J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Chapter IX, Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns

Chapter IX.

Peculiarities in the Adjective construction of the Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns, and in their relations in the sentence

(312) a) THE demonstrative and relative pronouns take their gender and number in accordance with the substantive words to which they refer, or which the speaker has in his thoughts (e. g. ἥδε, this woman). When the pronoun refers to several connected substantives of different genders, the rule § 2, b and d, is followed: ἀδελφοὶ καὶ ἀδελφαί, οὓς εἶχον. Ἐκκλησιάζομεν περὶ πολέμου καὶ εἰρήνης, ἃ μεγίστην ἔχει δύναμιν ἐν τῷ βίῳ τῷ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Isocr. Pac. 2). Likewise a relative in the neuter may refer to a number of inanimate antecedents, even when they are all masculine or feminine: Ταῦτα εἶπον οὐ πρὸς τὴν εὐσέβειαν οὐδὲ πρὸς τὴν δικαιοσύνην οὐδὲ πρὸς τὴν φρόνησιν ἀποβλέψας, ἃ σὺ διῆλθες (Isocr. Panath. 217).

REM. The relative to an antecedent in the dual, may stand in the plural: τὼ χεῖρε, ἃς ὁ θεὸς ἐπὶ τὸ συλλαμβάνειν ἀλλήλαιν ἐποίησεν (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 18).

b) When a demonstrative or relative pronoun, not referring to a particular substantive, denotes something comprising a number of units or individuals, it stands in the neuter plural: Ταῦτα οὔπω ἠκηκόειν. Ἐρῶ σοι, ἃ οἶδα. (Ταῦτα γὰρ καὶ καλὰ καὶ δίκαια, μὴ περιορᾶν πόλεις ἀρχαίας ἐξανεστώσας, Dem. 16, 25, where the pronoun is conceived in a general way: this procedure [1].)

[1]: In questions the singular τί is applied to such a subject of the neuter plural: Τί ταῦτά ἐστιν; (Xen. An. 2, 1, 22.) Σκεψώμεθα, τί ποτ’ ἐστὶν ἃ σὺ ἐμοὶ ὀνειδίζεις (Pl. Gorg. 508). Σκεπτέον, τί τὰ συμβαίνοντα (Pl. ibid.).

(313) a) A demonstrative pronoun to which a substantive is attached as predicate-noun by εἰμί, or by a verb denoting to call, consider as, &c., is apt to assume the gender and number of the substantive (attraction): Οὗτος ὅρος ἐστὶ δικαιοσύνης ἀληθῆ τε λέγειν καὶ ἃ ἂν λάβῃ τις, ἀποδιδόναι (Pl. Rep. 1, 331). Κίνησις αὕτη μεγίστη τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἐγένετο (Thuc. 1, 1; different from αὕτη ἡ κίνησις, § 11, R. 1). Αὕτη πενία ἐστὶ σαφής, τὸ δεόμενόν τινος μὴ ἔχειν χρῆσθαι (Xen. Œcon. 8, 2). Καὶ ψυχῆς ἄρα καθ’ ὅσον ἂν εὑρίσκωμεν κακίας ἀφαίρεσίν τινα, καθαρμὸν αὐτὸν λέγοντες ἐν μέλει φθεγξόμεθα (Pl. Soph. 227).

REM. The pronoun however stands in the neuter, when the general reference of the demonstrative is purposely retained, and with a stress upon it: Εὐδαιμονίαν τοῦτο νομίζω, τὸ πολλὰ ἔχοντα πολλὰ καὶ δαπανᾶν (Xen.). Τοῦτο πῶς οὐκ ἀμαθία ἐστίν; (Pl. Apol. 29) [2]. Οὐ λόγων κόμπος τάδε μᾶλλον ἢ ἔργων ἐστὶν ἀλήθεια (Thuc.). Ἔγωγέ φημι ταῦτα φλυαρίας εἶναι (Xen. An. 1, 3, 18). (Τούτῳ τροφῇ χρῶνται, Xen. Mem. 3, 11, 6.)

[2]: Ἀπόλλων τάδ’ ἦν (Soph. Œd. R. 1329, it was A.). Οὐκ Ἴωνες τάδε εἰσὶν οὐδὲ Ἑλλησπόντιοι (Thuc. 6, 77, these are not Ionians, here are no Ionians). Τοῦτο ἀνάγκη (Pl. Gorg. 475) = ἀναγκαῖον.

(315) b) A relative pronoun, having an antecedent and also followed by another substantive as predicate-noun, may conform itself to either: the latter, when the relative clause merely adds a remark as apposition to a notion in itself known or defined, so that even without the relative clause the sense would be complete: Ἡ πόλις τοῦ μεγίστου νοσήματος οὐ μεθέξει, ὃ στάσις καλεῖται (Pl. Legg. 5, 744, where the relative clause is essential to the completeness of the notion, "the disease called faction").--Φίλον, ὃ μέγιστον ἀγαθὸν εἶναί φασιν, οἱ πολλοὶ ὅπως κτήσονται, οὐ φροντίζουσιν (Xen. Mem. 2, 4, 2, where the relative clause might be omitted, without making the notion incomplete). Ἡ τοῦ ῥεύματος ἐκείνου πηγή, ὃν ἵμερον Ζεὺς ὠνόμασεν (Pl. Phædr. 255). When the antecedent is the predicate of the principal proposition, or the purport of the entire proposition, the relative may also, if a predicate-noun be attached, either be put in the neuter, or, which is more frequent, conform itself to the predicate-noun: Οἱ αὐτοὶ πολέμιοι ἡμῖν ἦσαν, ὅπερ σαφεστάτη πίστις (Thuc. 1, 35). Οὐδὲν ἄδικον διαγεγένημαι ποιῶν, ἥνπερ νομίζω μελέτην εἶναι καλλίστην ἀπολογίας (Xen. Apol. 3).

(316) Sometimes the reference of a pronoun to its antecedent is less exact, the sense of the antecedent being considered rather than its grammatical form.

a) A masc. or fem. antecedent may be followed by a pronoun in the neuter, which puts the notion as a thing in a general way: Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν ἡ αὐτὴ ἀρετὴ πάντων ἐστί, πειρῶ εἰπεῖν καὶ ἀναμνησθῆναι, τί αὐτό φησι Γοργίας εἶναι (Pl. Meno, 73, that it, the thing in question, is). Ὡμολογοῦμεν ἐπιστήμης μηδὲν εἶναι κρεῖττον, ἀλλὰ τοῦτο ἀεὶ κρατεῖν, ὅπου ἂν ἐνῇ, καὶ ἡδονῆς καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων (Pl. Prot. 357).

b) A pronoun refers to an antecedent contained in, and to be extracted from, a previous word, e. g. a relative to the personal pronoun involved in a possessive pronoun: Καὶ οἰκία γε πολὺ μείζων ἡ ὑμετέρα τῆς ἐμῆς, οἵ γε οἰκίᾳ χρῆσθε γῇ τε καὶ οὐρανῷ (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 15) [1]. Especially after a collective term, or the name of a city or country, the pronoun refers to the individuals composing the class, or inhabiting the place: Συνεφείπετο δὲ τοῖς πελτασταῖς καὶ τὸ Ἀρκαδικὸν ὁπλιτικόν, ὧν ἦρχε Κλεάνωρ (Xen. An. 4, 8, 18). Μελέτω σοι τοῦ πλήθους καὶ περὶ παντὸς ποιοῦ κεχαρισμένως αὐτοῖς ἄρχειν (Isocr. ad Nic. 15). Θεμιστοκλῆς φεύγει ἐκ Πελοποννήσου ἐς Κέρκυραν, ὢν αὐτῶν εὐεργέτης (Thuc. 1, 136). Καὶ ἀπὸ Πελοποννήσου παρέσται ὠφέλεια (= βοήθεια), οἳ τῶνδε κρείσσους εἰσὶ τὸ παρὰ πᾶν τὰ πολέμια (Thuc. 6, 80).

[1]: Ἔρχεται πόλιν τὴν Εὐρυτείαν· τόνδε γὰρ (viz. Εὔρυτον) μεταίτιον μόνον βροτῶν ἔφασκε τοῦδ’ εἶναι πάθους (Soph. Trach. 260).

c) A substantive in the singular is followed by a relative pronoun in the plural, the thought passing on to more of the same kind, and to the whole genus: Αὐχμηρός τις καὶ ἀπὸ παντὸς περιουσίαν ποιούμενος, θησαυροποιὸς ἀνήρ, οὓς δὴ καὶ ἐπαινεῖ τὸ πλῆθος (Pl. Rep. 8, 554).

d) A preceding εἴ τις (ἤν τις) has sometimes a demonstrative referred to it in the plural, and in like manner a plural term may be the antecedent of the indefinite relative ὅστις, ὃς ἄν: Εἴς γε μὴν δικαιοσύνην εἴ τις Κύρῳ φανερὸς γένοιτο ἐπιδείκνυσθαι βουλόμενος, περὶ παντὸς ἐποιεῖτο τούτους πλουσιωτέρους ποιεῖν τῶν ἐκ τοῦ ἀδίκου φιλοκερδούντων (Xen. An. 1, 9, 16). Ἢν παρὰ ταῦτα ἀδικεῖν τις ἐπιχειρῇ, τούτοις Κῦρός τε καὶ ἡμεῖς πολέμιοι ἐσόμεθα (Xen. Cyr. 7, 4, 5). Αἱ γυναῖκες ἱκέτευον πάντας, ὅτῳ ἐντυγχάνοιεν, μὴ φεύγειν καταλιπόντας αὐτάς (Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 67). Αἱ πόλεις προαγορεύουσι τοῖς πολίταις τὴν κατάστασιν τῆς πόλεως μὴ κινεῖν, ὡς ἀποθανουμένους, ὃς ἂν τοῦτο δρᾷ (Pl. Rep. 426).

e) Where the antecedent is a neuter term denoting persons, the relative pronoun sometimes (especially in figurative expressions) resumes the natural gender: τὰ τοιαῦτα κινάδη, οἳ πεποιήκασιν οὐδὲν οὐδὲ πράξουσιν ἀγαθὸν ὑπὲρ τῆς πόλεως (Dein. 1, 40). (Τέκνον τόδε, ὃν οὐδὲν αἴτιον μέλλουσι σὺν ἐμοὶ τῇ ταλαιπώρῳ κτενεῖν, Eur. Androm. 570.)

On the construction of the demonstrative pronoun it is to be further remarked:

a) A demonstrative pronoun is put as object, so that it is characterized by an adjective, or by an indefinite substantive with an adjective, attached by way of apposition, in which case the demonstrative, by an attraction (as § 98, a), conforms itself to the attached substantive. (In English we use either a demonstrative adverb, as herein or the like, or a circumlocution with relative and verb substantive): Ταῦτ’ ἀληθῆ λέγω (Pl. Prot. 342, herein I speak truth, or, this that I say, is true). Λέγε μοι, εἴ τί σοι δοκῶ τοῦτο χαλεπὸν ποιῆσαι, ὅτι ᾔτησά σε δοῦναί μοι τὸν βουλόμενον τῶν Μήδων μοι ἕπεσθαι (Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 21). Τούτους ἔλεγον οἱ στρατιῶται βαρβαρωτάτους διελθεῖν (Xen. An. 5, 4, 34, these, the soldiers said, were the most barbarous that --). Καλὴν ἐκείνην δωρεὰν αὐτῷ δεδώκατε (Lys.). Οὐκέτι τοῦτο φαῦλον οὐδ’ ἁπλοῦν ἔργον ἐρωτᾷς (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 27, what thou here askest, is --). (Ἔθος τι τοῦτο Σωκράτης ἔχει, Pl. Conv. 175. Τί οὖν δὴ τοῦτο λέγεις; Pl. Gorg. 452, what then meanest thou by this?)

b) A demonstrative is attached, as apposition, to an interrogative pronoun (τίς οὗτος, τίς ὅδε), to mark that the thing asked about is something that has been already intimated, or that is at the same time referred to: Ἀγγελίαν φέρω χαλεπὴν καὶ βαρεῖαν. Τίνα ταύτην; (Pl. Crit. 43, what, pray?) (Τίνας ἕδρας τάσδε θοάζετε; Soph. Œd. R. 2.) Ἐνδοῦνται αἱ ψυχαὶ εἰς τοιαῦτα ἤθη ὁποῖ’ ἄττ’ ἂν καὶ μεμελετηκυῖαι τύχωσιν ἐν τῷ βίῳ. Τὰ ποῖα δὴ ταῦτα λέγεις, ὦ Σώκρατες; (Pl. Phæd. 81, what meanest thou by these? what are these, that you speak of?)

c) Οὗτος and ὅδε are added by way of apposition, in the sense of the adverb here: Καὶ ἐγὼ ἠρόμην, ὅπου Πολέμαρχος εἴη. Οὗτος, ἔφη, ὄπισθεν προσέρχεται (Pl. Rep. 1, 327).

d) A demonstrative pronoun, when not particularly emphatic, is regularly omitted in the accusative, and often even in the dative: Εἰσῄεσαν παρὰ Κῦρον τῶν στρατιωτῶν τινες, ἀξιοῦντες εἰδέναι, τί σφισιν ἔσται, ἐὰν κρατήσωσιν· ὁ δὲ ἐμπιπλὰς ἁπάντων τὴν γνώμην ἀπέπεμπεν (Xen. An. 1, 7, 8). Γύλιππος μέρος τι πέμψας πρὸς τὸ φρούριον αἱρεῖ (Thuc. 7, 3). Ἐπαγγειλαμένου τοῦ Ἀγησιλάου τὴν στρατείαν, διδόασιν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὅσαπερ ᾔτησεν (Xen. Hell. 3, 4, 3). (Πρεσβυτέρῳ νεωτέρων πάντων ἄρχειν τε καὶ κολάζειν προστέτακται, Pl. Rep. 5, 465, without a pronoun to κολάζειν, although it governs a different case from ἄρχειν.)

e) Sometimes a demonstrative pronoun is put superfluously to enforce some substantive notion preceding in the same sentence; especially οὗτος after substantives which are separated by a parenthetic clause from the rest of the sentence: Κλέαρχος Τολμίδην Ἠλεῖον, ὃν ἐτύγχανεν ἔχων παρ’ ἑαυτῷ, κήρυκα ἄριστον τῶν τότε, τοῦτον ἀνειπεῖν ἐκέλευσε, κτλ. (Xen. An. 2, 2, 20). Τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς κακῶς χρῶνται καὶ τοῖς ὠφελεῖν δυναμένοις τούτοις βλάπτειν τοὺς συμπολιτευομένους ἐπιχειροῦσιν (Isocr. Nic. 4). More rarely and without emphasis αὐτός: Ἢ καί, ὥσπερ τῶν ἄλλων τεχνῶν ἔχοιμεν ἂν εἰπεῖν ὅ,τι ἔργον ἑκάστης, οὕτω καὶ τῆς οἰκονομίας δυναίμεθ’ ἂν εἰπεῖν ὅ,τι ἔργον αὐτῆς ἐστιν; (Xen. Œc. 1, 2.) In comparisons ἐκεῖνος: Ὁ θεὸς δέδωκεν αὐτοῖς (τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις), ὥσπερ ὑμῖν κατὰ θάλατταν εὐτυχεῖν, οὕτως ἐκείνοις κατὰ γῆν (Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 9).

REM. Adverbially ταῦτα, therefore (§ 27, a. R. 2), καὶ ταῦτα, and that, and that too (Μένωνα οὐκ ἐζήτει ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ταῦτα παρ’ Ἀριαίου ὢν τοῦ Μένωνος ξένου, Xen. An. 2, 4, 15), τάδε in the expression τὰ νῦν τάδε (§ 14, b. R. 2).

(322) In the structure of the relative proposition there are various peculiarities, of which we must note the following.

a) The substantive defined by the relative clause, is often drawn [attracted] into it, in prose most commonly so that the relative clause precedes the demonstrative: Πολλοὶ τὰ χρήματα καταναλώσαντες, ὧν πρόσθεν ἀπείχοντο κερδῶν, αἰσχρὰ νομίζοντες, τούτων οὐκ ἀπέχονται (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 22). Κῦρος, εἴ τινα ὁρῴη κατασκευάζοντα, ἧς ἄρχοι χώρας, καὶ προσόδους ποιοῦντα, οὐδένα ἂν πώποτε ἀφείλετο, ἀλλ’ ἀεὶ πλείω προσεδίδου (Xen. An. 1, 9, 19). (With ὅστις: Πᾶν, ὅ,τι πάσχων τις πάθος ἄνοιαν ἴσχει, νόσον προσρητέον. Pl. Tim. 86.)

REM. Sometimes the substantive, when separated by the relative clause from the remainder of the sentence, takes its case from the relative, but without being drawn into the relative clause: Νικήρατος ἀργύριον μὲν ἢ χρυσίον οὐδ’ αὐτὸς ἔφη καταλιπεῖν οὐδέν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἄλλην οὐσίαν, ἣν κατέλιπε τῷ υἱεῖ, οὐ πλείονος ἀξία ἐστὶν ἢ τεττάρων καὶ δέκα ταλάντων (Lys. 19, 47). Ἐν πόλει ᾗ ἥκιστα πρόθυμοι ἄρχειν οἱ μέλλοντες ἄρξειν, ταύτην ἄριστα καὶ ἀστασιαστότατα ἀνάγκη οἰκεῖσθαι (Pl. Rep. 7, 520). This however is an irregularity (anacoluthon) and occurs most frequently in poets. (Τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον, ὃν πάλαι ζητεῖς, οὗτός ἐστιν ἐνθάδε, Soph. Œd. C. 449.)

b) Especially the substantive is drawn into the relative clause, when it is a new term annexed to the preceding: ὁ πατήρ, ὃν μόνον εἴχομεν βοηθόν, ἀπῆν, = ὁ μόνος βοηθὸς ὃν εἴχομεν. An adjective or genitive belonging to the antecedent is also often drawn into the relative clause: Λόγους ἄκουσον, οὓς σοι δυστυχεῖς ἥκω φέρων (Eur. Or. 854). Περὶ ὧν μεγίστων καὶ καλλίστων ἐπιχειρεῖ λέγειν Ὅμηρος, πολέμων τε καὶ στρατηγιῶν καὶ διοικήσεων πόλεων, δίκαιόν που ἐρωτᾶν αὐτόν (Pl. Rep. 10, 599). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τοὺς ἐμπόρους, οὓς ἔλαβον Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν ξυμμάχων, ἐν ὁλκάσι πλέοντας, ἀπέκτειναν (Thuc. 2, 67). Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τοὺς ὀχετοὺς τῶν Συρακουσίων, οἳ ἐς τὴν πόλιν ὑπονομηδὸν ποτοῦ ὕδατος ἠγμένοι ἦσαν, διέφθειραν (Thuc. 6, 100).

(324) a) A demonstrative pronoun standing alone as antecedent to a relative, is often omitted, especially in the nominative or accusative: Οἷς μάλιστα τὰ παρόντα ἀρκεῖ, ἥκιστα τῶν ἀλλοτρίων ὀρέγονται (Xen. Conv. 4, 42). Τίς μισεῖν δύναιτο ἂν, ὑφ’ οὗ εἰδείη καλός τε καὶ ἀγαθὸς νομιζόμενος; (Xen.) Sometimes even in other cases: Οὐδεμία πάρεστιν, ἃς ἥκειν ἐχρῆν (Arist. Eccl. 19). Ἀναγκαῖον αὐτοῖς ἐστι διαλέγεσθαι παρ’ ὧν ἂν λάβωσι τὸν μισθόν (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 6). Οὐ περὶ ὀνόματος ἡ ἀμφισβήτησις, οἷς τοσούτων πέρι σκέψις πρόκειται (Pl. Rep. 7, 533). Ὅσα πώποθ’ ἅπαντες ὑμεῖς ἠβουλήθητε, οὐδὲν πώποθ’ ὑμᾶς ἐξέφυγεν (Dem. 14, 15). Ἀναλίσκουσιν οὐκ εἰς ἃ δεῖ (Xen. Œc. 3, 5; = εἰς ταῦτα, εἰς ἅ, omission of the demonstrative and of the preposition which should be repeated before the relative).

REM. The demonstrative in all cases is frequently omitted, when its place is supplied by the attraction; see § 103. Before relative adverbs of place demonstrative adverbs are omitted: Κατατίθημι πάλιν ὅθεν ἂν ἕκαστα λαμβάνω (Xen.).

(324, R. 3) b) The indefinite pronoun which is the subject to the verb and the antecedent to the relative in ἔστιν ὅς, εἰσὶν οἵ, &c., is usually omitted: Οἱ μὲν πολλοὶ κατέμενον, ἦσαν δέ, οἳ ὑπεχώρουν σὺν τῷ βασιλεῖ (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 3). Τῶν συμμάχων ὑμῖν εἰσιν, οἳ διαλέγονται περὶ φιλίας τοῖς πολεμίοις (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 24).

REM. 1. As ἔστιν ὅς, ἔστιν ἅ, so, without change of the verb, ἔστιν οἱ (οὕς, ὧν, οἷς, sometimes even οἵτινες), and this ἔστιν οἵ, thus declined through all the cases, is sometimes treated as a single word, in the sense of some, certain, like the word ἔνιοι thence formed: Ἐνταῦθα ἔβαλλον ταῖς βώλοις καὶ ἔστιν οἳ ἐτύγχανον καὶ θωράκων καὶ γέρρων (Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 18). Εἰπέ μοι· Ἔστιν οὕστινας ἀνθρώπων τεθαύμακας ἐπὶ σοφία; (Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 2.) (With the negation: Προγόνων καλὰ ἔργα οὐκ ἔστιν οἷς μείζω καὶ πλείω ὑπάρχει ἢ Ἀθηναίοις, Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 3.) Ἦλθε Γύλιππος στρατιὰν ἔχων ἐκ Πελοποννήσου καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν ἐν Σικελίᾳ πόλεων ἔστιν ὧν (Thuc. 7, 11). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων τὸν βουλόμενον ἐκέλευον ἕπεσθαι πλὴν Ἰώνων καὶ Ἀχαιῶν καὶ ἔστιν ὧν ἄλλων ἐθνῶν (Thuc. 3, 92; ἔστιν ἐν οἷς, Thuc. 5, 25, in some things). (But also εἰσὶν οἵ, Thuc. 6, 10.) But the imperfect ἦν οἵ for ἦσαν οἵ is rare, e. g. Ἦν τούτων τῶν σταθμῶν, οὓς πάνυ μακροὺς ἤλαυνεν (Xen. An. 1, 5, 7).

REM. 2. In the same manner an indefinite pronoun, a pronominal adverb, and the substantive designation of a place, or of a kind and manner, is omitted before relative adverbs of place or manner, especially with ἔστιν: Οἱ ἡγεμόνες τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἄξουσιν, ἔνθεν ἕξουσι τὰ ἐπιτήδεια (Xen. An. 2, 3, 6). Ἀγορὰν οὐδεὶς ἡμῖν παρέξει οὐδ’ ὁπόθεν ἐπισιτιούμεθα (Xen. An. 2, 4, 5). Ἔστιν ἔνθα ἰσχυρῶς ὠφελοῦσι σφενδονῆται παρόντες (Xen. Cyr. 7, 4, 15). Ὁ κόσμιος καὶ μὴ φιλοχρήματος μηδ’ ἀνελεύθερος ἔσθ’ ὅπῃ ἂν δυσξύμβολος ἢ ἄδικος γένοιτο; (Pl. Rep. 6, 486.) Οὐκ ἔστιν ὅπως οὐκ ἐπιθήσεται ἡμῖν βασιλεύς (Xen. An. 2, 4, 3, it is not to be thought that the king will not --, i. e. he undoubtedly will --). (Ἔστιν ὅπου, ᾗ. Οὐκ ἔσθ’ ὅπου.) Also ἔστιν ὅτε, sometimes.

When the relative in its own clause should be an accusative of the object, but the antecedent is a substantive or a demonstrative in the dative or genitive, the relative often assumes this case by attraction (τῶν δώρων, ὧν --, τούτοις, οἷς, instead of ἅ). This may even take place, when the demonstrative follows the relative clause (οἷς --, τούτοις, instead of ἃ --, τούτοις), or so, that the substantive to which the relative refers, is put in the relative clause (§ 101, a: αἷς ἔλαβον ναυσίν, περὶ ὧν ἔλαβον νεῶν, for ταῖς ναυσίν, ἃς --, περὶ τῶν νεῶν, ἃς --). A demonstrative, not emphatic and merely introducing the relative clause (§ 102), is usually omitted, and its place supplied by the relative’s assuming its case (περὶ ὧν = περὶ ἐκείνων, οὓς, ἃς or ἃ --, οἷς = ἐκείνοις, οὓς, ἃς or ἃ). Τούτων, ὧν νῦν ὑμῖν παρακελεύομαι, οὐδὲν τοῖς δούλοις προστάττω (Xen. Cyr. 8, 6, 13). Εἴ τινος ἄλλου δεῖ πρὸς τούτοις, οἷς εἶπε Ξενοφῶν, καὶ αὐτίκα ἐξέσται ποιεῖν (Xen. An. 3, 2, 33). Τίς ἡ ὠφέλεια τοῖς θεοῖς τυγχάνει οὖσα ἀπὸ τῶν δώρων, ὧν παρ’ ἡμῶν λαμβάνουσιν; (Pl. Euthyph. 14.) Ἀπεστέλλετ’ αὖθις αὖ τὸ τρίτον πρέσβεις ὡς τὸν Φίλιππον ἐπὶ ταῖς καλαῖς καὶ μεγάλαις ἐλπίσι ταύταις, αἷς Αἰσχίνης ὑπέσχητο (Dem. 19, 121). Οἷς ἂν οἱ ἄλλοι ἐργάζωνται, τούτοις σὺ χρήσῃ (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 25). Ὧν Χαρίδημος κακῶς ὑμᾶς ποιεῖν ἐπιχειρεῖ, τούτων αὐτῷ ὀργίζεσθαι ὑμᾶς προσήκει (Dem. 23, 184). Συρακούσιοι μὲν τῆς ναυμαχίας τροπαῖον ἔστησαν, Ἀθηναῖοι δὲ, ἧς οἱ Τυρσηνοὶ τροπῆς ἐποιήσαντο τῶν πεζῶν ἐς τὴν λίμνην (Thuc. 7, 54). Τοὺς μὲν ἄλλους νόμους ἐάσω, περὶ δ’ οὗ πρότερόν ποτ’ αὐτὸς Τιμοκράτης ἔθηκε νόμου, διέξειμι (Dem. 24, 61). Καλλικρατίδας πρὸς αἷς παρὰ Λυσάνδρου ἔλαβε ναυσί, προσεπλήρωσεν ἐκ Χίου καὶ Ῥόδου πεντήκοντα ναῦς (Xen. Hell. 1, 6, 3). Ἡ πόλις ἡμῶν, ὧν ἔλαβε, πᾶσιν μετέδωκεν (Isocr. Paneg. 29). Ἀμελῶ ὧν με δεῖ πράττειν (Xen. Cyr. 5, 1, 8). Ναυμαχία παλαιτάτη ὧν ἴσμεν (Thuc. 1, 13). Τοῦτον τὸν οἶνον Κῦρος δεῖταί σου ἐκπιεῖν σὺν οἷς μάλιστα φιλεῖς (Xen. An. 1, 9, 25). Οἱ Θηβαῖοι οἷς εὐτυχήκεσαν ἐν Λεύκτροις, οὐ μετρίως ἐκέχρηντο (Dem. 18, 18. Because the phrase is, ἃ εὐτύχηκα, the good fortune I have had).

REM. 1. This attraction, however, can only take place when the relative clause really serves to assign and define the matter in hand, i. e. is essential to complete the sense; never, when it is only added in continuation or as a remark, e. g. Πάντων, ὧν εἶχον, ἀγαθῶν σοι μετέδωκα, ἃ (not ὧν) σὺ τότε μὲν λόγῳ ἐμεγάλυνες, νῦν δὲ φαυλίζεις. The attraction is also not unfrequently forborne where it might have place, both after substantives and after demonstratives standing alone: Οἱ Κορίνθιοι τὰ σκάφη μὲν οὐχ εἷλκον ἀναδούμενοι τῶν νεῶν, ἃς καταδύσειαν, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἐτράποντο (Thuc. 1, 50). Μέμνησθε τοῦ νόμου καὶ τοῦ ὅρκου, ὃν ὀμωμόκατε (Isæ. 2, 47; but Lys. 10, 32: Βοηθήσατε τοῖς νόμοις καὶ τοῖς ὅρκοις οἷς ὀμωμόκατε). Ἔνεστιν ἡμῖν τυχεῖν παρὰ τῶν Ἑλλήνων τῆς τιμῆς ταύτης, ἥνπερ οἱ ἐν Λακεδαίμονι βασιλεῖς παρὰ τῶν πολιτῶν ἔχουσιν (Isocr. de Pac. 144). Οὐ συμφέροντα ἐκείνοις, οὓς ἐγκωμιάζουσι, ποιοῦσιν (Dem. 14, 1). Τοιαύτης τινὸς ἡμῖν ἐπιστήμης δεῖ, ἣ ἐπίσταται χρῆσθαι τούτῳ, ὃ ἂν ποιῇ (Pl. Euthyd. 289). It is very unusual for the attraction to be omitted where the relative corresponds with an omitted demonstrative (Ὄμνυμι ἐμμενεῖν ἃ σοῦ κλύω, Eur. Med. 753).

REM. 2. It sometimes happens, that a neuter relative which ought to stand in the nominative (coincident in form with the accusative), passes by attraction into the dative or genitive: Εἴ σοι δοκεῖ ἐμμένειν οἷς ἄρτι ἔδοξεν ἡμῖν, ἕπου (Pl. Prot. 353). Βλαβήσονται αἱ τῶν πολεμίων νῆες ἀφ’ ὧν ἡμῖν παρεσκεύασται (Thuc. 7, 67). (Ἀναλίσκουσιν οὐκ εἰς ἃ δεῖ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς ἃ βλάβην φέρει, Xen. Œc. 3, 5, = εἰς ταῦτα, ἃ --.) Likewise the dative of a relative now and then passes by attraction into the genitive: Παρ’ ὧν βοηθεῖς, οὐκ ἀπολήψῃ χάριν (Æsch. 2, 117, = παρὰ τούτων, οἷς --) [1].

[1]: Other more rare and anomalous instances of attraction in the relative: a) Ὁ ἀντειπὼν οἷς ἐκεῖνοι ἐβούλοντο πραχθῆναι (Lys. 12, 27: the subject-accusative of the infinitive attracted. Μὴ ὄντων τῶν ὑπηρετῶν, οἵων δεῖ, Xen. Cyr. 8, 1, 12, = οἵους δεῖ εἶναι). b) Δεῖ τοὺς μέλλοντας διοίσειν περί τι πρῶτον πρὸς τοῦτο πεφυκέναι καλῶς, πρὸς ὃ ἂν προῃρημένοι τυγχάνωσιν (Isocr. Antid. 187: the preposition of the demonstrative repeated with the infinitive, to which it does not belong). c) Ἀφ’ ἧς ὠμόσατε ἡμέρας (Dem. 18, 26, = ἀπὸ τῆς ἡμέρας, ἐν ᾗ ὠμόσατε); ἡμέρᾳ πέμπτῃ, ἀφ’ ἧς ἐσέβαλεν Ἀγησίλαος (Xen. Hell. 4, 6, 6: the relative attracted by the preposition of the omitted demonstrative or of the substantive, even when it ought not to have been governed by it). d) Ἡ Μιλησία ἐκφεύγει πρὸς τῶν Ἑλλήνων οἳ ἔτυχον ἐν τοῖς σκευοφόροις ὅπλα ἔχοντες (Xen. An. 1, 10, 3, = πρὸς ἐκείνους τῶν Ἑλλήνων, οἵ: the demonstrative with a partitive genitive, after a preposition, omitted before a relative in the nominative). e) Διεκομίζοντο εὐθὺς, ὅθεν ὑπεξέθεντο, παῖδας καὶ γυναῖκας (Thuc. 1, 89, = ἐκεῖθεν, ὅποι: attraction in relative adverbs of place). f) Τούτων ὃς βούλει ἕκαστος (Pl. Gorg. 517, for ὅντινα, quivis; ὅστις βούλει, Pl. Crat. 432).

REM. 3. Sometimes the accusative of the neuter relative which is changed by attraction, stands, not as object in the proper sense, but to denote the whole extent of the predicate (by § 27), especially in the plural: Ἐξ ὧν τὰ σαυτοῦ ἐπαινεῖς, τίνι δικαίῳ λόγῳ τοῦ μηχανοποιοῦ καταφρονεῖς; (Pl. Gorg. 512, from what thou sayest in praise of thine own.) Δίκην ἐβούλοντο λαβεῖν ὧν ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἐτεθέαντο Μειδίαν θρασὺν ὄντα καὶ βδελυρόν (Dem. 21, 3). By this means, an attracted relative in the neuter plural sometimes approximates to the signification of a demonstrative with ὅτι. (Ἀνθ’ ὧν, in requital for that --, i. e. because, forasmuch as: Οἱ Ἕλληνες τὰ τείχη ἡμῶν καθεῖλον ἀνθ’ ὧν ἡμεῖς τἀκείνων ἐκωλύσαμεν πεσεῖν, Pl. Menex. 244; mostly poetical.) From an attraction, and a coalition of a demonstrative and a relative adverb, result the expressions, used as conjunctions, ἀφ’ οὗ (= ἀπ’ ἐκείνου, ὅτε --, ἀπ’ ἐκείνου τοῦ χρόνου, ὅτε --), ἐξ οὗ, ἐν ᾧ, μέχρι οὗ (μέχρις οὗ, but also simply μέχρι, μέχρι ἄν, without οὗ), ἄχρι οὗ (in Herod. ἐς ὅ), together with ἐφ’ ᾧ or ἐφ’ ᾧ τε (= ἐπὶ τοῖσδε, ὥστε, on condition of --).

REM. 4. When the relative ought to have before it the same preposition as its antecedent, this preposition is usually dropt, especially when the verb in both clauses is the same: Τὸν πλοῦν ἐποιησάμην ἐκ τῆς Μιτυλήνης ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ, ᾧ Ἡρώδης οὗτος (Ant. 5, 20). Ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ χρόνῳ, ᾧ ὑμῶν ἀκούω ἀπορούντων, τί τὸ δίκαιον, ἐν τούτῳ δικαιοτέρους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ποιῶ (Xen. Conv. 4, 1).

(326) a) When in two connected relative clauses, both referring to the same antecedent, the relative would stand first in the accusative, dative, or genitive, and then in the nominative or accusative, the relative is often omitted in the latter clause, and left to be supplied from the former: Τούτοις ἅπασιν ἐκεῖνοι, οἷς τι μέλει τῆς ἑαυτῶν ψυχῆς ἀλλὰ μὴ σώματα πλάττοντες ζῶσι, χαίρειν λέγουσιν (Pl. Phæd. 82). Τῶν παρόντων τοῖς ἀνθρώποις ἀγαθῶν, ὅσα μὴ παρὰ θεῶν ἔχομεν, ἀλλὰ δι’ ἀλλήλους ἡμῖν γέγονεν, οὐδὲν ἄνευ τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἡμετέρας γεγένηται (Isocr. Paneg. 38). Περὶ ὧν δικαστήριον ἔγνωκε καὶ τέλος ἔσχηκε, πῶς οὐ δεινὰ ποιεῖ Τιμοκράτης νόμον εἰσφέρων, δι’ οὗ ταῦτα λυθήσεται; (Dem. 24, 73, = καὶ ἃ τέλος ἔσχηκεν.)

b) Sometimes, especially when the relative should stand first in the nominative, and then in a different case, a demonstrative or personal pronoun is put the second time instead of the relative: Ποῦ δὴ ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν ὁ ἀνήρ, ὃς συνεθήρα ἡμῖν καὶ σύ μοι μάλα ἐδόκεις θαυμάζειν αὐτόν; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 38). Ἆρ’ οὖν ταῦτα ἡγεῖ σὰ εἶναι, ὧν ἂν ἄρξῃς καὶ ἐξῇ σοι αὐτοῖς χρῆσθαι ὅ,τι ἂν βούλῃ; (Pl. Euthyd. 301.) Ὅσοι τὸν δῆμον πολλὰ καὶ ἀγαθὰ εἰργασμένοι εἰσὶν ὀφείλεται δ’ αὐτοῖς χάριν κομίσασθαι παρ’ ὑμῶν μᾶλλον ἢ δίκην δοῦναι τῶν πεπραγμένων, οὐκ ἄξιον κατὰ τούτων ὑποδέχεσθαι διαβολάς (Lys. 25, 11).

The indefinite relative ὅστις (in which no attraction of case takes place) is used in some connexions as a simple relative, viz.:

a) In denoting a person or thing which can or shall be something, which serves for something, both after an indefinite substantive and after an indefinite pronoun, which is usually omitted (§ 102, a): Ἡγεμόνα αἰτήσομεν Κῦρον, ὅστις ἡμᾶς ἀπάξει (Xen. An. 1, 3, 14). Αἰσχίνης συνεβούλευεν ὑμῖν πέμπειν τινὰς εἰς Ἀρκαδίαν, οἵτινες κατηγορήσουσι τῶν τὰ Φιλίππου πραττόντων (Dem. 19, 306). Οὐκ ἔχομεν, ὅτου σῖτον ὠνησόμεθα (Xen. An. 3, 1, 20). Οὐκ ἔστιν, ὅτῳ ἐγὼ καταλείψω τὸν ἐμὸν οἶκον (Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 30). Οὐδὲν προσδεόμεθα οὔτε Ὁμήρου ἐπαινέτου οὔτε ὅστις ἔπεσι τὸ αὐτίκα τέρψει (Thuc. 2, 41).

b) After ἔστιν (without indefinite pronoun, § 102, b. Rem. 1), but mostly after a negative, or in a question equivalent to a negation: Οἱ Ἕλληνες ἐπεὶ προΐδοιεν τὰ ἅρματα φερόμενα, διίσταντο· ἔστι δὲ ὅστις καὶ κατελήφθη, ὥσπερ ἐν ἱπποδρόμῳ, ἐκπλαγείς (Xen. An. 1, 8, 20). Εἰπέ μοι· ἔστιν οὕστινας ἀνθρώπων τεθαύμακας ἐπὶ σοφία; (Xen. An. 1, 4, 2; with unchanged ἔστιν, as in ἔστιν οἷ.) Ἔστιν ὅτῳ ἄλλῳ πλείω ἐπιτρέπεις ἢ τῇ γυναικί; (Xen. Œcon. 3, 12.)

REM. Especially note the expression οὐδεὶς ὅστις οὐ (οὐδὲν ὅ,τι οὐ), with omitted ἔστιν, in the sense every, all: Καὶ πεζὸς καὶ νῆες καὶ οὐδὲν ὅ,τι οὐκ ἀπώλετο (Thuc. 7, 87). The origin of the phrase being forgotten, it is treated as one word, and οὐδείς conforms itself in case to the following ὅστις: Ἀπολλόδωρος κλαίων καὶ ἀγανακτῶν οὐδένα ὅντινα οὐ κατέκλασε τῶν παρόντων (Pl. Phæd. 117). Οὐδενὸς ὅτου οὐ πάντων ἂν ὑμῶν καθ’ ἡλικίαν πατὴρ εἴην (Pl. Prot. 317). Σωκράτης παρέχει ἑαυτὸν ἐρωτῶν τῶν Ἑλλήνων τῷ βουλομένῳ καὶ οὐδενὶ ὅτῳ οὐκ ἀποκρίνεται (Pl. Menon. 70) [1].

[1]: Οὐδαμῶς ὅπως (ὡς) οὐ φήσω (Pl. Rep. 2, 376; Pol. 308).

c) After οὕτως in negations, or questions equivalent to such: Τίς οὕτω μαίνεται, ὅστις οὐ βούλεται σοὶ φίλος εἶναι; (Xen. An. 2, 5, 12.) (Also ὅς: Οὐδεὶς ἂν γένοιτο οὕτως ἀδαμάντινος, ὃς ἂν μείνειεν ἐν τῇ δικαιοσύνῃ, Pl. Rep. 2, 360.)

d) In relative sentences which single out, in a definite subject, a particular quality, or a particular circumstance, as the ground or explanation of what precedes (quippe qui, a person who --, one who --): Πῶς οὐ κάκιστος ἁπάντων ἀνθρώπων δικαίως ἂν νομίζοιο, ὅστις, ὦ κατάρατε, περὶ πλείονος φαίνῃ τοὺς κακούργους ποιούμενος τῆς πατρίδος; (Dem. 24, 107.) Οὔκουν δικαίως (ἔπνιγόν σε καὶ ἐπέτριβον), ὅστις οὐκ Εὐριπίδην ἐπαινεῖς; (Arist. Nub. 1377.) (In the same sense often ὅς, ὅς γε, Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 15; Pl. Phæd. 96, &c.)

REM. Otherwise ὅστις for ὅς is found only in single, in part uncertain, passages of the poets and Herodotus. Yet ἐξ ὅτου is used as ἐξ οὗ (§ 103, R. 3) with attraction (Xen. An. 7, 8, 4).