρώτων βασιλέων ἡ Ἀττικὴ κατὰ πόλεις ᾠκεῖτο καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕκαστοι ἐπολιτεύοντο καὶ ἐβουλεύοντο. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, ἐς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας (Thuc. 2, 15). Ὅςτις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥςθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. Καὶ τῶν παρ’ ἑαυτῷ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο, ὡς πολεμεῖν ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν. Τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἤθροιζεν ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, κ.τ.λ. (Xen. An. 1, 1, 5; in the description of Cyrus's preparations for the war with Artaxerxes). Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν. Τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους Δαρεικούς· ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Πελοποννήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θραξὶ καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας (Xen. An. 1, 1, 9; was still carrying on the war, at the time in question). Κριτίας καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδης οὐκ ἀρέσκοντος αὐτοῖς Σωκράτους (= οὐχ ὅτι ἤρεσκεν αὐτοῖς Σωκράτης) ὡμιλησάτην, ὃν χρόνον ὡμιλείτην αὐτῷ (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 39). Σωκράτης τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἐπιθυμοῦντας οὐκ ἐπράττετο χρήματα (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 5, but Σ. οὐδένα πώποτε μισθὸν τῆς συνουσίας ἐπράξατο, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 60; never once demanded). Κορίνθιοι οὐδὲν τούτων ὑπήκουον (Thuc. 1, 29; said of their state of mind as a whole, not of a single determination).

REM. 1. Sometimes the imperfect denotes something about to be done, what a person was going or proposing to do: Ἡγέστρατος καταβὰς τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς κοίλην ναῦν διέκοπτε τοῦ πλοίου τὸ ἔδαφος (Dem. 32, 5, was beginning to cut through --: he was hindered from doing it). Φίλιππος Ἁλόννησον ἐδίδου, Δημοσθένης δὲ ἀπηγόρευε μὴ λαμβάνειν (Æsch. 3, 83, was for giving, offered to give. -- And so ἐδίδουν is frequently used). (Ἔπειθον, I sought to persuade, ἔπεισα, I persuaded.) Ἦν ἄξιος ὁ ἀγών, ὅτι οὐχὶ Ἀθηναίων μόνον οἱ Συρακούσιοι περιεγίγνοντο ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ξυμμάχων (Thuc. 7, 56, had the prospect of conquering --). Διὰ ταῦτα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ξυμμαχίαν καὶ τὸ Πάνακτον εὐθὺς καθῃρεῖτο (Thuc. 5, 39, and they immediately were beginning to pull down --, proceeded to pull down).

REM. 2. Sometimes (especially by Herodot. and Thucyd.) in continued narrative, an imperfect is used with but little difference from the aorist, the action being denoted as the beginning of one or more undertakings, or as a proceeding of longer duration: Τοῦτο ποιήσαντες οἱ Πλαταιεῖς ἔς τε τὰς Ἀθήνας ἄγγελον ἔπεμπον (set about sending) καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς ὑποσπόνδους ἀπέδοσαν τοῖς Θηβαίοις τά τ’ ἐν τῇ πόλει καθίσταντο πρὸς τὰ παρόντα, ᾗ ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς (Thuc. 2, 6). Παρελθόντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔλεγον τοιάδε (Thuc. 1, 72; but ch. 67, Παρελθόντες δὲ οἱ Κορίνθιοι εἶπον τοιάδε). Τοιαῦτα δὴ ἀφίκοντο διαλεγόμενοι μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων τῆς Περσίδος· ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀετὸς δεξιὸς φανεὶς προηγεῖτο, προςευξάμενοι θεοῖς καὶ ἥρωσι τοῖς Περσίδα γῆν κατέχουσιν οὕτω διέβαινον τὰ ὅρια (set about crossing --; proceeded to cross). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ διέβησαν, προςεύχοντο αὖθις θεοῖς τοῖς Μηδίαν γῆν κατέχουσιν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 1). [So especially verbs jubendi et mittendi: πέμπειν, ἀποστέλλειν, κελεύειν, βοηθεῖν, &c., Schmidt.] The imperfects ᾔειν (ᾖα), ἧκον, and ἔφην (inquam) are used at the same time in the aorist sense.

REM. 3. The imperfect ἦν is sometimes found where we might expect the present, in reference to an earlier condition, or an earlier appearance: Εἰ ἄρα τὰ ὀφειλόμενα ἑκάστῳ ἀποδιδόναι φησί τις δίκαιον εἶναι, τοῦτο δὲ δὴ νοεῖ αὐτῷ (has for him the meaning), τοῖς μὲν ἐχθροῖς βλάβην ὀφείλεσθαι παρὰ τοῦ δικαίου ἀνδρός, τοῖς δὲ φίλοις ὠφέλειαν, οὐκ ἦν σοφὸς ὁ τοῦτο εἰπών (Pl. Rep. 1, 335; viz. as he before seemed to us to be). Πολλοὶ ἄνθρωποι ἀποθνήσκουσι πρότερον πρὶν δῆλοι γενέσθαι, οἷοι ἦσαν (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 9).

a) The Plusquamperfectum is used of that which at a certain past time had already taken place: Ἡ Οἰνόη, οὖσα ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς Ἀττικῆς καὶ Βοιωτίας, ἐτετείχιστο καὶ αὐτῷ φρουρίῳ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐχρῶντο (Thuc. 2, 18).

b) Instead of the simple plusquamperf. in the active, we have sometimes a periphrastic expression by the participle perf. with ἦν: Οὔπω δύο ἢ τρεῖς δρόμους περιεληλυθότε ἤστην ὁ Εὐθύδημος καὶ ὁ Διονυσόδωρος, καὶ εἰςέρχεται Κλεινίας (Pl. Euthyd. 273).

c) When by means of the conjunctions ἐπεί, ἐπειδή (Ionic ἐπεί τε), after that, or ὡς, when (ὡς τάχιστα), it is denoted that one action followed upon another, usually not the plusquamperf. is employed but the aorist, or, if a state and continued relation be denoted, the imperfect: Ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3). Ἐπεὶ Κῦρος κατεπέμφθη σατράπης Λυδίας καὶ Φρυγίας, πρῶτον ἐπέδειξεν αὑτόν, ὅτι περὶ πλείστου ποιοῖτο, εἴ τῳ ὑπόσχοιτό τι, μηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι (Xen. An. 1, 9, 7). Οἱ πολέμιοι ὡς εἶδον τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἀντιπορεύονται (Xen. An. 4, 8, 17). -- Ἐπεὶ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τὴν τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετό οἱ τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1). Οἱ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοί, ὡς αὐτοὺς οἱ Καταναῖοι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, ἐκομίσθησαν ἐπὶ τὸν Τηρίαν ποταμόν (Thuc. 6, 50, when the Cat. were not for receiving them). -- Ἀλκιβιάδης λόγους ποιησάμενος πρὸς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, ὡς οὐκ ἔπειθεν, ἀλλ’ ἀπεκρίναντο, πόλει μὲν ἂν οὐ δέξασθαι, ἀγορὰν δ’ ἔξω παρέξειν, ἀπέπλει ἐς τὸ Ῥήγιον. (Ibid., when he could not persuade them, when they were not for letting themselves be persuaded; ἀπεκρίναντο single fact.) The plusquamperf., however, may be used with ἐπειδή, where the thing denoted is the complete ending of the preceding action, or the complete production of the state: Πυθόμενος ὁ Κρατῖνος τὰς τούτων ἐπιβουλὰς τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἠσυχίαν ἦγεν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὁ κηδεστὴς μὲν ἦν ὁ Καλλιμάχου κατηγορηκὼς αὐτοῦ (τοῦ Κρατίνου), Καλλίμαχος δὲ μεμαρτυρηκώς, ἢ μὴν τεθνάναι τὴν ἄνθρωπον, ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ἵνα ἦν κεκρυμμένη, ἀγαγόντες ἐπὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ζῶσαν ἅπασιν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐπέδειξαν (Isocr. Call. 54). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐξηπάτησθε μὲν ὑμεῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Φιλίππου, ἐξηπάτηντο δὲ οἱ ταλαίπωροι Φωκεῖς καὶ ἀνῄρηντο αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν, τί ἐγένετο; (Dem. 18, 42.)

REM. 1. (338, R. 5) In the same way, the aorist, not the plusquamperf., is used after ἕως (ἕως περ), ἔστε, μέχρι, πρίν (οὐ -- πρίν): Εὔδικος καὶ Σίμος οἱ Λαρισσαῖοι μέχρι τούτου φίλοι ὠνομάζοντο Φιλίππου, ἕως Θετταλίαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππῳ ἐποίησαν (Dem. 18, 48). Οἱ βάρβαροι οὐ πρόσθεν ἐξενεγκεῖν ἐτόλμησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς πόλεμον πρὶν τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἡμῶν συνέλαβον (Xen. An. 3, 2, 29). Ἐχρῆν τοὺς ῥήτορας μὴ πρότερον περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων συμβουλεύειν πρὶν περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων ἐδίδαξαν (Isocr. Paneg. 19).

REM. 2. Now and then, the special relation of time which should be denoted by the plusquamperf. is not expressed, but the action is simply set in the past by the aorist: Οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι ὀλίγον μὲν χρόνον ὑπέμειναν, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐτράποντο ἐς τὸν Πάνορμον, ὅθενπερ ἀνηγάγοντο (Thuc. 2, 92; had put to sea).

REM. 3. Of the aorist and perfect (not plusquamperf.) of the indicative in propositions dependent upon a governing proposition in a præteritum [in an ‘historical tense’], see Optative, § 130, b. R. 2.

a) The Future denotes simply a future action or a future state or condition: Εἰ τοῦτο ποιήσομεν, ῥᾳδίως τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἕξομεν, ὅσον χρόνον ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ ἐσόμεθα.

REM. Especially note the use of the future indicative in relative clauses denoting the being intended for, or calculated to serve, a purpose (one who, or, a thing which, may or shall, &c.; whom or which, one may, &c.): Οὐχ ὅ,τι τις κατηγορήσει τούτων, χαλεπὸν εὑρεῖν (Dem. 15, 34). Εἰ οἴει ὁντινοῦν ἀνθρώπων παραδώσειν τέχνην τινὰ τοιαύτην, ἥτις σε ποιήσει μέγα δύνασθαι ἐν τῇ πόλει τῇδε ἀνόμοιον ὄντα τῇ πολιτείᾳ, οὐκ ὀρθῶς βουλεύῃ (Pl. Gorg. 513). Other examples in § 105, a.

b) (340) The Futurum exactum (in the active, πεποιηκὼς ἔσομαι: in the deponent, εἰργασμένος ἔσομαι; and in the passive, διεφθαρμένος ἔσομαι, πεπράξομαι) expresses, that at a certain future instant something will be finished, and will show itself as finished. Thus it denotes (1) that which, as the immediate consequence of another action, will therewith ensue and be ready; (2) that which will be soon accomplished and done; (3) the future result of a preceding action (it corresponds, therefore, more to the English than to the Latin futurum exactum): Ἐὰν καταψηφισάμενοι τούτων θανάτου τιμήσετε, τῇ αὐτῇ ψήφῳ τούς τε ἄλλους κοσμιωτέρους ποιήσετε ἢ νῦν εἰσι, καὶ παρὰ τούτων δίκην εἰληφότες ἔσεσθε (Lys. 27, 7). Εἰ παρελθὼν εἷς ὅςτιςοῦν δύναιτο διδάξαι, τίς παρασκευὴ χρήσιμος ἔσται τῇ πόλει, πᾶς ὁ παρὼν φόβος λελύσεται (Dem. 14, 2). Τί γὰρ ποιήσει (ὁ θεός); Φράζε, καὶ πεπράξεται (Arist. Pl. 1027). Μάτην μοι κεκλαύσεται (Arist. Nub. 1436; in vain shall I have wept). (Τῆς δυνάμεως ἡμῶν εἰς ἀΐδιον τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις μνήμη καταλελείψεται, Thuc. 2, 64; of a future action conceived of as an abiding result.) [1]

[1]: Si fecero, ἐὰν ποιήσω, see Subjunctive.

REM. In those verbs in which the perfect middle has the signification of the present (§ 112, R. 2), the fut. exact. has the signification of the simple future: μεμνήσομαι, κεκτήσομαι (shall possess, different from κτήσομαι, shall acquire), κεκλήσομαι (shall have the name). Likewise two others (εἰρήσομαι, δεδήσομαι).

(341, 342) The verb μέλλω with the infinitive of the future or present, rarely of the aorist, forms a peculiar mode of denoting the future as something which one has at this present time in hand, and is about to do (futurum in præsenti), which notation by means of the imperfect (ἤμελλον) is applied to the past (futurum in præterito): Μέλλω ὑμᾶς διδάξειν, ὅθεν μοι ἡ διαβολὴ γέγονεν (Pl. Apol. 21). Ἐνεθυμοῦντο οἱ Ἕλληνες, ὅτι ἀγορὰν οὐδεὶς ἔτι παρέξειν ἤμελλεν (Xen. An. 3, 1, 2). Ἀκούω τινὰ διαβάλλειν, ὡς ἐγὼ ἄρα ἐξαπατήσας ὑμᾶς μέλλω ἄγειν εἰς Φᾶσιν (Xen. An. 5, 7, 5). [1]

[1]: Ἤδη ἤμελλον ἀλλήλους ἀπολιπεῖν (Thuc. 6, 31). (Ἠμέλλησα ἰέναι.)

REM. 1. Especially frequent εἰ μέλλω, if I am to --, and ὁ μέλλων, he that would, in denoting that which must be done in order to secure some object: Δεῖ στρατιάν, εἰ μέλλει πράξειν τὰ δέοντα, μηδέποτε παύεσθαι τοῖς πολεμίοις κακὰ πορσύνουσαν (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 17). Τὸν μέλλοντα εὖ γεωργήσειν δεῖ τοὺς ἐργάτας καὶ προθύμους παρασκευάζειν καὶ πείθεσθαι θέλοντας (Xen. Œcon. 5, 15). But also Ἀνδρεῖον δεῖ εἶναι τὸν εὐγενῆ νεάνισκον, εἴπερ εὖ μαχεῖται (Pl. Rep. 2, 375).

REM. 2. Of the simple indicative future (not fut. in præterito) instead of the optative in propositions dependent on a verb in the preterite, see Optative, § 130, b. R. 2.

a) (347) With the addition of ἄν the imperfect, aorist, and sometimes plusquamperf. of the indicative is used to predicate something which, under the supposition of a certain condition, would find (or have found) place, but which does not do so, because the condition does not exist. The condition is expressed in the indicative with εἰ. Of that which, as it is, does not find place, but would do so, and of a condition assumed in opposition to the actual present state of the case, the imperfect is used (εἰ ἐδυνάμην, ἐποίουν ἄν); if the condition and conditional result, under the same supposition, belong to the past, both of them stand in the aorist (εἰ ἐκέλευσας, ἐποίησα ἄν, εἰ μὴ ἐκέλευσας, οὐκ ἂν ἐποίησα). The plusquamperf. with ἄν in conditional propositions, is used only when an action (then or now) completed, and a state which has (then or now) ended, is meant to be denoted. (A plusquamperf. having the sense of the imperf. is used as imperf., e.g. εἰ ᾔδειν, ἔλεγον ἄν.) The time in the conditional, and that in the principal, proposition, may differ according to the sense. (There can rarely be occasion to use the plusquamperf. in both clauses.) Εἴ τι ἐμοῦ ἐκήδου, οὐδενὸς ἂν οὕτως μ’ ἀποστερεῖν ἐφυλάττου, ὡς ἀξιώματος καὶ τιμῆς (Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 34). Οὐχ οὕτως ἂν προθύμως ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον ὑμᾶς παρεκάλουν, εἰ μὴ τὴν εἰρήνην ἑώρων ἐκ τοῦ πολέμου καλὴν καὶ βεβαίαν γενησομένην (Isocr. Arch. 87). -- Εἰ ὁ Φίλιππος τότε ταύτην ἔσχε τὴν γνώμην, ὡς χαλεπὸν πολεμεῖν ἐστιν Ἀθηναίοις, οὐδὲν ἄν, ὧν νυνὶ πεποίηκεν, ἔπραξεν (Dem. 4, 5). Ἴσως ἂν ἀπέθανον, εἰ μὴ ἡ τῶν τριάκοντα ἀρχὴ διὰ ταχέων κατελύθη (Pl. Apol. 32). -- Εἰ μὴ ὑμεῖς ἤλθετε, ἐπορευόμεθα ἂν ἐπὶ βασιλέα (Xen. An. 2, 1, 4; had ye not come, we should now --). Εἰ ἐγὼ ἐτόλμων τοῦτο ποιεῖν, ἐπέτρεψας ἄν, ὦ Δημόσθενες, καὶ οὐκ ἐνέπλησας βοῆς καὶ κραυγῆς τὴν ἀγοράν; (Æsch. 2, 86; had I dared it, wouldst thou have suffered it?) -- Εἰ, ὅ σε ἠρώτων, ἀπεκρίνω, ἱκανῶς ἂν ἤδη παρὰ σοῦ τὴν ὁσιότητα ἐμεμαθήκειν (Pl. Euthyph. 14; I should already have finished my task of learning --). Λοιπὸν ἂν ἦν ἡμῖν περὶ τῆς πόλεως διαλεχθῆναι τῆς ἡμετέρας, εἰ μὴ προτέρα τῶν ἄλλων εὖ φρονήσασα τὴν εἰρήνην ἐπεποίητο (Isocr. Phil. 56; were it not the case that it had already concluded a peace). Εἰ ἐγὼ πάλαι ἐπεχείρησα πράττειν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράγματα, πάλαι ἂν ἀπολώλειν καὶ οὔτ’ ἂν ὑμᾶς ὠφελήκειν οὐδὲν οὔτ’ ἂν ἐμαυτόν (Pl. Apol. 31; I should long ago have perished, without benefiting either you or myself, from ἀπόλωλα). [1]

[1]: Ὁπότερον τούτων ἐποίησε Διογείτων, οὐδενὸς ἂν ἧττον Ἀθηναίων πλούσιος ἦν (Lys. 32, 23).

REM. 1. (347, R. 2) Sometimes, either in both clauses or in only one of them, the imperfect is used instead of the aorist, of relations belonging to the past; mostly (yet not always, especially in the poets) to denote an abiding state or a continued series of actions: Σωκράτης οὔτ’ ἠλίθιος οὔτ’ ἀλαζὼν φαίνεσθαι τοῖς συνοῦσιν ἐβούλετο· ἐδόκει δ’ ἂν ἀμφότερα ταῦτα, εἰ προαγορεύων ὡς ἀπὸ θεοῦ φαινόμενα ψευδόμενος ἐφαίνετο. Δῆλον οὖν, ὅτι οὐκ ἂν προέλεγεν, εἰ μὴ ἐπίστευεν ἀληθεύσειν (Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 5). Ἐγὼ ἐχθές, εἰ μὴ πολλοῖς διεπύκτευσα, οὐκ ἂν ἐδυνάμην σοι προςελθεῖν (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 53). Λιπόντες τὰς τάξεις προθέοντες ἁρπάζειν ἤθελον καὶ ἡμῶν πλεονεκτεῖν· εἰ δὲ τοῦτο πάντες ἐποιοῦμεν, ἅπαντες ἂν ἀπωλόμεθα (Xen. An. 5, 8, 13). The aorist is put instead of the imperfect in the principal proposition only when, with less accuracy, the relation is referred to the past or to a different time: Εἰ μὲν τὸ σῶμα ἐπιτρέπειν σε ἔδει τῳ, διακινδυνεύοντα ἢ χρηστὸν αὐτὸ γενέσθαι ἢ πονηρόν, πολλὰ ἂν περιεσκέψω, εἴτ’ ἐπιτρεπτέον εἴτε οὔ, καὶ εἰς συμβουλὴν τούς τε φίλους ἂν παρεκάλεις καὶ τοὺς οἰκείους, σκοπούμενος ἡμέρας συχνάς, ὃ δὲ περὶ πλείονος τοῦ σώματος ἡγεῖ, τὴν ψυχήν, περὶ δὲ τούτου οὔτε τῷ πατρὶ οὔτε τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἐπεκοινώσω, εἴτ’ ἐπιτρεπτέον εἴτε καὶ οὐ τῷ ἀφικομένῳ τούτῳ ξένῳ τὴν σὴν ψυχήν (Pl. Prot. 313).

REM. 2. Relative and conjunctional clauses which come to be enclosed in such a conditional or conditionated proposition, are expressed in the indicative. Εἰ ξένος ἐτύγχανον ὤν, ξυνεγιγνώσκετε δήπου ἄν μοι, εἰ ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ φωνῇ τε καὶ τῷ τρόπῳ ἔλεγον, ἐν οἷςπερ ἐτεθράμμην (Pl. Apol. 17). Εἰ πλούτῳ καὶ κέρδει ἄριστα ἐκρίνετο τὰ κρινόμενα, ἃ ἐπῄνει ὁ φιλοκερδὴς καὶ ἔψεγεν, ἀνάγκη ἂν ταῦτα ἀληθέστατα εἶναι (Pl. Rep. 9, 382). Ἡδέως ἂν Καλλικλεῖ ἔτι διελεγόμην, ἕως αὐτῷ τὴν τοῦ Ἀμφίονος ἀπέδωκα ῥῆσιν ἀντὶ τῆς τοῦ Ζήθου (Pl. Gorg. 506). Ἐχρῆν τοὺς ῥήτορας μὴ πρότερον περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων συμβουλεύειν, πρὶν περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων ἡμᾶς ἐδίδαξαν (Isocr. Paneg. 19).

b) The condition which does not obtain, is not always expressed in a proposition of its own, but may be given in a different turn of expression, or be implied in the context of the passage as a whole: Βοὸς ἔχοντες σῶμα, ἀνθρώπου δὲ γνώμην, οὐκ ἂν ἠδυνάμεθα ποιεῖν ἃ ἐβουλόμεθα (Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 14). Ὥστε ἀπελάσαι Χαλδαίους ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν ἄκρων (in order to expel), πολλαπλάσια ἂν ἔδωκα χρήματα ὧν σὺ νῦν ἔχεις παρ’ ἐμοῦ (Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 16; I would have given). Ξένος οὐδεὶς ἀφῖκται χρόνου συχνοῦ ἐξ Ἀθηνῶν, ὅςτις ἂν ἡμῖν σαφές τι ἀγγεῖλαι οἷός τε ἦν περὶ τούτων (Pl. Phæd. 57; who would have been in a condition --). Ἑάλωκα οὐ λόγων ἀπορίᾳ ἀλλ’ ἀναισχυντίας καὶ τοῦ ἐθέλειν λέγειν πρὸς ὑμᾶς τοιαῦτα, οἷ’ ἂν ὑμῖν ἥδιστα ἦν ἀκούειν, θρηνοῦντός τέ μου καὶ ὀλοφυρομένου (Pl. Apol. 38; as would have been to you --). Especially note ἄν with the indicative, where in English we use otherwise with the conditional mood, to denote a relation different from the actual one: Ἐπιστευόμην ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων· οὐ γὰρ ἄν με ἔπεμπον πάλιν πρὸς ὑμᾶς (Xen. An. 6, 6, 33). (Ἤλπιζόν σε παρέσεσθαι· ἢ οὐκ ἂν ἦλθον.)

REM. 1. The hypothetical proposition with ἄν may have an object-proposition (with ὅτι or ὡς, or as dependent question) subordinated to it, or an inference (ὥστε), sometimes also in a different way: Ἡδέως ἂν πυθοίμην, τίν’ ἂν ποτε γνώμην περὶ ἐμοῦ εἴχετε, εἰ μὴ ἐτριηράρχησα (Dem. 50, 67). Οὕτω σαφῶς ὁ πατὴρ ἐμὸς τοὺς κατηγόρους ψευδομένους ἐπέδειξεν, ὥστε ἡδέως ἂν ὁ δῆμος δίκην παρ’ αὐτῶν ἔλαβεν (Isocr. de Big. 7; would have been delighted to take --). Ἔστιν οὖν ὅπως ταῦτ’ ἄν, ἐκεῖνα προειρηκώς, ὁ αὐτὸς ἀνὴρ μὴ διαφθαρεὶς ἐτόλμησεν εἰπεῖν; (Dem. 19, 308.) Such a proposition may even itself be made the condition: Εἰ τοίνυν ἂν ἐμοὶ τότε ὠργίζεσθε, ὅτι οὐκ ἐτριηράρχησα, πῶς οὐχὶ νῦν προςήκει ὑμᾶς εἰσπρᾶξαί μοι τὰ ἀναλώματα; (Dem. 50, 67; if then the case be so, that ye would have been angry with me --.)

REM. 2. Sometimes the aorist (rarely the imperfect) with ἄν denotes what would have happened at a past time, if the attempt had been made, and therefore what might, could, or should have taken place: Καὶ αὐτοὶ ἂν ἐπορεύθησαν, ᾗπερ οἱ ἄλλοι, τὰ δὲ ὑποζύγια οὐκ ἦν ἄλλῃ ἢ ταύτῃ ἐκβῆναι (Xen. An. 4, 2, 10). Ἐκ τίνος ἂν φιλίας ποτ’ ἐδάνεισεν ὁ πατὴρ ὁ ἐμὸς τῷ ναυάρχῳ τὰς χιλίας δραχμάς, ὃν οὐκ ἐγίγνωσκεν; (Dem. 49, 50; could (or should) my father have lent --?) Οἱ Πέρσαι θᾶττον, ἢ ὥς τις ἂν ᾤετο, μετεώρους ἐξεκόμισαν τὰς ἁμάξας (Xen. An. 1, 5, 8). Οὐ γὰρ ἦν, ὅ,τι ἂν ἐποιεῖτε μόνοι (Dem. 18, 43; there was nothing that you could have done alone). Especially note ἠβουλόμην ἄν, I should (under other circumstances) have wished, I could have wished (said of wishes that are not to be fulfilled, vellem): Ἠβουλόμην ἄν, ὥςπερ πρόχειρόν ἐστιν ἐπαινέσαι τὴν ἀρετήν, οὕτω ῥᾴδιον εἶναι τοὺς ἀκούοντας πεῖσαι ἀσκεῖν αὐτήν (Isocr. de Pac. 36).

REM. 3. Sometimes the imperfect or aorist with ἄν is used to denote what in time past might, upon a given occasion, take place, i.e. what was wont to, and now and then did, take place. (The imperfect more of the recurrence of a state, or of an operation lasting some time; the aorist, of the repetition and recurrence of several actions.) Κῦρος, μεταξὺ τῶν ἁρμάτων καὶ τῶν θωρακοφόρων διαπορευόμενος, ὁπότε προςβλέψειέ τινας τῶν ἐν ταῖς τάξεσι, τοτὲ μὲν εἶπεν ἄν (would say)· Ὦ ἄνδρες, ὡς ἡδὺ ὑμῶν τὰ πρόςωπα θεάσασθαι· τοτὲ δ’ αὖ ἐν ἄλλοις ἔλεξεν· Ἆρα ἐννοεῖτε, ἄνδρες, κ.τ.λ. (Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 10.) Ἀναλαμβάνων οὖν τῶν τραγῳδοποιῶν καὶ τῶν διθυραμβοποιῶν τὰ ποιήματα, ἅ μοι ἐδόκει μάλιστα πεπραγματεῦσθαι, διηρώτων ἂν αὐτούς, τί λέγοιεν (Pl. Apol. 22).

(348) In some cases, however, the apodosis has the imperfect without ἄν, although depending on a condition which is intimated as not existing.

a) In speaking of what in a certain case in the past or present would be right, suitable, allowable, &c., but was not done, or is not done, the imperfects ἐχρῆν, προςῆκεν, ἔδει, ἥρμοττεν (καλῶς εἶχεν), ἐξῆν (ἦν, ὑπῆρχεν), and adjectives (also gerundives) with ἦν (κάλλιον, δίκαιον, κρεῖττον), are put without ἄν, in order to denote the duty or proper conduct unconditionally. Εἰ ἅπαντες ὡμολογοῦμεν Φίλιππον τὴν εἰρήνην παραβαίνειν, οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἔδει τὸν παριόντα (an orator, who rose to speak) λέγειν καὶ συμβουλεύειν ἢ ὅπως ἀσφαλέστατα αὐτὸν ἀμυνούμεθα (Dem. 9, 6). Καλὸν ἦν τοῖσδε, εἰ καὶ ἡμαρτάνομεν, εἶξαι τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ὀργῇ (Thuc. 1, 38). Εἰ αἰσχρόν τι αἱ γυναῖκες ἔμελλον ἐργάσεσθαι, θάνατον ἀντ’ αὐτοῦ προαιρετέον ἦν (Xen. Mem. 2, 7, 10). (Εἰ δ’ ἦν ἀναγκαῖον ῥηθῆναι, οὐ Δημοσθένους ἦν ὁ λόγος, Æsch. 3, 229; it was not for D. to say it.) Τῶν ἐμοὶ συγγεγονότων τινὰ ἐχρῆν Μέλητον παρασχέσθαι μάρτυρα (Pl. Apol. 34). But also ἔδει ἄν: Εἰ ἐγὼ ἔτι ἐν δυνάμει ἦν τοῦ ῥᾳδίως πορεύεσθαι πρὸς τὸ ἄστυ, οὐδὲν ἄν σε ἔδει δεῦρο ἰέναι (Pl. Rep. 1, 328; thou hadst no need, there would be no occasion, &c.). [1]

[1]: Ἠβουλόμην now and then for ἠβουλόμην ἄν (e.g. Arist. Ran. 866).

b) By a rhetorical mode of expression, the imperfect without ἄν is used to denote what would be (or have been) an immediate and easily-foreseen consequence of any thing (instead of the aorist with ἄν. -- The consequence or prospective result denoted as already in the act of taking place). Ὡρμημένων τῶν ἐν Σάμῳ Ἀθηναίων πλεῖν ἐπὶ σφᾶς αὐτούς (against their countrymen at home), ἐν ᾧ σαφέστατα Ἰωνίαν καὶ Ἑλλήσποντον εὐθὺς εἶχον οἱ πολέμιοι, κωλυτὴς Ἀλκιβιάδης ἐγένετο (Thuc. 8, 86). Οὔτε ὡς ἀποκτείναιεν οἱ θεοὶ τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος, εἶχον -- αἱ τιμαὶ γὰρ αὐτοῖς καὶ τὰ ἱερὰ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἠφανίζετο -- οὔθ’ ὅπως ἐῷεν ἀσελγαίνειν (Pl. Conv. 190). Ταῦτα πράξας (had I done this --, by such actions), ἃ οὗτός μου κατηγορεῖ, ἐκέρδαινον μὲν οὐδέν, ἐμαυτὸν δ’ εἰς κίνδυνον καθίστην (Lys. 7, 32). (Ἦν is also now and then put, without this meaning, for ἦν ἄν (would have been), the hypothetical being rhetorically represented as actual: Μετὰ τὴν μάχην εὐθὺς ὁ δῆμος, ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς δεινοῖς ἐμβεβηκώς, ἡνίκ’ οὐδ’ ἀγνωμονῆσαί τι θαυμαστὸν ἦν τοὺς πολλοὺς πρὸς ἐμέ, περὶ σωτηρίας τῆς πόλεως τὰς ἐμὰς γνώμας ἐχειροτόνει, Dem. 18, 248. Other omissions of ἄν are very questionable. [2] )

[2]: Ἡ πόλις ἐκινδύνευσε πᾶσα διαφθαρῆναι, εἰ ἄνεμος ἐπεγένετο τῇ φλογί, Thuc. 3, 74. Ἐκινδύνευσε stands unconditionally (-- and would have been ruined, if --). Οὐ γὰρ δήπου σοῦ γε οὐδὲν τῶν ἄλλων περιττότερον πραγματευομένου ἔπειτα τοσαύτη φήμη τε καὶ λόγος γέγονεν, εἰ μή τι ἔπραττες ἀλλοῖον ἢ οἱ ἄλλοι (Pl. Apol. 20. A mixture of an unconditional expression: has not arisen without thy doing --, and a conditional, if thou didst not --).

REM. 1. Of ἵν’ εἶχον (that I might have) without ἄν (hypothetical final sentence) see Optative, § 131 b. R. 3.

REM. 2. The aorist with ὀλίγου, within a little, almost, always without ἄν: Ὀλίγου ἐξηπάτησάς με (Pl. Meno, 80).

REM. 3. The present and perfect indicative never take ἄν. In the older poetical language (Homer, Pindar, Choral Odes) occasionally ἄν (κέν) occurs with the future indicative by a mixture of a simple mode of assertion with a dubitative (Pres. or Aor. Optat. with ἄν). In Attic writers (except in Choral Odes) this usage is very questionable.

REM. 4. On the place of ἄν, its repetition, &c., see Optative with ἄν, § 139.

Part II. The Relations of Propositions One to Another, Especially the Way of Denoting the Mode or Manner of Predication, and the Time of the Thing Predicated.

Part II. The Relations of Propositions One to Another, Especially the Way of Denoting the Mode or Manner of Predication, and the Time of the Thing Predicated.

Chapter I.

The Moods in general, and especially in the Indicative and its Tenses: the Indicative with ἄν.

Chapter I.

The Moods in general, and especially in the Indicative and its Tenses: the Indicative with ἄν.

§ 107

§ 107 

To denote the relations of propositions, the Greeks have four personal and definite moods: the indicative, the subjunctive (conjunctive), the optative, and the imperative, of which the subjunctive and optative are related in point of conception; and besides these, the infinitive and the participle.

Both to the indicative (in certain tenses) and to the optative, as also to the infinitive and the participle, may be annexed the particle ἄν (Ionic and Epic κέ and κέν), to denote what is predicated upon the assumption of something being so and so, which is not actually so and so. The same particle, moreover, attaches itself to relative words (ὃς ἄν, ὅταν, &c.), and takes the subjunctive to denote an indefinite contingency.

To denote the relations of propositions, the Greeks have four personal and definite moods: the indicative, the subjunctive (conjunctive), the optative, and the imperative, of which the subjunctive and optative are related in point of conception; and besides these, the infinitive and the participle.

Both to the indicative (in certain tenses) and to the optative, as also to the infinitive and the participle, may be annexed the particle ἄν (Ionic and Epic κέ and κέν), to denote what is predicated upon the assumption of something being so and so, which is not actually so and so. The same particle, moreover, attaches itself to relative words (ὃς ἄν, ὅταν, &c.), and takes the subjunctive to denote an indefinite contingency.

§ 108 (331, 332)

§ 108 (331, 332) 

The Indicative is the mood in which a thing is predicated absolutely, without any accessory modifications, or in which a thing is enquired about in the same way. It therefore stands in all both principal and accessory propositions, where no special rules, to be presently described, demand a different mood. Ὁ πατὴρ τέθνηκεν. Πόθεν ἥκεις; Λέγουσιν, ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἥρηται ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων. Ποιητέα ταῦτα, ἐπεὶ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ. Τούτου ἕνεκα οὐκ ἦλθον, ὅτι ᾔδειν τὰ γενησόμενα. Εἰ θεοὶ εἰσίν, ἔστι καὶ ἔργα θεῶν. Εἰ μὲν θεοῦ υἱὸς ἦν Ἀσκληπιός, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής, εἰ δὲ αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν θεοῦ (Pl. Rep. 3, 408. A simply conditional proposition, without any accompanying regard to the condition as actually obtaining or not). Ὀλοίμην, εἰ τοῦτο πεποίηκα. Εἰ μηδὲν ἐπεποιήκεις, τί ἐφόβου;

REM. In some kinds of dependent propositions, which, especially in Latin, are expressed in the subjunctive, the indicative is retained in Greek: on this see at end of Chapter III.

The Indicative is the mood in which a thing is predicated absolutely, without any accessory modifications, or in which a thing is enquired about in the same way. It therefore stands in all both principal and accessory propositions, where no special rules, to be presently described, demand a different mood. Ὁ πατὴρ τέθνηκεν. Πόθεν ἥκεις; Λέγουσιν, ὅτι ἡ πόλις ἥρηται ὑπὸ τῶν πολεμίων. Ποιητέα ταῦτα, ἐπεὶ ὑμῖν δοκεῖ. Τούτου ἕνεκα οὐκ ἦλθον, ὅτι ᾔδειν τὰ γενησόμενα. Εἰ θεοὶ εἰσίν, ἔστι καὶ ἔργα θεῶν. Εἰ μὲν θεοῦ υἱὸς ἦν Ἀσκληπιός, οὐκ ἦν αἰσχροκερδής, εἰ δὲ αἰσχροκερδής, οὐκ ἦν θεοῦ (Pl. Rep. 3, 408. A simply conditional proposition, without any accompanying regard to the condition as actually obtaining or not). Ὀλοίμην, εἰ τοῦτο πεποίηκα. Εἰ μηδὲν ἐπεποιήκεις, τί ἐφόβου;

REM. In some kinds of dependent propositions, which, especially in Latin, are expressed in the subjunctive, the indicative is retained in Greek: on this see at end of Chapter III.

§ 109

§ 109

The principal times, together with imperfect, plusquamperfect, and future perf. passive, are expressed in Greek by the simple tenses of the verbs, and only in some passive forms by corresponding composite forms. To denote other relations of time, there are periphrastic combinations of the perf. participle with the tenses of εἰμί, or of μέλλω, am about, with the infinitive.

The principal times, together with imperfect, plusquamperfect, and future perf. passive, are expressed in Greek by the simple tenses of the verbs, and only in some passive forms by corresponding composite forms. To denote other relations of time, there are periphrastic combinations of the perf. participle with the tenses of εἰμί, or of μέλλω, am about, with the infinitive.

§ 110 (334, 234 R.)

§ 110 (334, 234 R.)

a) (334) The Present Tense is used of that which is, or is conceived to be, now present: Ὁμολογεῖ τούτοις Ὅμηρος.

REM. 1. (234, R.) The present is often used of that which has been for some time, and still is, going on, especially with πάλαι [where we use our progressive form for the perf. have been -ing]: Πάλαι τοῦτο σκοπῶ. Οὐ πάλαι σοι λέγω, ὅτι ταὐτόν φημι εἶναι τὸ βέλτιον καὶ τὸ κρεῖττον; (Pl. Gorg. 489). Πολλὰ ἤδη ἔτη ἐν Ἀθήναις οἰκεῖτε.

REM. 2. The present of certain verbs denotes, by an idiom of the language, either generally or in certain special senses, the past action as still going on, or still continued in its result; e.g. ἥκω, am come, φεύγω, am in exile, οἴχομαι, am gone: Οἶδα, ὅπῃ οἴχονται (Xen. An. 1, 4, 8). (So sometimes: ἀδικῶ, am in the wrong in what I have done, ἀποστερῶ, am keeping a person out of possession of --, νικῶ, am conqueror, have conquered: Ἀπαγγέλλετε Ἀριαίῳ, ὅτι ἡμεῖς γε νικῶμεν βασιλέα καὶ οὐδεὶς ἔτι ἡμῖν μάχεται, Xen. An. 2, 1, 4.)

REM. 3. Sometimes the present is put for the future, in speaking of being about to do something immediately: Εἴ φησι τοιοῦτόν τι εἶναι, δειξάτω καὶ παρασχέσθω, κἀγὼ καταβαίνω (Dem. 19, 32). (Εἶμι, ἰέναι, ἰών, present and future.)

b) (336) In lively connected narrative the præsens historicum is often used: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ· ὁ δὲ πείθεταί τε καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3).

REM. (336, R. 1) More rarely in the protasis with ἐπειδή: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Δικαιογένης οὐκέτι ὑμᾶς δύναται ἐξαπατᾶν, πείθει Μενέξενον ἡμᾶς προδοῦναι (Isæ. 5, 13), or in stating an individual fact: Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1, there were born to D. and P. --; D. and P. had two sons). But the poets often put the present for the aorist even in speaking of a single fact: Τίς μ’ ἐκφύει βροτῶν; (Soph. Œd. R. 437.) Διόνυσος, ὃν τίκτει ποθ’ ἡ Κάδμου κόρη (Eur. Bacch. 2).

a) (334) The Present Tense is used of that which is, or is conceived to be, now present: Ὁμολογεῖ τούτοις Ὅμηρος.

REM. 1. (234, R.) The present is often used of that which has been for some time, and still is, going on, especially with πάλαι [where we use our progressive form for the perf. have been -ing]: Πάλαι τοῦτο σκοπῶ. Οὐ πάλαι σοι λέγω, ὅτι ταὐτόν φημι εἶναι τὸ βέλτιον καὶ τὸ κρεῖττον; (Pl. Gorg. 489). Πολλὰ ἤδη ἔτη ἐν Ἀθήναις οἰκεῖτε.

REM. 2. The present of certain verbs denotes, by an idiom of the language, either generally or in certain special senses, the past action as still going on, or still continued in its result; e.g. ἥκω, am come, φεύγω, am in exile, οἴχομαι, am gone: Οἶδα, ὅπῃ οἴχονται (Xen. An. 1, 4, 8). (So sometimes: ἀδικῶ, am in the wrong in what I have done, ἀποστερῶ, am keeping a person out of possession of --, νικῶ, am conqueror, have conquered: Ἀπαγγέλλετε Ἀριαίῳ, ὅτι ἡμεῖς γε νικῶμεν βασιλέα καὶ οὐδεὶς ἔτι ἡμῖν μάχεται, Xen. An. 2, 1, 4.)

REM. 3. Sometimes the present is put for the future, in speaking of being about to do something immediately: Εἴ φησι τοιοῦτόν τι εἶναι, δειξάτω καὶ παρασχέσθω, κἀγὼ καταβαίνω (Dem. 19, 32). (Εἶμι, ἰέναι, ἰών, present and future.)

b) (336) In lively connected narrative the præsens historicum is often used: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν, ὡς ἐπιβουλεύοι αὐτῷ· ὁ δὲ πείθεταί τε καὶ συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3).

REM. (336, R. 1) More rarely in the protasis with ἐπειδή: Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Δικαιογένης οὐκέτι ὑμᾶς δύναται ἐξαπατᾶν, πείθει Μενέξενον ἡμᾶς προδοῦναι (Isæ. 5, 13), or in stating an individual fact: Δαρείου καὶ Παρυσάτιδος γίγνονται παῖδες δύο (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1, there were born to D. and P. --; D. and P. had two sons). But the poets often put the present for the aorist even in speaking of a single fact: Τίς μ’ ἐκφύει βροτῶν; (Soph. Œd. R. 437.) Διόνυσος, ὃν τίκτει ποθ’ ἡ Κάδμου κόρη (Eur. Bacch. 2).

§ 111

§ 111 

In the past the Greek distinguishes two states: the narrative, denoted by the aorist, and the absolute (in English, have, am), denoted by the perfect. [1]

[1]: The Aorist bears the signification of past time only in the indicative and participle, and in some sorts of [subjunctive] optative and infinitive propositions; of the Aorist in the other moods, see under these in ch. 2, 3, 4, and 5.

(335, a) The Aorist is used in accounts and narratives of past occurrences, in historical connexion, or in stating a past occurrence, without relation to the present and a present result: Παυσανίας ὁ Κλεομβρότου ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος στρατηγὸς ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων ἐξεπέμφθη μετὰ εἴκοσι νεῶν ἀπὸ Πελοποννήσου· ξυνέπλεον δὲ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι τριάκοντα ναυσὶ καὶ ἐστράτευσαν ἐς Κύπρον καὶ αὐτῆς τὰ πολλὰ κατεστρέψαντο (Thuc. 1, 49. Of ξυνέπλεον, see § 113). Ὡς ἠθροίσθη Κύρῳ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν (the Grecian troops), ὅτε ἐπὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀρταξέρξην ἐστρατεύετο, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῇ ἀνόδῳ ἐπράχθη καὶ ὡς ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς ὁ Κῦρος ἐτελεύτησεν, ἐν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ δεδήλωται (Xen. An. 2, 1, 1. On δεδήλωται, see § 112). Ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ Κέφαλος ἐπείσθη μὲν ὑπὸ Περικλέους ἐς ταύτην τὴν γῆν ἀφικέσθαι, ἔτη δὲ τριάκοντα ᾤκησεν (Lys. 12, 1). Ὡς (ἐπεὶ) εἶδον τὸν πατέρα, ἠσπασάμην. (See Plusquamperf., § 114 c.) Πολλοὶ πόλεις ἔπεισαν πόλεμον ἄρασθαι πρὸς τούτους, ὑφ’ ὧν οἱ πεισθέντες ἀπώλοντο (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 45; of that which has sometimes happened: Many a time (ere now) have states let themselves be persuaded --). Ἤδη δὲ καί τινα οὐκ ἐθέλοντα ἀνίστασθαι ἀλλὰ προϊέμενον αὑτὸν τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ ἔπαισα καὶ ἐβιασάμην πορεύεσθαι (Xen. An. 5, 8, 14. It has happened now and then that I --).

REM. The Aorist is sometimes used in a somewhat peculiar manner:

a) (335, R. 3) The Aorist is used of that which has often happened, and consequently (in cases singly occurring) is wont to happen; in which sense it may then be found coupled with the present (which expresses the general relation absolutely): Τὰς τῶν φαύλων συνουσίας ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε, τὰς δὲ τῶν σπουδαίων φιλίας οὐδ’ ἂν ὁ πᾶς αἰὼν ἐξαλείψειεν (Isocr. Dem. 1). Ὁ τύραννος ταῖς μὲν πρώταις ἡμέραις προςγελᾷ τε καὶ ἀσπάζεται πάντας ὑπισχνεῖταί τε πολλὰ καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, χρεῶν τε ἠλευθέρωσε καὶ γῆν διένειμε δήμῳ τε καὶ τοῖς περὶ ἑαυτὸν καὶ πᾶσιν ἵλεώς τε καὶ πρᾶος εἶναι προςποιεῖται (Pl. Rep. 8, 566). Ὅταν πᾶσι ταὐτὰ συμφέρῃ τοῖς μετέχουσι τοῦ πολέμου, καὶ συμπονεῖν καὶ φέρειν τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ μένειν ἐθέλουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι· ὅταν δ’ ἐκ πλεονεξίας καὶ πονηρίας τις ὥςπερ Φίλιππος ἰσχύσῃ, ἡ πρώτη πρόφασις καὶ μικρὸν πταῖσμα ἅπαντα ἀνεχαίτισε καὶ διέλυσεν (Dem. 2, 9).

b) The first person of the aorist is sometimes applied to the expression of one's state of mind by words or gestures, occurring at the moment of speaking (the past tense referring to the preceding emotion which is in the speaker's thoughts): Ὦ γαθέ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐμαυτοῦ νῦν δὴ κατεγέλασα (Pl. Legg. 3, 686, I felt myself forced to laugh). (So ἐγέλασα, ᾔνεσα, ἐπῄνεσα, ἥσθην, ἐδεξάμην, ἀπέπτυσα, &c. in the dramatic poets.)

c) Of the Aorist in negative questions which stand in place of a demand or summons (τί οὐκ), see Imperative, § 141, R. 3.

d) Aor. of first attainment: [= came to --] Verbs signifying to have a public dignity, office, or power, are often used in the aorist in the sense of attaining to the same: Ἐπειδὴ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ (Thuc. 2, 15, became king; βασιλεύω, am king). (So ἦρξα, came to the government, became Archon, ἴσχυσα, ἡγησάμην, ἐταμίευσα, ἐτυράννευσα, ἐβούλευσα, became a councillor, &c. So in the participle: Βουλεύσας ποτὲ Σωκράτης, ἐπιθυμήσαντος τοῦ δήμου παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐννέα στρατηγοὺς μιᾷ ψήφῳ ἀποκτεῖναι πάντας, οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ἐπιψηφίσαι, Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 8.)

In the past the Greek distinguishes two states: the narrative, denoted by the aorist, and the absolute (in English, have, am), denoted by the perfect. [1]

[1]: The Aorist bears the signification of past time only in the indicative and participle, and in some sorts of [subjunctive] optative and infinitive propositions; of the Aorist in the other moods, see under these in ch. 2, 3, 4, and 5.

(335, a) The Aorist is used in accounts and narratives of past occurrences, in historical connexion, or in stating a past occurrence, without relation to the present and a present result: Παυσανίας ὁ Κλεομβρότου ἐκ Λακεδαίμονος στρατηγὸς ὑπὸ Ἑλλήνων ἐξεπέμφθη μετὰ εἴκοσι νεῶν ἀπὸ Πελοποννήσου· ξυνέπλεον δὲ καὶ Ἀθηναῖοι τριάκοντα ναυσὶ καὶ ἐστράτευσαν ἐς Κύπρον καὶ αὐτῆς τὰ πολλὰ κατεστρέψαντο (Thuc. 1, 49. Of ξυνέπλεον, see § 113). Ὡς ἠθροίσθη Κύρῳ τὸ Ἑλληνικόν (the Grecian troops), ὅτε ἐπὶ τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἀρταξέρξην ἐστρατεύετο, καὶ ὅσα ἐν τῇ ἀνόδῳ ἐπράχθη καὶ ὡς ἡ μάχη ἐγένετο καὶ ὡς ὁ Κῦρος ἐτελεύτησεν, ἐν τῷ ἔμπροσθεν λόγῳ δεδήλωται (Xen. An. 2, 1, 1. On δεδήλωται, see § 112). Ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ Κέφαλος ἐπείσθη μὲν ὑπὸ Περικλέους ἐς ταύτην τὴν γῆν ἀφικέσθαι, ἔτη δὲ τριάκοντα ᾤκησεν (Lys. 12, 1). Ὡς (ἐπεὶ) εἶδον τὸν πατέρα, ἠσπασάμην. (See Plusquamperf., § 114 c.) Πολλοὶ πόλεις ἔπεισαν πόλεμον ἄρασθαι πρὸς τούτους, ὑφ’ ὧν οἱ πεισθέντες ἀπώλοντο (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 45; of that which has sometimes happened: Many a time (ere now) have states let themselves be persuaded --). Ἤδη δὲ καί τινα οὐκ ἐθέλοντα ἀνίστασθαι ἀλλὰ προϊέμενον αὑτὸν τοῖς πολεμίοις καὶ ἔπαισα καὶ ἐβιασάμην πορεύεσθαι (Xen. An. 5, 8, 14. It has happened now and then that I --).

REM. The Aorist is sometimes used in a somewhat peculiar manner:

a) (335, R. 3) The Aorist is used of that which has often happened, and consequently (in cases singly occurring) is wont to happen; in which sense it may then be found coupled with the present (which expresses the general relation absolutely): Τὰς τῶν φαύλων συνουσίας ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε, τὰς δὲ τῶν σπουδαίων φιλίας οὐδ’ ἂν ὁ πᾶς αἰὼν ἐξαλείψειεν (Isocr. Dem. 1). Ὁ τύραννος ταῖς μὲν πρώταις ἡμέραις προςγελᾷ τε καὶ ἀσπάζεται πάντας ὑπισχνεῖταί τε πολλὰ καὶ ἰδίᾳ καὶ δημοσίᾳ, χρεῶν τε ἠλευθέρωσε καὶ γῆν διένειμε δήμῳ τε καὶ τοῖς περὶ ἑαυτὸν καὶ πᾶσιν ἵλεώς τε καὶ πρᾶος εἶναι προςποιεῖται (Pl. Rep. 8, 566). Ὅταν πᾶσι ταὐτὰ συμφέρῃ τοῖς μετέχουσι τοῦ πολέμου, καὶ συμπονεῖν καὶ φέρειν τὰς συμφορὰς καὶ μένειν ἐθέλουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι· ὅταν δ’ ἐκ πλεονεξίας καὶ πονηρίας τις ὥςπερ Φίλιππος ἰσχύσῃ, ἡ πρώτη πρόφασις καὶ μικρὸν πταῖσμα ἅπαντα ἀνεχαίτισε καὶ διέλυσεν (Dem. 2, 9).

b) The first person of the aorist is sometimes applied to the expression of one's state of mind by words or gestures, occurring at the moment of speaking (the past tense referring to the preceding emotion which is in the speaker's thoughts): Ὦ γαθέ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἐμαυτοῦ νῦν δὴ κατεγέλασα (Pl. Legg. 3, 686, I felt myself forced to laugh). (So ἐγέλασα, ᾔνεσα, ἐπῄνεσα, ἥσθην, ἐδεξάμην, ἀπέπτυσα, &c. in the dramatic poets.)

c) Of the Aorist in negative questions which stand in place of a demand or summons (τί οὐκ), see Imperative, § 141, R. 3.

d) Aor. of first attainment: [= came to --] Verbs signifying to have a public dignity, office, or power, are often used in the aorist in the sense of attaining to the same: Ἐπειδὴ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, εἰς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας τοὺς ἐν τῇ Ἀττικῇ (Thuc. 2, 15, became king; βασιλεύω, am king). (So ἦρξα, came to the government, became Archon, ἴσχυσα, ἡγησάμην, ἐταμίευσα, ἐτυράννευσα, ἐβούλευσα, became a councillor, &c. So in the participle: Βουλεύσας ποτὲ Σωκράτης, ἐπιθυμήσαντος τοῦ δήμου παρὰ τοὺς νόμους ἐννέα στρατηγοὺς μιᾷ ψήφῳ ἀποκτεῖναι πάντας, οὐκ ἠθέλησεν ἐπιψηφίσαι, Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 8.)

§ 112 (335, b)

§ 112 (335, b)

(335, b) The Perfect is used to denote an action as done and finished, not now going on, but now complete, or subsisting in its consequences: Ὁ πατήρ μου τέθνηκεν (is dead: but τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀπέθανεν, died in the same year). Ἐξηπατήμεθα αἴσχιστα ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητορῶν. Πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα οἱ θεοὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐηργετήκασιν. Εὑρήκαμεν ὃ πάλαι ἐζητοῦμεν. Ὅμηρος πεποίηκε (has composed) σχεδὸν περὶ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Ὁ πόλεμος ἁπάντων ἡμᾶς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπεστέρηκε· καὶ γὰρ πενεστέρους πεποίηκε καὶ πολλοὺς κινδύνους ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασε (compelled us while it lasted), καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας διαβέβληκε καὶ πάντας τρόπους τεταλαιπώρηκεν (Isocr. de Pac. 19). Ὁ δῆμος τῇ βουλῇ πολλάκις τὴν πολιτείαν ἐγκεχείρικεν (Dein. 1, 9).

REM. 1. Sometimes it makes little difference, whether a thing is denoted as a result, in reference to the present (perfect), or whether it is simply represented as an action and occurrence of the past (aorist). Φανήσομαι οὐδένα μὲν πώποτε ἀδικήσας, πλείους δὲ καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων εὖ πεποιηκὼς ἢ σύμπαντες οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ βασιλεύσαντες (Isocr. Nic. 35).

REM. 2. In some verbs, the perfect is used with the accessory signification of the present, in consequence of a peculiar way of taking its meaning, the present condition being denoted as produced by a preceding action, and as the result of the same. Such perfects are δέδοικα (δέδια), ἐγρήγορα, εἴωθα, ἔοικα, ἕστηκα, κέκτημαι (possess, κτῶμαι, acquire), κέκλημαι (am called), οἶδα, πέφυκα (πεφόβημαι in some writers = φοβοῦμαι). The plusquamperf. has then the signification of the imperfect: ὥσπερ εἰώθεσαν, as they used; ᾔδειν, I knew.

(335, b) The Perfect is used to denote an action as done and finished, not now going on, but now complete, or subsisting in its consequences: Ὁ πατήρ μου τέθνηκεν (is dead: but τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀπέθανεν, died in the same year). Ἐξηπατήμεθα αἴσχιστα ὑπὸ τῶν ῥητορῶν. Πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα οἱ θεοὶ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους εὐηργετήκασιν. Εὑρήκαμεν ὃ πάλαι ἐζητοῦμεν. Ὅμηρος πεποίηκε (has composed) σχεδὸν περὶ πάντων τῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Ὁ πόλεμος ἁπάντων ἡμᾶς τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπεστέρηκε· καὶ γὰρ πενεστέρους πεποίηκε καὶ πολλοὺς κινδύνους ὑπομένειν ἠνάγκασε (compelled us while it lasted), καὶ πρὸς τοὺς Ἕλληνας διαβέβληκε καὶ πάντας τρόπους τεταλαιπώρηκεν (Isocr. de Pac. 19). Ὁ δῆμος τῇ βουλῇ πολλάκις τὴν πολιτείαν ἐγκεχείρικεν (Dein. 1, 9).

REM. 1. Sometimes it makes little difference, whether a thing is denoted as a result, in reference to the present (perfect), or whether it is simply represented as an action and occurrence of the past (aorist). Φανήσομαι οὐδένα μὲν πώποτε ἀδικήσας, πλείους δὲ καὶ τῶν πολιτῶν καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων εὖ πεποιηκὼς ἢ σύμπαντες οἱ πρὸ ἐμοῦ βασιλεύσαντες (Isocr. Nic. 35).

REM. 2. In some verbs, the perfect is used with the accessory signification of the present, in consequence of a peculiar way of taking its meaning, the present condition being denoted as produced by a preceding action, and as the result of the same. Such perfects are δέδοικα (δέδια), ἐγρήγορα, εἴωθα, ἔοικα, ἕστηκα, κέκτημαι (possess, κτῶμαι, acquire), κέκλημαι (am called), οἶδα, πέφυκα (πεφόβημαι in some writers = φοβοῦμαι). The plusquamperf. has then the signification of the imperfect: ὥσπερ εἰώθεσαν, as they used; ᾔδειν, I knew.

§ 113 (337)

§ 113 (337) 

(337) The Imperfect is used of the condition at a certain time, or of actions which at a certain time were going on (still current, and not finished), or of that which was a custom at a certain time, the current or customary view, &c. of a certain person, or often repeating itself: Ἐπὶ Κέκροπος καὶ τῶν πρώτων βασιλέων ἡ Ἀττικὴ κατὰ πόλεις ᾠκεῖτο καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕκαστοι ἐπολιτεύοντο καὶ ἐβουλεύοντο. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, ἐς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας (Thuc. 2, 15). Ὅςτις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥςθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. Καὶ τῶν παρ’ ἑαυτῷ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο, ὡς πολεμεῖν ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν. Τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἤθροιζεν ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, κ.τ.λ. (Xen. An. 1, 1, 5; in the description of Cyrus's preparations for the war with Artaxerxes). Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν. Τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους Δαρεικούς· ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Πελοποννήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θραξὶ καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας (Xen. An. 1, 1, 9; was still carrying on the war, at the time in question). Κριτίας καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδης οὐκ ἀρέσκοντος αὐτοῖς Σωκράτους (= οὐχ ὅτι ἤρεσκεν αὐτοῖς Σωκράτης) ὡμιλησάτην, ὃν χρόνον ὡμιλείτην αὐτῷ (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 39). Σωκράτης τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἐπιθυμοῦντας οὐκ ἐπράττετο χρήματα (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 5, but Σ. οὐδένα πώποτε μισθὸν τῆς συνουσίας ἐπράξατο, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 60; never once demanded). Κορίνθιοι οὐδὲν τούτων ὑπήκουον (Thuc. 1, 29; said of their state of mind as a whole, not of a single determination).

REM. 1. Sometimes the imperfect denotes something about to be done, what a person was going or proposing to do: Ἡγέστρατος καταβὰς τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς κοίλην ναῦν διέκοπτε τοῦ πλοίου τὸ ἔδαφος (Dem. 32, 5, was beginning to cut through --: he was hindered from doing it). Φίλιππος Ἁλόννησον ἐδίδου, Δημοσθένης δὲ ἀπηγόρευε μὴ λαμβάνειν (Æsch. 3, 83, was for giving, offered to give. -- And so ἐδίδουν is frequently used). (Ἔπειθον, I sought to persuade, ἔπεισα, I persuaded.) Ἦν ἄξιος ὁ ἀγών, ὅτι οὐχὶ Ἀθηναίων μόνον οἱ Συρακούσιοι περιεγίγνοντο ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ξυμμάχων (Thuc. 7, 56, had the prospect of conquering --). Διὰ ταῦτα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ξυμμαχίαν καὶ τὸ Πάνακτον εὐθὺς καθῃρεῖτο (Thuc. 5, 39, and they immediately were beginning to pull down --, proceeded to pull down).

REM. 2. Sometimes (especially by Herodot. and Thucyd.) in continued narrative, an imperfect is used with but little difference from the aorist, the action being denoted as the beginning of one or more undertakings, or as a proceeding of longer duration: Τοῦτο ποιήσαντες οἱ Πλαταιεῖς ἔς τε τὰς Ἀθήνας ἄγγελον ἔπεμπον (set about sending) καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς ὑποσπόνδους ἀπέδοσαν τοῖς Θηβαίοις τά τ’ ἐν τῇ πόλει καθίσταντο πρὸς τὰ παρόντα, ᾗ ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς (Thuc. 2, 6). Παρελθόντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔλεγον τοιάδε (Thuc. 1, 72; but ch. 67, Παρελθόντες δὲ οἱ Κορίνθιοι εἶπον τοιάδε). Τοιαῦτα δὴ ἀφίκοντο διαλεγόμενοι μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων τῆς Περσίδος· ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀετὸς δεξιὸς φανεὶς προηγεῖτο, προςευξάμενοι θεοῖς καὶ ἥρωσι τοῖς Περσίδα γῆν κατέχουσιν οὕτω διέβαινον τὰ ὅρια (set about crossing --; proceeded to cross). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ διέβησαν, προςεύχοντο αὖθις θεοῖς τοῖς Μηδίαν γῆν κατέχουσιν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 1). [So especially verbs jubendi et mittendi: πέμπειν, ἀποστέλλειν, κελεύειν, βοηθεῖν, &c., Schmidt.] The imperfects ᾔειν (ᾖα), ἧκον, and ἔφην (inquam) are used at the same time in the aorist sense.

REM. 3. The imperfect ἦν is sometimes found where we might expect the present, in reference to an earlier condition, or an earlier appearance: Εἰ ἄρα τὰ ὀφειλόμενα ἑκάστῳ ἀποδιδόναι φησί τις δίκαιον εἶναι, τοῦτο δὲ δὴ νοεῖ αὐτῷ (has for him the meaning), τοῖς μὲν ἐχθροῖς βλάβην ὀφείλεσθαι παρὰ τοῦ δικαίου ἀνδρός, τοῖς δὲ φίλοις ὠφέλειαν, οὐκ ἦν σοφὸς ὁ τοῦτο εἰπών (Pl. Rep. 1, 335; viz. as he before seemed to us to be). Πολλοὶ ἄνθρωποι ἀποθνήσκουσι πρότερον πρὶν δῆλοι γενέσθαι, οἷοι ἦσαν (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 9).

(337) The Imperfect is used of the condition at a certain time, or of actions which at a certain time were going on (still current, and not finished), or of that which was a custom at a certain time, the current or customary view, &c. of a certain person, or often repeating itself: Ἐπὶ Κέκροπος καὶ τῶν πρώτων βασιλέων ἡ Ἀττικὴ κατὰ πόλεις ᾠκεῖτο καὶ αὐτοὶ ἕκαστοι ἐπολιτεύοντο καὶ ἐβουλεύοντο. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ Θησεὺς ἐβασίλευσεν, ἐς τὴν νῦν πόλιν οὖσαν ξυνῴκισε πάντας (Thuc. 2, 15). Ὅςτις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτω διατιθεὶς ἀπεπέμπετο ὥςθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ. Καὶ τῶν παρ’ ἑαυτῷ βαρβάρων ἐπεμελεῖτο, ὡς πολεμεῖν ἱκανοὶ εἴησαν. Τὴν δὲ Ἑλληνικὴν δύναμιν ἤθροιζεν ὡς μάλιστα ἐδύνατο ἐπικρυπτόμενος, κ.τ.λ. (Xen. An. 1, 1, 5; in the description of Cyrus's preparations for the war with Artaxerxes). Κλέαρχος Λακεδαιμόνιος φυγὰς ἦν. Τούτῳ συγγενόμενος ὁ Κῦρος ἠγάσθη τε καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτῷ μυρίους Δαρεικούς· ὁ δὲ λαβὼν τὸ χρυσίον στράτευμα συνέλεξεν ἀπὸ τῶν χρημάτων καὶ ἐπολέμει ἐκ Πελοποννήσου ὁρμώμενος τοῖς Θραξὶ καὶ ὠφέλει τοὺς Ἕλληνας (Xen. An. 1, 1, 9; was still carrying on the war, at the time in question). Κριτίας καὶ Ἀλκιβιάδης οὐκ ἀρέσκοντος αὐτοῖς Σωκράτους (= οὐχ ὅτι ἤρεσκεν αὐτοῖς Σωκράτης) ὡμιλησάτην, ὃν χρόνον ὡμιλείτην αὐτῷ (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 39). Σωκράτης τοὺς ἑαυτοῦ ἐπιθυμοῦντας οὐκ ἐπράττετο χρήματα (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 5, but Σ. οὐδένα πώποτε μισθὸν τῆς συνουσίας ἐπράξατο, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 60; never once demanded). Κορίνθιοι οὐδὲν τούτων ὑπήκουον (Thuc. 1, 29; said of their state of mind as a whole, not of a single determination).

REM. 1. Sometimes the imperfect denotes something about to be done, what a person was going or proposing to do: Ἡγέστρατος καταβὰς τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς κοίλην ναῦν διέκοπτε τοῦ πλοίου τὸ ἔδαφος (Dem. 32, 5, was beginning to cut through --: he was hindered from doing it). Φίλιππος Ἁλόννησον ἐδίδου, Δημοσθένης δὲ ἀπηγόρευε μὴ λαμβάνειν (Æsch. 3, 83, was for giving, offered to give. -- And so ἐδίδουν is frequently used). (Ἔπειθον, I sought to persuade, ἔπεισα, I persuaded.) Ἦν ἄξιος ὁ ἀγών, ὅτι οὐχὶ Ἀθηναίων μόνον οἱ Συρακούσιοι περιεγίγνοντο ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ξυμμάχων (Thuc. 7, 56, had the prospect of conquering --). Διὰ ταῦτα οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐποιήσαντο τὴν ξυμμαχίαν καὶ τὸ Πάνακτον εὐθὺς καθῃρεῖτο (Thuc. 5, 39, and they immediately were beginning to pull down --, proceeded to pull down).

REM. 2. Sometimes (especially by Herodot. and Thucyd.) in continued narrative, an imperfect is used with but little difference from the aorist, the action being denoted as the beginning of one or more undertakings, or as a proceeding of longer duration: Τοῦτο ποιήσαντες οἱ Πλαταιεῖς ἔς τε τὰς Ἀθήνας ἄγγελον ἔπεμπον (set about sending) καὶ τοὺς νεκροὺς ὑποσπόνδους ἀπέδοσαν τοῖς Θηβαίοις τά τ’ ἐν τῇ πόλει καθίσταντο πρὸς τὰ παρόντα, ᾗ ἐδόκει αὐτοῖς (Thuc. 2, 6). Παρελθόντες οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔλεγον τοιάδε (Thuc. 1, 72; but ch. 67, Παρελθόντες δὲ οἱ Κορίνθιοι εἶπον τοιάδε). Τοιαῦτα δὴ ἀφίκοντο διαλεγόμενοι μέχρι τῶν ὁρίων τῆς Περσίδος· ἐπεὶ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀετὸς δεξιὸς φανεὶς προηγεῖτο, προςευξάμενοι θεοῖς καὶ ἥρωσι τοῖς Περσίδα γῆν κατέχουσιν οὕτω διέβαινον τὰ ὅρια (set about crossing --; proceeded to cross). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ διέβησαν, προςεύχοντο αὖθις θεοῖς τοῖς Μηδίαν γῆν κατέχουσιν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 1). [So especially verbs jubendi et mittendi: πέμπειν, ἀποστέλλειν, κελεύειν, βοηθεῖν, &c., Schmidt.] The imperfects ᾔειν (ᾖα), ἧκον, and ἔφην (inquam) are used at the same time in the aorist sense.

REM. 3. The imperfect ἦν is sometimes found where we might expect the present, in reference to an earlier condition, or an earlier appearance: Εἰ ἄρα τὰ ὀφειλόμενα ἑκάστῳ ἀποδιδόναι φησί τις δίκαιον εἶναι, τοῦτο δὲ δὴ νοεῖ αὐτῷ (has for him the meaning), τοῖς μὲν ἐχθροῖς βλάβην ὀφείλεσθαι παρὰ τοῦ δικαίου ἀνδρός, τοῖς δὲ φίλοις ὠφέλειαν, οὐκ ἦν σοφὸς ὁ τοῦτο εἰπών (Pl. Rep. 1, 335; viz. as he before seemed to us to be). Πολλοὶ ἄνθρωποι ἀποθνήσκουσι πρότερον πρὶν δῆλοι γενέσθαι, οἷοι ἦσαν (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 9).

§ 114

§ 114

a) The Plusquamperfectum is used of that which at a certain past time had already taken place: Ἡ Οἰνόη, οὖσα ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς Ἀττικῆς καὶ Βοιωτίας, ἐτετείχιστο καὶ αὐτῷ φρουρίῳ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐχρῶντο (Thuc. 2, 18).

b) Instead of the simple plusquamperf. in the active, we have sometimes a periphrastic expression by the participle perf. with ἦν: Οὔπω δύο ἢ τρεῖς δρόμους περιεληλυθότε ἤστην ὁ Εὐθύδημος καὶ ὁ Διονυσόδωρος, καὶ εἰςέρχεται Κλεινίας (Pl. Euthyd. 273).

c) When by means of the conjunctions ἐπεί, ἐπειδή (Ionic ἐπεί τε), after that, or ὡς, when (ὡς τάχιστα), it is denoted that one action followed upon another, usually not the plusquamperf. is employed but the aorist, or, if a state and continued relation be denoted, the imperfect: Ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3). Ἐπεὶ Κῦρος κατεπέμφθη σατράπης Λυδίας καὶ Φρυγίας, πρῶτον ἐπέδειξεν αὑτόν, ὅτι περὶ πλείστου ποιοῖτο, εἴ τῳ ὑπόσχοιτό τι, μηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι (Xen. An. 1, 9, 7). Οἱ πολέμιοι ὡς εἶδον τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἀντιπορεύονται (Xen. An. 4, 8, 17). -- Ἐπεὶ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τὴν τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετό οἱ τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1). Οἱ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοί, ὡς αὐτοὺς οἱ Καταναῖοι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, ἐκομίσθησαν ἐπὶ τὸν Τηρίαν ποταμόν (Thuc. 6, 50, when the Cat. were not for receiving them). -- Ἀλκιβιάδης λόγους ποιησάμενος πρὸς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, ὡς οὐκ ἔπειθεν, ἀλλ’ ἀπεκρίναντο, πόλει μὲν ἂν οὐ δέξασθαι, ἀγορὰν δ’ ἔξω παρέξειν, ἀπέπλει ἐς τὸ Ῥήγιον. (Ibid., when he could not persuade them, when they were not for letting themselves be persuaded; ἀπεκρίναντο single fact.) The plusquamperf., however, may be used with ἐπειδή, where the thing denoted is the complete ending of the preceding action, or the complete production of the state: Πυθόμενος ὁ Κρατῖνος τὰς τούτων ἐπιβουλὰς τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἠσυχίαν ἦγεν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὁ κηδεστὴς μὲν ἦν ὁ Καλλιμάχου κατηγορηκὼς αὐτοῦ (τοῦ Κρατίνου), Καλλίμαχος δὲ μεμαρτυρηκώς, ἢ μὴν τεθνάναι τὴν ἄνθρωπον, ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ἵνα ἦν κεκρυμμένη, ἀγαγόντες ἐπὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ζῶσαν ἅπασιν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐπέδειξαν (Isocr. Call. 54). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐξηπάτησθε μὲν ὑμεῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Φιλίππου, ἐξηπάτηντο δὲ οἱ ταλαίπωροι Φωκεῖς καὶ ἀνῄρηντο αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν, τί ἐγένετο; (Dem. 18, 42.)

REM. 1. (338, R. 5) In the same way, the aorist, not the plusquamperf., is used after ἕως (ἕως περ), ἔστε, μέχρι, πρίν (οὐ -- πρίν): Εὔδικος καὶ Σίμος οἱ Λαρισσαῖοι μέχρι τούτου φίλοι ὠνομάζοντο Φιλίππου, ἕως Θετταλίαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππῳ ἐποίησαν (Dem. 18, 48). Οἱ βάρβαροι οὐ πρόσθεν ἐξενεγκεῖν ἐτόλμησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς πόλεμον πρὶν τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἡμῶν συνέλαβον (Xen. An. 3, 2, 29). Ἐχρῆν τοὺς ῥήτορας μὴ πρότερον περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων συμβουλεύειν πρὶν περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων ἐδίδαξαν (Isocr. Paneg. 19).

REM. 2. Now and then, the special relation of time which should be denoted by the plusquamperf. is not expressed, but the action is simply set in the past by the aorist: Οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι ὀλίγον μὲν χρόνον ὑπέμειναν, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐτράποντο ἐς τὸν Πάνορμον, ὅθενπερ ἀνηγάγοντο (Thuc. 2, 92; had put to sea).

REM. 3. Of the aorist and perfect (not plusquamperf.) of the indicative in propositions dependent upon a governing proposition in a præteritum [in an ‘historical tense’], see Optative, § 130, b. R. 2.

a) The Plusquamperfectum is used of that which at a certain past time had already taken place: Ἡ Οἰνόη, οὖσα ἐν μεθορίοις τῆς Ἀττικῆς καὶ Βοιωτίας, ἐτετείχιστο καὶ αὐτῷ φρουρίῳ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐχρῶντο (Thuc. 2, 18).

b) Instead of the simple plusquamperf. in the active, we have sometimes a periphrastic expression by the participle perf. with ἦν: Οὔπω δύο ἢ τρεῖς δρόμους περιεληλυθότε ἤστην ὁ Εὐθύδημος καὶ ὁ Διονυσόδωρος, καὶ εἰςέρχεται Κλεινίας (Pl. Euthyd. 273).

c) When by means of the conjunctions ἐπεί, ἐπειδή (Ionic ἐπεί τε), after that, or ὡς, when (ὡς τάχιστα), it is denoted that one action followed upon another, usually not the plusquamperf. is employed but the aorist, or, if a state and continued relation be denoted, the imperfect: Ἐπειδὴ ἐτελεύτησε Δαρεῖος καὶ κατέστη εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν Ἀρταξέρξης, Τισσαφέρνης διαβάλλει τὸν Κῦρον πρὸς τὸν ἀδελφόν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3). Ἐπεὶ Κῦρος κατεπέμφθη σατράπης Λυδίας καὶ Φρυγίας, πρῶτον ἐπέδειξεν αὑτόν, ὅτι περὶ πλείστου ποιοῖτο, εἴ τῳ ὑπόσχοιτό τι, μηδὲν ψεύδεσθαι (Xen. An. 1, 9, 7). Οἱ πολέμιοι ὡς εἶδον τοὺς Ἕλληνας, ἀντιπορεύονται (Xen. An. 4, 8, 17). -- Ἐπεὶ ἠσθένει Δαρεῖος καὶ ὑπώπτευε τὴν τελευτὴν τοῦ βίου, ἐβούλετό οἱ τὼ παῖδε ἀμφοτέρω παρεῖναι (Xen. An. 1, 1, 1). Οἱ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοί, ὡς αὐτοὺς οἱ Καταναῖοι οὐκ ἐδέχοντο, ἐκομίσθησαν ἐπὶ τὸν Τηρίαν ποταμόν (Thuc. 6, 50, when the Cat. were not for receiving them). -- Ἀλκιβιάδης λόγους ποιησάμενος πρὸς τοὺς Μεσσηνίους, ὡς οὐκ ἔπειθεν, ἀλλ’ ἀπεκρίναντο, πόλει μὲν ἂν οὐ δέξασθαι, ἀγορὰν δ’ ἔξω παρέξειν, ἀπέπλει ἐς τὸ Ῥήγιον. (Ibid., when he could not persuade them, when they were not for letting themselves be persuaded; ἀπεκρίναντο single fact.) The plusquamperf., however, may be used with ἐπειδή, where the thing denoted is the complete ending of the preceding action, or the complete production of the state: Πυθόμενος ὁ Κρατῖνος τὰς τούτων ἐπιβουλὰς τὸν μὲν ἄλλον χρόνον ἠσυχίαν ἦγεν, ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὁ κηδεστὴς μὲν ἦν ὁ Καλλιμάχου κατηγορηκὼς αὐτοῦ (τοῦ Κρατίνου), Καλλίμαχος δὲ μεμαρτυρηκώς, ἢ μὴν τεθνάναι τὴν ἄνθρωπον, ἐλθόντες εἰς τὴν οἰκίαν, ἵνα ἦν κεκρυμμένη, ἀγαγόντες ἐπὶ τὸ δικαστήριον ζῶσαν ἅπασιν τοῖς παροῦσιν ἐπέδειξαν (Isocr. Call. 54). Ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐξηπάτησθε μὲν ὑμεῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ Φιλίππου, ἐξηπάτηντο δὲ οἱ ταλαίπωροι Φωκεῖς καὶ ἀνῄρηντο αἱ πόλεις αὐτῶν, τί ἐγένετο; (Dem. 18, 42.)

REM. 1. (338, R. 5) In the same way, the aorist, not the plusquamperf., is used after ἕως (ἕως περ), ἔστε, μέχρι, πρίν (οὐ -- πρίν): Εὔδικος καὶ Σίμος οἱ Λαρισσαῖοι μέχρι τούτου φίλοι ὠνομάζοντο Φιλίππου, ἕως Θετταλίαν ὑπὸ Φιλίππῳ ἐποίησαν (Dem. 18, 48). Οἱ βάρβαροι οὐ πρόσθεν ἐξενεγκεῖν ἐτόλμησαν πρὸς ἡμᾶς πόλεμον πρὶν τοὺς στρατηγοὺς ἡμῶν συνέλαβον (Xen. An. 3, 2, 29). Ἐχρῆν τοὺς ῥήτορας μὴ πρότερον περὶ τῶν ὁμολογουμένων συμβουλεύειν πρὶν περὶ τῶν ἀμφισβητουμένων ἐδίδαξαν (Isocr. Paneg. 19).

REM. 2. Now and then, the special relation of time which should be denoted by the plusquamperf. is not expressed, but the action is simply set in the past by the aorist: Οἱ Πελοποννήσιοι ὀλίγον μὲν χρόνον ὑπέμειναν, ἔπειτα δὲ ἐτράποντο ἐς τὸν Πάνορμον, ὅθενπερ ἀνηγάγοντο (Thuc. 2, 92; had put to sea).

REM. 3. Of the aorist and perfect (not plusquamperf.) of the indicative in propositions dependent upon a governing proposition in a præteritum [in an ‘historical tense’], see Optative, § 130, b. R. 2.

§ 115

§ 115

a) The Future denotes simply a future action or a future state or condition: Εἰ τοῦτο ποιήσομεν, ῥᾳδίως τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἕξομεν, ὅσον χρόνον ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ ἐσόμεθα.

REM. Especially note the use of the future indicative in relative clauses denoting the being intended for, or calculated to serve, a purpose (one who, or, a thing which, may or shall, &c.; whom or which, one may, &c.): Οὐχ ὅ,τι τις κατηγορήσει τούτων, χαλεπὸν εὑρεῖν (Dem. 15, 34). Εἰ οἴει ὁντινοῦν ἀνθρώπων παραδώσειν τέχνην τινὰ τοιαύτην, ἥτις σε ποιήσει μέγα δύνασθαι ἐν τῇ πόλει τῇδε ἀνόμοιον ὄντα τῇ πολιτείᾳ, οὐκ ὀρθῶς βουλεύῃ (Pl. Gorg. 513). Other examples in § 105, a.

b) (340) The Futurum exactum (in the active, πεποιηκὼς ἔσομαι: in the deponent, εἰργασμένος ἔσομαι; and in the passive, διεφθαρμένος ἔσομαι, πεπράξομαι) expresses, that at a certain future instant something will be finished, and will show itself as finished. Thus it denotes (1) that which, as the immediate consequence of another action, will therewith ensue and be ready; (2) that which will be soon accomplished and done; (3) the future result of a preceding action (it corresponds, therefore, more to the English than to the Latin futurum exactum): Ἐὰν καταψηφισάμενοι τούτων θανάτου τιμήσετε, τῇ αὐτῇ ψήφῳ τούς τε ἄλλους κοσμιωτέρους ποιήσετε ἢ νῦν εἰσι, καὶ παρὰ τούτων δίκην εἰληφότες ἔσεσθε (Lys. 27, 7). Εἰ παρελθὼν εἷς ὅςτιςοῦν δύναιτο διδάξαι, τίς παρασκευὴ χρήσιμος ἔσται τῇ πόλει, πᾶς ὁ παρὼν φόβος λελύσεται (Dem. 14, 2). Τί γὰρ ποιήσει (ὁ θεός); Φράζε, καὶ πεπράξεται (Arist. Pl. 1027). Μάτην μοι κεκλαύσεται (Arist. Nub. 1436; in vain shall I have wept). (Τῆς δυνάμεως ἡμῶν εἰς ἀΐδιον τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις μνήμη καταλελείψεται, Thuc. 2, 64; of a future action conceived of as an abiding result.) [1]

[1]: Si fecero, ἐὰν ποιήσω, see Subjunctive.

REM. In those verbs in which the perfect middle has the signification of the present (§ 112, R. 2), the fut. exact. has the signification of the simple future: μεμνήσομαι, κεκτήσομαι (shall possess, different from κτήσομαι, shall acquire), κεκλήσομαι (shall have the name). Likewise two others (εἰρήσομαι, δεδήσομαι).

a) The Future denotes simply a future action or a future state or condition: Εἰ τοῦτο ποιήσομεν, ῥᾳδίως τὰ ἐπιτήδεια ἕξομεν, ὅσον χρόνον ἐν τῇ πολεμίᾳ ἐσόμεθα.

REM. Especially note the use of the future indicative in relative clauses denoting the being intended for, or calculated to serve, a purpose (one who, or, a thing which, may or shall, &c.; whom or which, one may, &c.): Οὐχ ὅ,τι τις κατηγορήσει τούτων, χαλεπὸν εὑρεῖν (Dem. 15, 34). Εἰ οἴει ὁντινοῦν ἀνθρώπων παραδώσειν τέχνην τινὰ τοιαύτην, ἥτις σε ποιήσει μέγα δύνασθαι ἐν τῇ πόλει τῇδε ἀνόμοιον ὄντα τῇ πολιτείᾳ, οὐκ ὀρθῶς βουλεύῃ (Pl. Gorg. 513). Other examples in § 105, a.

b) (340) The Futurum exactum (in the active, πεποιηκὼς ἔσομαι: in the deponent, εἰργασμένος ἔσομαι; and in the passive, διεφθαρμένος ἔσομαι, πεπράξομαι) expresses, that at a certain future instant something will be finished, and will show itself as finished. Thus it denotes (1) that which, as the immediate consequence of another action, will therewith ensue and be ready; (2) that which will be soon accomplished and done; (3) the future result of a preceding action (it corresponds, therefore, more to the English than to the Latin futurum exactum): Ἐὰν καταψηφισάμενοι τούτων θανάτου τιμήσετε, τῇ αὐτῇ ψήφῳ τούς τε ἄλλους κοσμιωτέρους ποιήσετε ἢ νῦν εἰσι, καὶ παρὰ τούτων δίκην εἰληφότες ἔσεσθε (Lys. 27, 7). Εἰ παρελθὼν εἷς ὅςτιςοῦν δύναιτο διδάξαι, τίς παρασκευὴ χρήσιμος ἔσται τῇ πόλει, πᾶς ὁ παρὼν φόβος λελύσεται (Dem. 14, 2). Τί γὰρ ποιήσει (ὁ θεός); Φράζε, καὶ πεπράξεται (Arist. Pl. 1027). Μάτην μοι κεκλαύσεται (Arist. Nub. 1436; in vain shall I have wept). (Τῆς δυνάμεως ἡμῶν εἰς ἀΐδιον τοῖς ἐπιγιγνομένοις μνήμη καταλελείψεται, Thuc. 2, 64; of a future action conceived of as an abiding result.) [1]

[1]: Si fecero, ἐὰν ποιήσω, see Subjunctive.

REM. In those verbs in which the perfect middle has the signification of the present (§ 112, R. 2), the fut. exact. has the signification of the simple future: μεμνήσομαι, κεκτήσομαι (shall possess, different from κτήσομαι, shall acquire), κεκλήσομαι (shall have the name). Likewise two others (εἰρήσομαι, δεδήσομαι).