Greek · Grammars

J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Chapter V, Genitive

Syntax of The Greek Language, especially of the Attic dialect, for the use of schools, Dr. J. N. Madvig, professor in the university of Copenhagen. Translated from the German by the rev. Henry Browne, M. A and edited by the rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M. A, late rector of Lyndon, and formerly fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Together with an Appendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. 2nd edition. Rivingstons: London, Oxford, and Cambridge, 1873.

English Grammar Advanced 19th century J. N. Madvig

Pages 40–57 of the book.

Chapter V.

Genitive.

The genitive in Greek denotes, in general, a connexion of dependence between the person or thing which is named in the genitive, and some other person or thing which is referred to it. The connexion is either immediate, between two substantives, one of which is defined by the other; or it appears in this, that something is referred to some other thing through an action or quality which goes to, is directed at, and exerted towards, or enters into, that other; or in this, that something is ranged under some other thing as the whole, of which it is the part. Further, the genitive denotes a parting from, and a going out from something, because this supposes a previously existing connexion. [1]

[1] This latter sense is not possessed by the Latin genitive, where the ablative is used in this way with prepositions, adjectives, and verbs. The use of the genitive to denote a connexion or hanging together, as the result of an action which aims at something and enters into it, is in Latin much more circumscribed, especially in verbs, so that in this regard also the Greek genitive is much more comprehensive than the Latin.

In the genitive is put with a substantive the name of the person or thing which possesses what the substantive denotes; the person or thing to which it belongs, and by which therefore it can be denominated and designated (genitive of connexion and possession): Υἱὸς Δαρείου. Κῆποι ᾿Επικούρου. Οἰκέτης Δημοσθένους. Φύλαξ πόλεως. Σύγγραμμα Πλάτωνος. Ἔργον Πραξιτέλους. Ἢ τῶν πολεμίων τροπή. Τὸ γένος τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Μισθὸς τεττάρων μηνῶν. ᾿Αριθμὸς πεντακισχιλίων ἐτῶν (Pl. Tim. 23; an amount of —). Κλήρωσις ἀρχῶν. Ai τῶν νεῶν τιμαί (honours which the young enjoy, or which they shew). Αἱ τῶν κακῶν συνουσίαι (bad men’s society, intercourse with bad men). ('O τῆς ἡσυχίας Blotoc, Eur. Bacch. 388, poetical.) Ἑκάστου [τούτων τῶν μαθημάτων] ὄργανόν τι ψυχῆς ἐκκαθαίρεται (Pl. Rep. 7, 527. In the case of each). Eivat τινος, γίγνεσθαί τινος. Ὃ λόγος Δημοσθένους ἐστίν (is D.'s, νομίζεται, is ascribed to D.). Εἰμὶ τῆς πόλεως καὶ τῶν τὰ βέλτιστα λεγόντων (Isocr. de Pac. 129. I belong to — ). Εἶναι τῶν ἐπιτιθεμένων (Pl. Pol. 807, to be the prey of —, at the mercy of —). Oi Πέρσαι τὴν ᾿Ασίαν ἑαυτῶν ποιοῦνται (Xen. Ages. 1, 33). (Oi Πελοποννήσιοι δύο καὶ εἴκοσι ναῦς τῶν ᾿Αθηναίων ἔλαβον, Thuc. 8, 95, two and twenty ships of the Athenians, Athenian ships.)

Rem. 1. The usual way of describing the son of such a man, is to put the father’s name in the genitive without υἱός: Λέαρχος Καλλιμάχου and Λ. ὁ Καλλιμάχου. (See the Article, § 18, a. R.) (Τὴν Σμικυθίωνος οὐχ ὁρᾷς Μελιστίχην; Arist. Eccl. 46, M. the wife of Sm.)

Rem. 2. The prepositions ἐν and ἐς (sometimes ἐξ) in the language of common life, and in imitations of it, often stand before a genitive with omission of the governing substantive οἰκία (also ἱερόν) : Περικλῆς Κλεινίαν καταθέμενος ἐν ᾿Αρίφρονος ἐπαίδευεν (Pl. Prot. 820, placed him in A.'s house). Μανθάνειν ἐν κιθαριστοῦ (Pl. Theet. 206, at a cithara player's). Πότερον τὸ παρὰ σοὶ ὕδωρ θερμότερον πιεῖν ἐστιν ἢ τὸ ἐν ᾿Ασκληπιοῦ ; (Xen. Mem. 3, 13, 3.) Ἔν “Αἰδου. Σωκράτης ἔφη ἰέναι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον εἰς ᾿Αγάθωνος (Pl. Symp. 174). Φοιτᾶν ἐς διδασκάλου (διδασκάλων), to attend such a master; πέμπειν εἰς διδασκάλων (Pl. Prot. 825). Ἑἰςῆλθον οἴκαδε ἐς ἐμαυτοῦ (Pl. Hipp. Maj. 304). Ἐς “Αἰδου. (Ἔκ διδασκάλων ἀπαλλάττεσθαι, Pl. Prot. 820, to leave school).

Rem. 3. On the genitive under the government of the article, see § 14,c., (‘A εἶχον ἀλλήλων, Thuc. 5, 89, what they had of one another's, belonging to one another; ὁπόσα ἀλλήλων εἶχον, Thuc. 5, 80.)

The genitive is put, as objective genitive, to transitive substantives, i.e. such as are derived from transitive verbs, or from verbs or adjectives which govern the genitive, and such as denote a capacity, an opportunity, an influence, for and upon something: Ἔρως (Ἀράσπᾳ ἐνέπεσε) τῆς γυναικός. Φόβος τῶν πολεμίων, fear of (i. e. the being afraid of) the enemies; ὁ τῶν πολεμίων φόβος, the enemy’s fear (of something), or (some one’s) fear of the enemy. Πόθος τοῦ ἀποθανόντος. Διὰ Παυσανίου μίσος (Thuc. 1, 96; out of hatred towards P.). Διδάσκαλος λόγων (= ὁ λόγους διδάσκων). Ἐπιθυμία χρημάτων. Ἐπιμέλεια τῶν πραγμάτων. Ἀμέλεια γονέων. Ἡγεμονία τῆς Ἑλλάδος. Γραφὴ φόνου (γράφεσθαι φόνου). Ἐμπειρία τῶν πολεμικῶν. Ἐγκράτεια ἡδονῆς καὶ λύπης. Εἰρήνη καὶ ἐλευθερία τῶν τοιούτων (Pl. Rep. 1, 329; freedom from —). Ἀγγείων ἀπορία (Thuc. 4, 4, from lack of vessels). Ἀφορμὴν (ἄδειαν) διδόναι τινὶ τοῦ λοιδορεῖσθαι. Ἀφορμὴ ἔργων (Xen. Mem. 2, 7, 11, as a means of setting about a work).

Rem. Sometimes an objective genitive is even used with substantives derived from verbs or adjectives which take a dative or a preposition (especially πρός, εἰς, towards): but if any obscurity might result from the use of the genitive, a preposition is used: Ἐμμονὴ τοῦ κακοῦ (Pl. Gorg. 479, from ἐμμένειν τῷ κακῷ). Πρόβλημα χειμώνων (Pl. Tim. 74, a protection against). Ἐπικούρημα τῆς χιόνος (Xen. An. 4, 5, 13, also πρός). Οὐ λόγων τοὺς ἀγῶνας προτίθεμεν ἀλλ’ ἔργων (Thuc. 3, 67). Δῆλον ἐγένετο, ὅτι οὐ τῆς τῶν Ἑλλήνων εὐνοίας ἕνεκα ὁ ἡγεμὼν ἔλθοι (Xen. An. 4, 7, 20). Δημοσθένους φιλίᾳ καὶ Ἀθηναίων εὐνοίᾳ (Thuc. 7, 57; out of friendship for D., and goodwill towards the A.). Ἡσυχία ἐχθρῶν (Pl. Rep. 8, 566, repose from —). Sometimes the genitive is used even more harshly, instead of περί or a preposition of place: Τὸ τῶν Μεγαρέων ψήφισμα (Thuc. 1, 140). Ἡ τοῦ πηλοῦ ἐρώτησις (Pl. Theaet. 147). Μετὰ τὴν τῆς Αἰτωλίας ξυμφοράν (Thuc. 3, 114, = τὴν ἐν τῇ Αἰτωλίᾳ). Ἀπόστασις τῶν Ἀθηναίων (Thuc. 8, 5, = ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀθ.).

a) (282) In the genitive (g. definitivus) is sometimes added that in which the generic notion expressed by the governing word is in a special manner contained and denominated (but usually only the genitive of an infinitive): Ἡ τοῦ χαίρειν διάθεσις (Pl. Phil. 11, the affection, or mood, of rejoicing), ἡ τοῦ πείθειν τέχνη (Pl. Phil. 58). Ἀμαθία αὕτη ἡ ἐπονείδιστος ἡ τοῦ οἴεσθαι εἰδέναι, ἃ οὐκ οἶδεν (Pl. Apol. 29, that of conceiting oneself to know —). [1]

[1]: Τὸ ὄνομα ὁ Μακάρτατος, the name M. (Dem. 43, 77). Τὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἐμοῦ ὄνομα Σωσίαν τῷ υἱῷ ἐθέμην (Dem. 43, 74). (In apposition, not in the genitive. Very rarely τῷ ὄρει τῆς Ἰστώνης, Thuc. 4, 46, instead of τῷ ὄρει τῇ Ἰστώνῃ, see in § 13, R. Ἰλίου πτολίεθρον, poetic.)

b) (283) The genitive with words signifying a measure, number, or quantity, denotes the kind, the thing measured or numbered (g. generis): Πλῆθος ἀνθρώπων οὐ σμικρόν, βοῶν ἀγέλη, οἴνου δέκα ἀμφορεῖς, μέδιμνος σίτου, ἅμαξαι σίτου (Xen. Cyr. 2, 4, 18, wagon-loads of corn), τριάκοντα μυριάδες στρατιᾶς (Xen. An. 1, 4, 5), τριακόσια τάλαντα φόρου (Thuc. 2, 13, in taxes). Ἦν τι στασιασμοῦ ἐν τῇ πόλει (Thuc. 4, 130). (Rarely with a neuter adjective as substantive: Ἀμήχανον εὐδαιμονίας, Pl. Apol. 41; something inconceivably great in the way of blessedness; inconceivable happiness. Ἀθηναῖοι ἐπὶ μέγα ἐχώρησαν δυνάμεως, Thuc. 1, 118. Ἐπὶ πλεῖστον ἀνθρώπων, Thuc. 1, 1.) (Ἅλις τούτων.)

REM. 1. Especially we may remark the expression ἐν παντὶ κακοῦ (ἀθυμίας, etc.) εἶναι (ἐς πᾶν κακοῦ ἀφικνεῖσθαι).

REM. 2. In like manner, a genitive is appended to adverbs (especially πῶς, ὡς, and ὅπως, ὡσαύτως, εὖ, καλῶς, κακῶς, ἱκανῶς) with the verb ἔχω, in the sense am qualified, disposed, provided, in regard of, find myself in point of, have a certain measure of —: Πῶς ἔχεις δόξης τοῦ τοιοῦδε πέρι; (Pl. Rep. 5, 456.) Πελοποννήσιοι ἔπλεον, ὡς εἶχε τάχους ἕκαστος (Thuc. 2, 90). Ἆρ’ οὖν οὗτος ἱκανῶς ἐπιστήμης ἔξει; (Pl. Phil. 62.) Συμμέτρως λεπτότητος ἔχειν καὶ πάχους (Pl. Tim. 85). (Ὡς ποδῶν εἶχον, as fast as my legs would carry me, τάχιστα, Hdt. 6, 116.) (Ἡ Κέρκυρα τῆς Ἰταλίας καὶ Σικελίας καλῶς παράπλου κεῖται, Thuc. 1, 36; lies exceedingly well for the voyage to S.) In Hdt. and the poets also, Πῶς ἀγῶνος ἥκομεν; εὖ ἥκειν χρημάτων, etc. (always without article.)

a) (284) The genitive stands with words which denote a part of something, in order to assign the whole (g. partitivus). In this manner the genitive is governed by substantives and words used substantively (pronouns, numerals, adjectives, and participles with the article, the article with an adverb or with a preposition and its case), by superlatives and by verbs involving the signification of the superlative: Μέρος τι (τὰ δύο μέρη) τῆς στρατιᾶς. Τῶν γερόντων τις. Ἐν ἐνίαις τῶν πόλεων. Τῶν πολιτῶν οἱ μὲν ἀπώλοντο, οἱ δὲ ἔφυγον. Δέκα (πολλοί) τῶν στρατιωτῶν. Ὁ τέταρτος τῶν παίδων. Οἱ δεινότατοι τῶν ῥητόρων. Τὰ καλὰ τῶν ζώων, οἱ σπουδαῖοι τῶν γονέων (Isocr. Dem. 11). Οἱ χρηστοὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων (Arist. Pl. 490). Ἐπὶ πολὺ τῆς χώρας (Thuc. 4, 3, over a great part of the land). Ἀθηναίων ὁ βουλόμενος. Ὅ,τι περ ὄφελος ἦν τοῦ στρατεύματος (Xen. Hell. 5, 3, 6). Τὸ καταντικρὺ αὐτῶν τοῦ σπηλαίου (Pl. Rep. 7, 515, the part of the cavern facing them). Οἱ πολλοὶ χαίρουσι καὶ τῶν ἐδεσμάτων καὶ τῶν ἐπιτηδευμάτων τοῖς καὶ τὸ σῶμα καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν βλάπτουσιν (Isocr. Pac. 109). Σύμβουλος ἀγαθὸς χρησιμώτατον ἁπάντων τῶν κτημάτων ἐστίν (Isocr. Nicocl. 53). Μόνος πάντων φρονεῖς. Ὀρθότατα ἀνθρώπων λέγεις (Pl. Theaet. 195). Ἡ ναῦς ἄριστα ἔπλει παντὸς τοῦ στρατοπέδου (Lys. 21, 6). Οἱ παλαιότατοι τῶν Ἀθηναίων πρόγονοι τῶν καθ’ ἑαυτοὺς ἀνθρώπων ἠρίστευσαν (Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 10). — Τῷ ὁρῶμεν ἡμῶν αὐτῶν τὰ ὁρώμενα; (Pl. Rep. 6, 507; with what part of ourselves —?) Ἐν τοιούτῳ τῆς οἰκίας, ὅπου πλειστάκις ὁ δεσπότης ὄψεται (Xen. Hipp. 4, 1; in such a part of the house). Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐν τούτῳ παρασκευῆς ἦσαν (Thuc. 2, 17). — Εἰς τοῦτό, τινες ἀνοίας ἐληλύθασιν (Isocr. Pac. 31). Εἰς τοσοῦτο ἀμαθίας ἥκω (Pl. Apol. 25).

REM. 1. We must note the different positions of the words, when the partitive genitive is governed by a participle with the article which has with it other definitions (case, adverbs, etc.): Οἱ Ἀρκάδων ἡμέτεροι ὄντες ξύμμαχοι (Thuc. 5, 64, those of the Arc. who —). Αἱ ἄριστα τῶν νεῶν πλέουσαι (Thuc. 1, 48). Οἱ ξυμπροθυμηθέντες τῶν ῥητόρων τὸν ἔκπλουν (Thuc. 8, 1).

REM. 2. With numbers or words of number (μόνος, ὀλίγοι) now and then ἀπό, ἐξ are added, especially to denote that which is drawn off from, or remains: Ἅγνων ἀπὸ τετρακισχιλίων ὁπλιτῶν χιλίους καὶ πεντήκοντα τῇ νόσῳ ἀπώλεσεν (Thuc. 2, 58). Ἐκ τριῶν ἓν ἂν εἱλόμην (Soph. Tr. 734, I should have chosen one of three).

REM. 3. Instead of the neuter singular of an adjective denoting magnitude (πολύς, etc.), or a certain part (e.g. ἥμισυς, λοιπός) with a partitive genitive, in Greek the adjective often takes the gender of the genitive: Ὁ ἥμισυς, ὁ λοιπὸς τοῦ χρόνου. Εὐκτήμων ἐβίω ἔτη ἓξ καὶ ἐνενήκοντα, τούτου δὲ τοῦ χρόνου τὸν πλεῖστον ἐδόκει εὐδαίμων εἶναι (Isa. 6, 18). Κῦρος κατενόει πολλὴν τῆς χώρας τοῖς Ἀρμενίοις ἔρημον καὶ ἀργὸν οὖσαν διὰ τὸν πόλεμον (Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 2). (Rarely with other adjectives: Τῆς γῆς ἡ ἀρίστη, Thuc. 1, 2.)

REM. 4. Sometimes a general subject (or object) is put first, and then instead of the partitive genitive, we have, by way of apposition, a partition with pronouns or words of number (e.g. οἱ μὲν — οἱ δέ, etc.) or a limitation (οἱ πολλοί, partly — partly, for the most part): Οἱ τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ μεμφόμενοι λέγουσι, ὅτι οἱ ξυνόντες αὐτῇ οἱ μὲν οὐδενὸς ἄξιοι, οἱ δὲ πολλοὶ πολλῶν κακῶν ἄξιοί εἰσιν (Pl. Rep. 6, 495). Οἶδα ἀδελφούς, οἱ τὰ ἴσα λαχόντες ὁ μὲν αὐτῶν τἀρκοῦντα ἔχει, ὁ δὲ τοῦ παντὸς ἐνδεῖται (Xen. Conv. 4, 35). Πελοποννήσιοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι, τὰ δύο μέρη, ἐνέβαλον ἐς τὴν Ἀττικήν (Thuc. 2, 47). Οἱ ἐναντίοι τοῖς Λακεδαιμονίοις δεξιὸν μὲν κέρας οἱ Μαντινεῖς εἶχον, παρὰ δ’ αὐτοῖς οἱ ξύμμαχοι Ἀρκάδων ἦσαν, ἔπειτα Ἀργείων οἱ χίλιοι λογάδες (Thuc. 5, 67). Cf. § 5, ἕκαστος and ἄλλος ἄλλο.

b) A partitive genitive is also governed by an adverb of place or time, denoting a point in and of the whole: Ἐξάγγελλε τοῖς πολεμίοις, ἡμᾶς παρασκευάζεσθαι ἐμβαλεῖν που τῆς ἐκείνων χώρας (Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 42). Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅπου γῆς εἰ (Pl. Rep. 3, 403). Πανταχοῦ τῆς γῆς, οὐδαμοῦ γῆς. (Οὐ βλέπεις, ἵν’ εἰ κακοῦ. Soph. Ed. R. 413.) Ἄλλοι ἄλλῃ τῆς πόλεως ἀπώλλυντο (Thuc. 2, 4). Οἱ ἄλλοι, ὅσοι ἐνταῦθα ἦλθον ἡλικίας (Pl. Rep. 1, 329). Οἱ ἄνω τοῦ γένους (Pl. Legg. 9, 378, those higher up in the race, i. e. the ancestors), ἐγγύτατα γένους (Isa. 3, 64). Πόῤῥω σοφίας ἐλαύνειν (Pl. Euthyphr. 4, a long way into —). Πόῤῥω τῶν νυκτῶν, πρωῒ τῆς ἡμέρας, ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας. Πηνίκα τῆς ἡμέρας; (Arist. Aves 1498; at what time of day?)

(284, R. 1) A partitive genitive not unfrequently stands in Greek without an expressly governing word, in the following cases:

a) When to an indefinite substantive (without article) there is added the mention of a special sort, by an adjective or participle: Ἔρχεται ὀρχηστρὶς τῶν τὰ θαύματα δυναμένων ποιεῖν (Xen. Symp. 2, 1, a dancing-girl, of those who —). Παταγύας, ἀνὴρ Πέρσης τῶν ἀμφὶ Κῦρον πιστῶν (Xen. An. 1, 8, 1. Similarly: Ἀνὴρ τῶν ῥητόρων, Arist. Eq. 423. Ἄνδρες τῶν φυλάκων, Thuc. 6, 43. Ἀνήρ almost merely = τίς).

b) When to the whole expressed in the genitive there is immediately annexed the special name of the individual (not a general class-notion): Τῆς Ἰταλίας Λοκροὶ μὲν Συρακουσίων ἦσαν, Ῥηγῖνοι δέ, κατὰ τὸ ξυγγενές, Λεοντίνων (Thuc. 3, 86, of Italy, in It., of the Italian cities). Οἱ Δωριῆς ἡμῶν (Thuc. 4, 61, = οἱ Δωριῆς ὄντες ἡμῶν). Λακεδαιμόνιοι τῶν περιοίκων (Thuc. 4, 53, Lac. of the class of the Periæci). Especially in this manner is used the genitive of a country (a place) with the name of a single point in it: Παραλαβόντες Βοιωτοὺς καὶ Φωκέας Ἀθηναῖοι ἐστράτευσαν τῆς Θεσσαλίας ἐπὶ Φάρσαλον (Thuc. 1, 111, to Ph. in Th.). Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ὡρμίσαντο τῆς Χεῤῥονήσου ἐν Ἐλεοῦντι (Xen. Hell. 2, 1, 10). (The genitive here has always the article, the governing word never, the place in itself less known being referred to the well-known country.)

c) With the verbs εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, to be, become, one of — (i. e. to belong to —), and after all verbs denoting the being in one or another way received into a class, counting or being counted with a class. But with εἶναι, γίγνεσθαι, and sometimes with other verbs, εἷς may be prefixed to the genitive, e.g. Κριτίας τῶν τριάκοντα ἦν (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 31, one of the thirty tyrants). Τῶν Ἀλκμαιονιδῶν εἶναι (Dem. 21, 144). Ἐξῆν Εὐκράτει τῶν τριάκοντα γενέσθαι (Lys. 18, 5). Ἔστι τῶν αἰσχρῶν, μᾶλλον δὲ τῶν αἰσχίστων τοὺς ξυμμάχους φαίνεσθαι προδιδόντα (Dem. 2, 2. So ἔστι τῶν λυσιτελούντων, τῶν ἀδίκων, τῶν καλῶν, nearly = αἰσχρόν, ἄδικον, etc.). But also Ἔστιν ἓν τῶν αἰσχρῶν, Isocr. Arch. 97; ἔστι τῶν φαύλων τι, Pl. Rep. 10, 603; ἕν τι τῶν αἰσχρῶν ἐστιν, Dem. 20, 135. Τῶν εἰς τὴν πόλιν ἀνηλωκότων τὴν οὐσίαν εἷς ἐγὼ φανήσομαι γεγενημένος (Isocr. Call. 62). Ὁ Θράσυλος τῶν ἐν Σικελίᾳ κατελέγη τριηράρχων (Isa. 7, 5). Σόλων τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφιστῶν ἐκλήθη (Isocr. Antid. 235). Γράφε με τῶν ἱππεύειν ἐπιθυμούντων (Xen. Cyr. 4, 3, 21). Καὶ ἐμὲ θὲς τῶν πεπεισμένων (Pl. Rep. 4, 424). Οὐδαμοῦ πώποτε Μειδίας τῶν συγχαιρόντων ἐξητάσθη τῷ δήμῳ (Dem. 21, 202). Also: Αἰσχίνης τῶν ἐχθρῶν τῶν σῶν εἷς ἐξητάζετο (Dem. 19, 291). Μειδίας εὔχετο μὴ λαχεῖν τῶν ἐξιόντων (Dem. 21, 133, = στρατευσομένων).

d) With verbs which otherwise govern the accusative (especially in the sense give or take), when a certain indefinite portion (somewhat, some) of a whole is denoted as their object (as in English: to eat of this or that): Πολὺ μᾶλλον ὑμῖν προσήκει τῶν ὑμετέρων ἐμοὶ διδόναι ἢ τῶν ἐμῶν ἐμοὶ ἀμφισβητῆσαι (Lys. 21, 15). Ὁ Κυαξάρης λαβὼν τῶν ἐῤῥωμένων ἵππων τε καὶ ἀνδρῶν προσελαύνει (Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 20). Ὁ Κῦρος ἔταξε Γλοῦν καὶ Πίγρητα, λαβόντας τοῦ βαρβαρικοῦ στρατοῦ, συνεκβιβάζειν τὰς ἁμάξας (Xen. An. 1, 5, 7). Ὅσοι ἔφαγον τῶν κηρίων, πάντες ἄφρονες ἐγίγνοντο (Xen. An. 4, 8, 20, ate of the honeycombs). Οἱ Συρακούσιοι ἐς τὸ Ὀλυμπιεῖον παρέπεμψαν φυλακήν, δείσαντες, μὴ οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τῶν χρημάτων, ἃ ἦν αὐτόθι, κινήσωσιν (Thuc. 6, 70, take of the money). Ἀθηναῖοι ἀφίκοντο ἐς Πρασιὰς καὶ τῆς τε γῆς ἔτεμον (ἐδῄωσαν) καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ πόλισμα εἶλον (Thuc. 2, 56, laid waste a part of the land. Ibid. ἔτεμον τὴν Τροιζηνίδα γῆν and ἔτεμον τῆς γῆς τὴν πολλήν). Βρασίδας διελὼν τοῦ παλαιοῦ τείχους μίαν ἐποίησε πόλιν ἐκ δυοῖν (Thuc. 5, 2, a. E; B. made a breach in —). Ἀνιέναι ὀργῆς, to abate of (lay aside) his anger, Arist. Ran. 700, and τῆς ἐφόδου, to relax in their attack, Thuc. 7, 43. [1]

[1]: Ἐπιμίγνυσθαι ἔφασαν οἱ Πέρσαι σφῶν τε πρὸς Καρδούχους καὶ ἐκείνων πρὸς αὑτούς (Xen. An. 3, 5, 16. The elliptic genitive as subject). Κατεσκάφη τῶν τειχῶν τῶν μακρῶν ἐπὶ δέκα στάδια ἑκατέρου (Lys. 13, 8; as if it were, of the long walls there was thrown down to the extent of ten stadia).

REM. In like manner (with the notion of part and piece), it is said, ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω (Xen. An. 1, 3, 1, to go forward), ἐπιταχύνειν τῆς ὁδοῦ τοὺς σχολαίτερον προσιόντας (Thuc. 4, 47, to hasten them on their way), προκόπτειν τινὶ τῆς ἀρχῆς (Thuc. 4, 60, to further a person’s progress to dominion; to pave the way to his dominion). Κατέαγα (μέγα) τῆς κεφαλῆς (Pl. Arist.), I have got a (great) hole in my head (somewhere in my head), συνετρίβην τῆς κεφαλῆς (also συντρίβεσθαι τὴν κεφαλήν, Lys. 3, 18, by § 31).

(286) Two genitives may stand in different senses with the same substantive: Οἱ ἄνθρωποι διὰ τὸ αὑτῶν δέος τοῦ θανάτου καὶ τῶν κύκνων καταψεύδονται (Pl. Phæd. 85). Ἵππου δρόμος ἡμέρας (Dem. 19, 273, a day’s running of a horse). Διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἀνέμου ἄπωσιν τῶν ναυαγίων ἐς τὸ πέλαγος (Thuc. 7, 34, by the wind’s drifting the wrecks out to sea). (One genitive is governed by another: μετὰ τῆς συμμαχίας τῆς αἰτήσεως, Thuc. 1, 32, together with their desire of, or application for, an alliance.)

Instead of a substantive for the governing word, a possessive genitive (§ 47) may be governed by a neuter pronoun, or by the word ἕν in the sense of something in or on the part of some person, so that the pronoun is often explained by a sentence with ὅτι annexed, or a dependent interrogative proposition: Τοῦτό μοι ἔδοξε τῶν κατηγόρων ἀναισχυντότατον εἶναι (Pl. Apol. 17). Μάλιστα τῶν κατηγόρων ἓν ἐθαύμασα τῶν πολλῶν, ὧν ἐψεύσαντο, τοῦτο, ἐν ᾧ ἔλεγον, ὡς χρῆν ὑμᾶς εὐλαβεῖσθαι, μὴ ὑπ’ ἐμοῦ ἐξαπατηθῆτε (Pl. Apol. 17, at one thing among many in them). Ἄλλα τέ σου πολλὰ ἄγαμαι καὶ ὅτι νῦν ἅμα χαριζόμενος Καλλίᾳ καὶ παιδεύεις αὐτόν (Xen. Conv. 8, 12). Τὸ βραδύ, ὃ μέμφονται μάλιστα ἡμῶν, μὴ αἰσχύνεσθε (Thuc. 1, 84). Ἃ διώκει Αἰσχίνης τοῦ ψηφίσματος, ταῦτ’ ἐστίν (Dem. 18, 56). With verbs denoting to perceive and remark, when such a sentence is added, the pronoun is often omitted; so that the genitive is proximately governed by the following sentence: Ἐγὼ οὔποτε ἐπαυόμην βασιλέα καὶ τοὺς σὺν αὐτῷ μακαρίζων, διαθεώμενος αὐτῶν, ὅσην μὲν χώραν καὶ οἵαν ἔχοιεν, ὡς δ’ ἄφθονα τὰ ἐπιτήδεια (Xen. An. 3, 1, 19). Ἀγνοοῦμεν ἀλλήλων ὅ,τι λέγομεν (Pl. Gorg. 517, each other’s speech and meaning). Ἐγὼ μάλιστα ἐθαύμασα Σωκράτους πρῶτον μὲν τοῦτο, ὡς εὐμενῶς τῶν νεανίσκων τὸν λόγον ἀπεδέξατο, ἔπειτα ἡμῶν ὡς ὀξέως ᾔσθετο, ὃ πεπόνθειμεν ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων (Pl. Phæd. 89). Καὶ πρῶτον μὲν Σωκράτης αὐτῶν (τῶν τὰ μετέωρα ἐρευνώντων) ἐσκόπει, πότερά ποτε νομίσαντες ἱκανῶς ἤδη τἀνθρώπεια εἰδέναι ἔρχονται ἐπὶ τὸ περὶ τῶν τοιούτων φροντίζειν, ἢ τἀνθρώπεια παρέντες τὰ δαιμόνια σκοποῦσιν (Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 12, the first thing that he considered in them was, whether —).

REM. From this usage of the language, or from some such way of taking the relation, it results that the poets use the genitive with the verbs say and hear in the sense of, about: (Τῆς μητρὸς ἥκω τῆς ἐμῆς φράσων ἐν οἷς νῦν ἔστιν, Soph. Trach. 1122, in what condition she is, the state of my mother:) and also, that in passing to a new matter, a genitive is put at the head of a sentence unconnected with the following construction, in the sense, as touching —: Τί δὲ ἵππων οἴει ἢ τῶν ἄλλων ζώων; ἢ ἄλλῃ πῃ ἔχειν; (Pl. Rep. 5, 459.) Τί δὲ γῆς τετμήσεως τῆς Ἑλληνικῆς καὶ οἰκιῶν ἐμπρήσεως, ποῖόν τί σοι δράσουσιν οἱ στρατιῶται πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους (ibid. 470).

a) (290) The genitive with εἰμί sometimes denotes the person or thing to which something belongs and is appropriate, becoming, suitable, competent [is his part, duty, &c.]: Ἔστιν ἄρα δικαίου ἀνδρὸς βλάπτειν καὶ ὁντινοῦν ἄνθρωπον; (Pl. Rep. 1, 335.) Οἰκονόμου ἀγαθοῦ ἐστιν εὖ οἰκεῖν τὸν ἑαυτοῦ οἶκον (Xen. Œc. 1, 2). Οὐ παντὸς ἀνδρός ἐστιν ἐκλέξασθαι, ποῖα ἀγαθὰ τῶν ἡδέων ἐστὶ καὶ ὁποῖα κακά (Pl. Gorg. 500). Ἀπόστασις τῶν βίαιόν τι πασχόντων ἐστίν (Thuc. 3, 39; takes place only in the case of those who suffer harsh treatment; is for those who —). (Νομίσατε εἶναι τοῦ καλῶς πολεμεῖν τὸ αἰσχύνεσθαι καὶ τοῖς ἄρχουσι πείθεσθαι, Thuc. 5, 9, that to the right conduct of war it is essential.) (Εἶναι πρός τινος, see under the prep. πρός.)

b) (285) A genitive of a substantive with an adjective (pronoun or numeral) is either referred by εἰμί to a subject, or even immediately connected with a substantive, to denote its demands and consequence (what it calls for, and brings with it), its magnitude, value, also age (descriptive genitive): Ὡς μὲν ἐγὼ οὐκ ἀδικῶ κατὰ τὴν Μελήτου γραφήν, οὐ πολλῆς μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι ἀπολογίας (Pl. Apol. 28). Ταῦτα καὶ δαπάνης μεγάλης καὶ πόνων πολλῶν καὶ πραγματείας εἶναι δοκεῖ (Dem. 8, 48). Οὐσία τεττάρων καὶ δέκα ταλάντων (Dem. 27, 4). Χωρίον δέκα μνῶν (Isa. 2, 35). Ἐπὶ τὸν Εὐφράτην ποταμόν, ὄντα τὸ εὖρος τεττάρων πλέθρων (Xen. An. 1, 4, 11. Here also without adjective, as the substantive πλέθρον in itself expresses a definite magnitude: Ποταμὸς Κέρσος ὄνομα, εὖρος πλέθρου, Xen. An. 1, 4, 4). Τὸ τίμημα τῆς χώρας ἑξακισχιλίων ταλάντων ἐστίν (Dem. 14, 19, comes to). Τοῦ Μαρσύου ποταμοῦ τὸ εὖρός ἐστιν εἴκοσι καὶ πέντε ποδῶν (Xen. An. 1, 2, 8). [1] Μανία ἦν ἐτῶν πλέον ἢ τετταράκοντα (Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 14).

[1]: But also: Ὁ φόρος ἦν τετρακόσια τάλαντα καὶ ἑξήκοντα (Thuc. 1, 96). Τοῦ τείχους ἦν τὸ εὖρος πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι πόδες (Xen. An. 3, 4, 7).

REM. 1. But the descriptive genitive in Greek is not used of properties and make or nature in general, except in one or two idioms with εἰμί. (Τούτου τοῦ τρόπου εἰμί, Arist. Pl. 246. Τῆς αὐτῆς γνώμης εἶναι, Thuc. 5, 46, τῶν αὐτῶν λόγων, Pl. Gorg. 482, to keep to the same tale.)

REM. 2. Beside πρόσοδος δυοῖν μναῖν (Xen. Vectig. 3, 10), we find also δύο μναῖ προσόδου by § 49, b. Likewise apposition is used: τριάκοντα μνᾶς πρόσοδον ἔχειν or τὴν πρόσοδον (Dem. 27, 9), by § 19, R. 2.

c) The genitive with εἰμί and γίγνεσθαι denotes the extraction and birth-place, also the material: Βούσιρις πατρὸς μὲν ἦν Ποσειδῶνος, μητρὸς δὲ Λιβύης (Isocr. Bus. 10). Πατρὸς λέγεται Κῦρος γενέσθαι Καμβύσου, μητρὸς δὲ ὁμολογεῖται Μανδάνης γενέσθαι (Xen. Cyr. 1, 2, 1). [2]

[2]: Often γίγνεσθαι ἔκ τινος. (Ἀπό τινος γίγν., to be descended from some one.) Poetically φῦναι, βλαστεῖν τινος.

Ἱπποκράτης ὅδε ἐστὶν Ἀπολλοδώρου υἱός, οἰκίας μεγάλης τε καὶ εὐδαίμονος (Pl. Prot. 316). Τίμαιος ὅδε εὐνομωτάτης ἐστὶ πόλεως τῆς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ Λοκρίδος, οὐσίᾳ καὶ γένει οὐδενὸς ὕστερος τῶν ἐκεῖ (Pl. Tim. 20). Ἡ κρηπὶς (the foundation) ἦν λίθου ξεστοῦ κογχυλιάτου (Xen. An. 3, 4, 10). (Also without εἶναι and with ποιεῖν: Θεμέλιοι παντοίων λίθων, Thuc. 1, 93. Φοίνικος αἱ θύραι πεποιημέναι ἦσαν, Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 22.) [1]

[1]: In Herodot. πεποιημένος ἔκ τινος and ἀπό τινος.

The genitive stands with the prepositions ἄνευ, ἀντί, ἀπό, ἕνεκα, ἐξ, πρό always, and with the prepositions διά, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπέρ, and ὑπό in certain significations (those which spring from the conception of a hanging together with, and a going forth from; see chap. 6); also with all the adverbs which, as prepositions, serve to denote a relation to something in regard of place and space (sometimes also of time [2]); also with πλήν, except, λάθρα (κρύφα), privily from (λάθρᾳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν), ἐμποδών, in the way of (obstructive: πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀλλήλοις ἐμποδὼν γίγνεσθαι, Xen. Cyr. 8, 5, 24), lastly with expressions which are compounded with prepositions to denote on a certain side of: ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος (Isocr. Areop. 80), τοῦ Ἡρακλείου ἐπέκεινα (Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 10), τὰ πρὸς ἕω τῆς Θηβαίων πόλεως (Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 49; the country to the east of Thebes). (On χάριν, δίκην with the gen., see § 31, d. R.)

[2]: Such adverbs are: ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ (with its degrees of comparison, mostly poetical), ἐγγύς (with its degrees of comparison: τοῦ καιροῦ ἐγγυτέρω τοῦ τείχους διώξαντες, Xen. Hell. 5, 3, 5, with the genitive of comparison, by § 64 and § 90, R. 4), πλησίον (the same), πόῤῥω, (poet. σχεδόν, ἑκάς, τῆλε, τηλοῦ, τηλόθε,) χωρίς, (δίχα poet.,) εἴσω, ἔξω, ἐντός, ἐκτός (with ἔξωθεν, etc.), μεταξύ, πρόσθεν, ὄπισθεν, ἐπίπροσθεν, ὕπερθεν, ἔνερθεν (poet.), ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, ἀμφοτέρωθεν, ἑκατέρωθεν, πέρα, πέραν (καταντιπέρας), ἐναντίον (ἄντα, ἀντίον poet. [ἐνώπιον]), καταντικρύ (ἀντικρύ), εὐθύ (ἰθύς), ἄχρις, μέχρις (in later writers ἕως), ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς.

REM. 1. With ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, and πλησίον, the poets sometimes use the dative, for the most part so that it can refer to the verb (ἐγγὺς εἶναί τινι). (Ἐγγύτερον τῷ θανάτῳ, Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 21, of a similarity.) Ἑξῆς and ἐφεξῆς have also the dative, especially in connexion with εἶναι or κεῖσθαι (ἐφεξῆς κεῖσθαί τινι, to follow immediately upon something).

REM. 2. How from, out of, is denoted by the genitive without preposition, see § 60.

(291–293 & 259–262) The genitive stands as object with a multitude of verbs, which in their original signification, involve more or less nearly the conception of a connexion or coherence with, or a coming out (a being parted) from the same; either as principal object (sometimes with an object of reference in the dative), or as accessory definition (more remote object) along with a passive object in the accusative; e.g. Τυγχάνειν τοῦ σκοποῦ, ἅπτεσθαι τῆς χειρός, τοῦ πράγματος, ἐπιθυμεῖν εἰρήνης, ἐρᾶν φρονήσεως, μετέχειν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, μεταδιδόναι τοῖς ἄλλοις τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῶν πραγμάτων, ἄρχειν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, παύειν τινὰ ὕβρεως, αἰτιᾶσθαί τινα τῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ πραχθέντων, καταγιγνώσκειν φυγήν τινος (to condemn a man to exile).

REM. 1. In some such verbs the construction is somewhat variable in consequence of a different view of the meaning; for particular instances of this, the Lexicon must be consulted. Some verbs have the genitive in some one special sense, but otherwise have different constructions.

REM. 2. Although the genitive does not denote an object passively recipient of the action, yet verbs which govern a genitive (as principal object, not as secondary definition along with an accusative) are sometimes predicated in the passive of a subject which, in the active, would stand in the genitive: Νικήρατος ἐρῶν τῆς γυναικὸς ἀντερᾶται (Xen. Conv. 8, 3). Ἀσκεῖται ἀεὶ τὸ τιμώμενον, ἀμελεῖται δὲ τὸ ἀτιμαζόμενον (Pl. Rep. 8, 551. Ἀμελεῖν τινος). Ὅστις ἄρχεται ὑπὸ τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡδονῶν, οὐκ ἐλεύθερός ἐστιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 5, 3. Ἄρχειν τινός); especially those compounded with κατά (§ 59), as κατακρίνεσθαι, καταφρονεῖσθαι, καταγελᾶσθαι, e.g. Ἐπειδάν τις ἐγγὺς ᾖ τοῦ οἴεσθαι τελευτήσειν, οἱ λεγόμενοι μῦθοι περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου, καταγελώμενοι τέως, τότε δὴ στρέφουσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχήν, μὴ ἀληθεῖς ὦσιν (Pl. Rep. 1, 330). Ἰσμηνίας κατεψηφίσθη καὶ ἀποθνήσκει (Xen. Hell. 5, 2, 36, from καταψηφίζομαι, deponent middle).

a) The genitive is governed by the verbs which involve the conception of attaching to, and adherence to a thing; viz. such as mean to seize or lay hold by or upon, to hold to, catch at, get to (hit), aim at, and be studious of, crave, be in need of, lay claim to, be or make partaker of, fill with, be full of and rich in, make a beginning of: thus, λαμβάνομαι (in the middle), ἐπιλαμβάνομαι, ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, συλλαμβάνομαι, ἔχομαι, ἀντέχομαι (also figuratively, e.g. ἐπιλαμβάνομαι τοῦ νόμου, lay hold upon and find fault with, τὰ τούτων ἐχόμενα, what hangs together with these and borders thereon) [1], ἅπτομαι, καθάπτομαι, ψαύω, θιγγάνω, — ὀρέγομαι, στοχάζομαι, τυγχάνω (hit — attain, get), ἐφικνοῦμαι, ἐξικνοῦμαι (κυρῶ), — ἐπιθυμῶ, ἐρῶ, [2] ἐφίεμαι, γλίχομαι, (διψῶ, thirst after, ἐλευθερίας), — δεῖ (μοι, I need), δέομαι (τινός, of a person: I beg of some one), πρόσδεομαι (χρήζω), [3] ἐλλείπει (μοι, I have lack of), — ἀντιποιοῦμαι (τῆς ἀρχῆς τινι, contest the government with some one), μεταποιοῦμαι, ἀμφισβητῶ (τινός τινι), προσήκει (μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς, I have a right to, have to do with —), μετέχω, μεταλαγχάνω, μεταλαμβάνω, μέτεστι (τινός μοι), μεταδίδωμι, [4] κοινωνῶ (τινός τινι),

[1]: The actives λαμβάνω, take (not take by), ἔχω, hold, have, govern the accusative.

[2]: But φιλῶ τινα, as it does not express desire.

[3]: Πολλοῦ δέω, ὀλίγου δέω, I am far from, within a little of —, ὀλίγου δεῖ, it wants little of, or but that —. Τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἑνὸς δέον, not δέοντος, i.e. the twenty-ninth year; δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες, forty-eight men. (Ὀκτὼ ἀποδέοντες τριακόσιοι, Thuc. 4, 38; ὀκτώ as genitive.) (Ὀλίγου, μικροῦ without δεῖ, adverbially: within a little, almost, nearly.)

[4]: Μετέχω, μεταλαμβάνω μέρος, μέτεστί μοι μέρος, as the genitive denotes the whole, of which the person has part. Λαγχάνω τι, obtain by lot; in the poets also τινός.

συναίρομαι (τινὶ τοῦ κινδύνου), [1] κληρονομῶ (τῆς οὐσίας), ἀπολαύω, [2] γεύομαι (μέλιτος, μαθήματος, γεύω τοὺς παῖδας αἵματος), ἐμφοροῦμαι, ὀσφραίνομαι, — πίμπλημι (ἐμπ., ἀναπ.), πληρῶ, πλήθω, γέμω, εὐπορῶ, πλουτῶ, — ἄρχω (ὑπάρχω, κατάρχω), ἄρχομαι, [3] and other more special expressions.

[1]: Also συναίρομαι τὸν κίνδυνον, share the danger.

[2]: Also ἀπολαύω ἀγαθόν (φλαῦρόν) τι τινος.

[3]: Ἄρχομαι ἀπό τινος, begin with, at something.

(260) REM. The verbs to take, to hold, have also take the genitive of the part by which one lays hold: Οἱ παρόντες ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόντην (Xen. An. 1, 6, 10). Καί μου ἐλάβετο τῆς χειρὸς ὁ Ἀδείμαντος (Pl. Parm. 126, took me by the hand). So ἕλκειν τινὰ ποδῶν (by the feet), and the like.

b) Further, the verbs which convey the notion of removal from and depriving of: viz. such as to give up (one’s claim to), forego, miss of, be and make far from, shut out of, hinder of, deprive of, begrudge, free from, lack, refrain from (spare), desist from, make an end of, together with be different from; thus, ἀφίεμαι, μεθίεμαι (τινός), [4] — ἀποτυγχάνω, ἁμαρτάνω, σφάλλομαι, ψεύδομαι (ἀπολείπομαι τῶν καιρῶν), — ἀπέχω, διέχω, χωρίζω, ἀφίστημι (Ὀρχομενίους Θηβαίων, move them to revolt from the Th., ἀφίστασθαι Θηβαίων), — εἴργω (τινὰ τῆς διόδου), ἴσχω, κωλύω (ἐναντιοῦμαί τινί τινος), στερῶ, ἀποστερῶ (τινά τινος), [5] φθονῶ (γυμνῶ, μονῶ, strip, make deserted, i.e. bereave of, καταλύω τινὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐλευθερῶ, ἀπαλλάττω (τινὰ κακῶν, ἀπαλλάττομαι πόνων), ἀφίημι, ἀπολύω (τινὰ τῆς αἰτίας), — ἀπέχομαι, φείδομαι, — εἴκω, ὑπείκω, παραχωρῶ (τινί τινος), ὑποχωρῶ, ἐξίσταμαι (τῆς οὐσίας, τοῦ φρονεῖν), (ἐξανίσταμαι, ὑπανίσταμαί τινι ἕδρας), — παύω (τινὰ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, παύομαι τῆς ἐπ.), ἐπέχω (τοῦ λόγου, ὑφίεμαι τοῦ μέγα φρονεῖν), — διαφέρω, διέστηκα, and other more special phrases (e.g. λωφῶ ὀδύνης, feel myself relieved of), or such as are used in a more free sense by the poets (e.g. ἀτιμάζειν τινὰ ὧν δεῖται, Soph. Ed. Col. 49, to refuse a person something, and count him unworthy of it, πεφευγέναι νόσου, Soph. Phil. 1044).

[4]: But ἀφίημι, μεθίημί τινα, let a person go, set him at liberty.

[5]: Also ἀποστερῶ τινά τι, § 25.

REM. In different verbs the sense which requires the genitive, results from their composition with ἀπό, or ἐξ, thus (besides the verbs above given) in ἀπελαύνω, ἀποτρέπω (τινὰ τῆς ἀλαζονείας), ἀποπηδῶ (Σωκράτους, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 16, desert him suddenly), ἐκβαίνω (τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ ἰδέας), ἐκβάλλω (τινὰ τιμῆς), ἐκδιαιτῶμαι (τῶν καθεστώτων νομίμων, Thuc. 1, 132), ἐξίστημι (τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν, ἐξίσταμαι τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐκλύω (τινὰ ἀπορίας). Where the local notion from, out, is prominent, we have (both in these compounds, and in other verbs) ἀπό or ἐξ, e.g. Ἡ ψυχὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος χωρίζεται. Αἱ ὄχθαι τρία πλέθρα ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀπεῖχον (Xen. An. 4, 3, 5). Ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἐκ πόνων. (Ἐλευθεροῦν, ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἀπὸ Μήδων, of persons.)

a) (291) Further, the genitive is governed by the verbs which denote being careful or neglectful of, mindful or forgetful of (the conception being, that the mind is directed to something), as ἐπιμελοῦμαι, μέλει μοι, μεταμέλει μοι (it repents me of), φροντίζω, κήδομαι, ἐντρέπομαι (have a care of, regard for), προνοῶ, προορῶ, ἀμελῶ, ὀλιγωρῶ, — μέμνημαι, ἐπιμέμνημαι, λανθάνομαι, ἐπιλανθάνομαι, ἀναμιμνήσκω (τινά τινος), sometimes ἐνθυμοῦμαι (usually with the accusative), and the verb πειρῶμαι (πειρῶ), attempt.

REM. 1. The constructions μέλει μοι, φροντίζω περί τινος also occur. (Μέλει μοι ταῦτα, personally. Ἑορταὶ καὶ χοροὶ πᾶσι μέλουσιν, Pl. Legg. 8, 835.)

REM. 2. Μέμνημαι has also the accusative (bear in mind and know: τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας); ἀναμιμνήσκω two accusatives (§ 25). Μνημονεύω has usually the accusative.

REM. 3. After the same analogy, the genitive is sometimes found also with αἰσθάνομαι, have a perception of (by the senses, e.g. κραυγῆς), and ἀκούω, hear to (e.g. τῶν Σειρήνων), different from ἀκούω τινός, hear from a person, § 60. Ἀκούω τινὸς διαλεγομένου, I hear some one speaking.

b) Likewise the verbs which signify to be leader and ruler of, as ἄρχω, ἡγοῦμαι, κρατῶ, βασιλεύω, δεσπόζω, προστατῶ, τυραννεύω, στρατηγῶ, ἡγεμονεύω, and the verb ἀκούω (κλύω) in the signification obey (and ἀνηκουστῶ). [1]

[1]: In Herodotus also πείθομαί τινος.

REM. Ἡγοῦμαί τινι, am leader to a person, show him the way, κρατῶ τινα, overcome a person (μάχη). In the poets, the verbs of ruling have also the dative. As ἀκούω, so ὑπακούω occurs with the genitive (usually with the dative).

a) The genitive stands with various verbs which are compounded with a preposition governing the genitive, as the object of the relation denoted by the preposition, either alone, or with an object-accusative; especially (besides the verbs with ἀπό and ἐξ, § 57 b, R.) those compounds with κατά which denote an action directed to, or against a person, e.g. καταγελῶ, καταφρονῶ, καταβοῶ (τῶν στρατηγῶν, cry out against the generals, in accusation or complaint), καταντλῶ (γέλωτά τινος), καταχέω, καταπροίξομαι, καταψεύδομαι, καθυβρίζω. In those which denote accusation and condemnation (κατηγορῶ, καταγιγνώσκω, καταδικάζω, κατακρίνω, καταψηφίζομαι), the offence or the punishment stands as object in the accusative: κατηγορεῖν ἀδικίαν, μωρίαν τινός (literally, to charge injustice against a person), so that the Greek construction is often the converse of the English. Ὅταν του καταγνῶτε ἱεροσυλίαν ἢ κλοπήν, οὐ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος ὧν ἂν λάβωσι, τὴν τιμωρίαν ποιεῖσθε, ἀλλ’ ὁμοίως ἁπάντων θάνατον κατακρίνετε (Isocr. in Loch. 6). (Καταψηφίζεσθαι δειλίαν, θάνατόν τινος.) In the passive: Τἀμοῦ ψευδῆ κατηγορημένα (Pl. Apol. 18). Ὁ κατεψηφισμένος ἡμῶν θάνατος. (Πολλὴν δυστυχίαν καταγιγνώσκειν τινός, to pronounce a person to be very unfortunate.)

b) Further, in some verbs compounded with πρό and ὑπέρ (partly in their proper signification, partly with the sense of a preference or advantage), e.g. προτιθέναι προοίμιον τοῦ λόγου (Pl. Legg. 4, 723, prefix), προτιμᾶν σωτηρίαν κέρδους (Ant. 2, β. 5), προέχειν τινός τινι (to surpass a person in something), ὑπερέχειν σκιάδειόν τινος (Arist. Aves 1508), ὑπερφρονεῖν τινος (to look down upon), ὑπερέχειν πάντων κάλλει καὶ μεγέθει.

REM. Ὑπερορῶ, I overlook, look down upon, and ὑπεραίρω, ὑπερβάλλω, surpass, have the accusative. In the proper signification, the preposition is usually repeated.

c) With ἐπιβαίνω, set foot upon, e.g. τῆς Λακωνικῆς. (Ἐπιβαίνω ἐπὶ τὴν ναῦν, go on board the ship.)

a) With the verbs to hear, learn, ask, the name of the person from whom the thing is heard, &c., is sometimes put in the genitive: Ὑμεῖς ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Pl. Apol. 17). Ἄγγελος οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ὅτου πευσόμεθα τἀκεῖ πράγματα (Arist. Aves 1120). It is more usual, however (except with πυνθάνομαι), to add παρά (πρός, ἐξ).

REM. 1. Ἀποδέχομαί τινος, properly accept from some one and approve of, e.g. Μὴ ταῦτα ἀποδέχεσθε Ἀγοράτου (Lys. 13, 83). Οὐκ ἀποδέξομαί σου, ἐὰν τοιαῦτα φλυαρῇς (Pl. Rep. 1, 337), then usually with participle annexed (ἀποδέχομαί τινος λέγοντος): accept willingly, approve that (prop. while, if) a person do so and so. [1]

[1]: In like manner ἀνέχομαί τινος ποιοῦντός τι, put up with, tolerate that (prop. when) a person does so and so. Hence with gen. alone, ἀνέχομαί τινος.

REM. 2. Ὄζω μύρου, smell of perfume (with the accompanying notion of fullness). Τῆς κεφαλῆς ὄζω μύρου (Arist. Eccl. 524), in the head (from the head).

REM. 3. The poets put passive verbs with the genitive, in the sense of, from (Ἂν ᾖ θέλουσα, πάντ’ ἐμοῦ κομίζεται, Soph. Ed. R. 580, what she will), especially participles, denoting extraction or origin, e.g. φύς, τραφείς τινος. (Cf. § 54, c.)

REM. 4. (269; 275, R. 3) The poets sometimes use with verbs which in general denote a motion, the genitive of the place from which the motion commences: Δόμων ὁρῶ Χρυσόθεμιν ἐντάφια χεροῖν φέρουσαν (Soph. El. 324). Παῖδας γῆς ἐλῶν Κορινθίας (Eur. Med. 70, out of). The more ancient language had for this sense the particular termination θεν, which has remained in local adverbs (cf. the Accidence). (Also ἐξ οὐρανόθεν.)

a) (293) A genitive stands with verbs and phrases, denoting crimination and impeachment of a person, or conviction and condemnation, to denote the matter of the crimination (charge, &c.), e.g. Γράφομαι Φίλιππον φόνου, as with αἰτιῶμαι (also αἰτιῶμαι τοὺς θεοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν), ἐπαιτιῶμαι, διώκω, εἰσάγω, ὑπάγω, γράφομαι, αἱρῶ (τινὰ φόνου, κλοπῆς), ἐπέξειμι (τινὶ φόνου), δίκην λαγχάνω (or simply λαγχάνω), δικάζομαι (τινὶ κλήρου, go to law with a person because of an inheritance), φεύγω, ἁλίσκομαι, ὀφλισκάνω (ἀσεβείας). (Ἀπολύω, ἀφίημί τινα τῆς αἰτίας, § 57, b.) [2]

[2]: The conception on which the genitive rests, seems to be either that of a bringing under a certain notion (on account of, under the head of), or, of a direction to something (that to which the charge comes).

REM. 1. With some of these verbs the name of the punishment also stands in the genitive: Ὑπάγω τινὰ θανάτου. Κρίνομαι θανάτου (am upon my trial for life and death, but also περὶ θανάτου, Xen. Hell. 5, 5, 25). (Τιμῶ τινι τῶν ἐσχάτων. Τιμᾶταί μοι ὁ κατήγορος θανάτου, lays the punishment at, demands that death be the punishment.)

REM. 2. On the verbs compounded with κατά, see § 59, a. Ὀφλισκάνω stands also with the accusative of the things one is accounted guilty of, and of the punishment: Ὠφλήκασι μοχθηρίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν (Pl. Apol. 39), ὀφλεῖν χιλίας δραχμάς, ὀφλεῖν γέλωτα. (Ἐγκαλεῖν τινι ἀδικίαν.)

b) With some verbs and phrases denoting to praise or count happy, to compassionate or take revenge for, the object on account of which one is praised or pitied, or revenge is taken, stands in the genitive: Εὐδαιμονίζω σε τοῦ τρόπου (Pl. Crit. 43). Νῦν ἔξεστι Λακεδαιμονίους πάντων, ὧν πεποιήκασιν ἡμᾶς, τιμωρήσασθαι (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 19); so with ἄγαμαι, εὐδαιμονίζω, μακαρίζω, ζηλῶ, οἰκτείρω, ἀμύνομαι, τιμωροῦμαι. (With an adjective: Εὐδαίμων μοι ἁνὴρ ἐφαίνετο τοῦ τρόπου, Pl. Phæd. 58.)

REM. 1. Occasionally some other verbs of kindred meaning are thus used, e.g. συγγιγνώσκω τινὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας (Pl. Euthyd. 306; as τιμωροῦμαι, otherwise συγγιγνώσκειν τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τινός). Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὠργίζοντο Θηβαίοις τῆς ἀντιλήψεως τῆς τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος δεκάτης (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 5). The poets use this genitive with all verbs which denote praise, blame, or anger at something, e.g. πατρὶ μηνίσας φόνου (Soph. Ant. 1177). Verbs of wondering are also found with a single genitive of the person wondered at: Θαυμάζω τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίας δόξης ἀποθνήσκειν ἐθελόντων, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς κοινῆς μὴ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐχόντων (Isocr. Archid. 93).

REM. 2. In the same manner the genitive is used in crying out at something, with an adjective, an interjection, or alone: Σχετλία τόλμης (Eur. Alc. 741). Φεῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 39). Τῆς τύχης, τὸ ἐμὲ νῦν δεῦρο κληθέντα τυχεῖν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 3, what a misfortune, that I —).

(288 f.) The genitive stands (as possessive) with the adjectives which denote belonging to, or the contrary, viz. οἰκεῖος, ἴδιος, ἱερός (consecrated to a god), κοινός, ἀλλότριος. Τὰ τῶν τὴν πόλιν οἰκούντων οἰκεῖα τῶν καλῶς βασιλευόντων ἐστίν (Isocr. ad Nic. 21). Ἡ πόλις ἁπάντων τῶν πολιτευομένων κοινή ἐστιν (Andoc. 2, 1). Ἱερὸς ὁ χῶρος τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος (Xen. An. 5, 3, 13).

REM. Οἰκεῖος, in the sense inclined and appropriate to, and ἀλλότριος, unfavourable to, alienated from, have the dative: Ἡ Θάσος τότε Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν οἰκεία, ἡμῖν δ’ ἀλλοτρία ἦν (Dem. 20, 61). Κοινός has more frequently the dative (κοινὸν πᾶσιν, κοινὸς ὁ ἀγὼν ἐμοί τε καὶ σοί).

The genitive stands, as objective genitive, with adjectives denoting a property which refers to a certain object (transitive adjectives), viz.:

a) (268; 288 d, e) With the adjectives denoting full of, deficient in, needy, unparticipant of, void, or free from (cf. § 57, the genitive with the corresponding verbs), e.g. Τὰ κοῖλα τῆς γῆς ὕδατος ἔμπλεά ἐστιν (Pl. Phæd. 110). Πόλις μεστὴ ἐμπόρων καὶ ξένων (Isocr. Pac. 21). Ἔρημοι συμμάχων ἐσμέν. Πῶς ἂν θεὸς εἴη ὁ τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἄμοιρος; (Pl. Conv. 202.) Καθαρὸς φόνου (Pl. Legg. 9, 864). Such adjectives are πλήρης, πλέως, ἔμπλεως, σύμπλεως, μεστός, πλούσιος, — ἐνδεής, ἐπιδεής, κενός, ἔρημος, πένης, μέτοχος, ἄμοιρος (ἀκέραιος, ἀκέραστος), καθαρός, ἐλεύθερος, and some in which the signification is more special, e.g. ὀρφανός (παίδων), γυμνός (ψυχὴ γυμνὴ σώματος).

REM. 1. To an adjective formed from a substantive with a privativum, and expressing a notion complete in itself without the addition of an object, the Greeks sometimes annex for more exact definition the genitive of a kindred substantive, so that the adjective expresses no more than the general notion bereft of, free from, e.g. ἄπαις ἀῤῥένων παίδων (Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 2), ἄτιμος πάσης τιμῆς (Pl. Legg. 6, 774, also τούτων ἄτιμοι, Andoc. 1, 75, deprived of this honour), ἀδωρότατος χρημάτων (Thuc. 2, 65, uncorrupted by), ἀθῶος τῆς Φιλίππου δυναστείας (Dem. 18, 270, free from, unhurt by). But especially in the poets, e.g. ἀνήνεμος πάντων χειμώνων (Soph. Ed. C. 677), ἄπεπλος φαρέων (Eur. Phœn. 324), ἄφωνος τῆσδε τῆς ἀρᾶς (Soph. Ed. C. 685, without uttering this curse), ἄλυπος γήρως (Soph. Ed. C. 1519, untouched by).

REM. 2. The poets form numerous compound adjectives with the sense of fulness or abundance of a certain special kind, and give them a genitive, e.g. πολυστεφὴς δάφνης (Soph. Ed. R. 83), πολυκτήμων βίου (Eur. Ion 581).

b) (287 b; 288 c) With the adjectives which denote knowledge, experience, carefulness, capacity, power, or being guilty (or the cause) of something, e.g. Ἐπιστήμων τῆς θαλάττης (Thuc. 1, 142), ἐγκρατὴς ὕπνου, γαστρός. Such adjectives are ἔμπειρος, ἄπειρος, ἐπιστήμων, ἀνεπιστήμων, ἀήθης (τοῦ κακῶς ἀκούειν), ἐπιμελής, ἀμελής, ἀμνήμων, ἐγκρατής, ἀκρατής, κύριος, αἴτιος, with others of more special signification, e.g. φιλομαθής, ἀμαθής (ὡραία γάμου, ripe for marriage).

c) (287 a) With adjectives derived from verbs which govern the accusative or genitive, and denoting either the action, or (especially with the ending ικός) the capacity for it, or (with a privativum) the forbearance of the action, e.g. Κακούργος τῶν ἄλλων, κατήκοος Μήδων, φειδωλὸς χρημάτων, ἀνατρεπτικὸς πόλεως, ἐξεργαστικώτατοι ἃ ἂν (= τούτων, ἃ ἂν) ἐγχειρῶσιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 1, 4), ἄγευστος ἐλευθερίας (Pl. Rep. 9, 576), ἀπαθὴς κακῶν (Pl. Phæd. 250), ἄπρακτοι ὧν ἐφίενται (Thuc. 6, 33), ἀνήκοος τοῦ πάντων ἡδίστου ἀκούσματος (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 31). Φιλόδωρος (fond of giving) εὐμενείας, ἄδωρος δυσμενείας (Pl. Conv. 197).

REM. 1. Κατήκοος and ὑπήκοος have also the dative, like the corresponding verbs.

REM. 2. A genitive is also used with adverbs formed from the adjectives described under b and c, especially with ἔχω (instead of εἶναι with the adjective): ἐρωτικῶς, ἐμπείρως, ἀνακῶς, ἀμελῶς ἔχειν τινός. (Ἀπεχώρουν μάλα ὑπεροπτικῶς τῶν ἐναντίων, Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 18.) Likewise with διαφερόντως (τῶν ἄλλων), from διαφέρων (τινός).

d) With some which are compounded with a substantive capable of governing the genitive, and contain its notion, e.g. ὑπεύθυνος (τῆς ἀρχῆς, he who has to give an account of an office administered by him), ὑποτελὴς φόρου (Thuc. 7, 57), ὑπόδικος φόνου, ἀσεβείας.

REM. The poets sometimes construct compound adjectives in a harsh manner with a genitive governed by the substantive contained in the adjective, e.g. δωμάτων ὑπόστεγος (Soph. El. 1386, who is under the roof of the house). Χρόνος ἡμερῶν ἀνήριθμος (Soph. Trach. 247, a time consisting of days of which there is no number).

e) With ἄξιος, ἀνάξιος, ἀντάξιος, together with the corresponding adverbs, and the verb ἀξιῶ, account worthy, e.g. Ἄξιος ἐπαίνου, κολάζειν τινὰ ἀξίως τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ἀξιοῦσθαι τῶν ἴσων.

REM. 1. Ἄξιον with the dative denotes it is worth some one’s while, e.g. Ἄξιον σοι καὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον τοῦ βίου φροντίζειν (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 34).

REM. 2. Of the genitive with adjectives which denote something corresponding with a thing, see the dative, § 37, R. 1.

(271) The genitive stands with the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, to denote the second member of the comparison (καλλίων Ἀλκιβιάδου, ἀμεῖνον ζῆν τῶν ἄλλων), in the same signification with the adjectives which denote double of, twice as great, and the like (— πλάσιος, — πλοῦς), and sometimes with ἄλλος (see comparative, § 91); further, with some verbs derived from a comparative and expressing a comparison, together with one or two others, which, without being so derived, have a similar signification, as πλεονεκτῶ (τῶν ἐχθρῶν), μειονεκτῶ, ἡσσῶμαι (τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν), ἐλασσοῦμαι, ὑστερῶ and ὑστερίζω (τῆς μάχης), — περιγίγνομαι, περίειμι (τινὸς πλήθει, σοφίᾳ), λείπομαι (πλήθει ὑμῶν), ἀπολείπομαι (am left behind, fall short of, τῆς ἀληθείας).

a) (258) The genitive serves to denote the price at which a thing is bought, sold, exchanged, given in pledge, for which it is done, or at which it is set: Πολλῶν χρημάτων (πολλοῦ) ὠνεῖσθαί τι (πρίασθαι, κτᾶσθαι, πωλεῖν, ἀποδίδοσθαι). Δόξα χρημάτων οὐκ ὠνητή (Isocr. ad Nic. 32). Καὶ τῆς ψυχῆς ἂν τοῦτο πριαίμην. Οὐδεμιᾶς χάριτος οὐδ’ ὠφελείας ἀνταλλάξαισθε ἄν τὴν εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας εὔνοιαν (Dem. 6, 10). Ὑποτιθέναι (ὑποκεῖσθαι) πέντε μνῶν. Πόσου Εὔηνος διδάσκει; (Pl. Apol. 20.) Μισθοῦ (for pay) Τιμοκράτης νόμους εἰσφέρει (Dem. 24, 66). Χρημάτων ἐπικουρεῖν (Pl. Rep. 9, 575, for money). Οἱ τῆς παρ’ ἡμέραν χάριτος τὰ μέγιστα τῆς πόλεως ἀπολωλεκότες (Dem. 8, 70). Τὰ τῶν εὖ καὶ κακῶς ποιεῖν δυναμένων δῶρα μείζονος τιμῶνται οἱ λαμβάνοντες ἢ τῶν ἄλλων (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 13). Πλοῖα χρημάτων τετιμημένα (Thuc. 4, 26).

REM. Ποιοῦμαί τι (τινά) περὶ πολλοῦ (πλείονος, ὀλίγου). With ἀλλάττομαι, ἀνταλλάττομαι the preposition ἀντί is also added.

b) In the genitive is also set that for which pay is demanded or given: Σωκράτης οὐδένα τῆς συνουσίας ἀργύριον ἐπράττετο (Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 11).

a) (276) The genitive serves to denote the time within which, or at a certain point of which, something takes place (with partitive conception), therefore partly in specifying a natural undefined time, or a time often recurring (as e.g. νυκτός, at or by night, τῆς ἡμέρας, by day = per diem); partly in specifying the definite period of time in the course of which something takes place (e.g. τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους, in the same summer, τῆς ἐπιούσης ἡμέρας, in the course of the following day); partly in specifying the time within which something takes place, or in the course of which something has not taken place (does not take place): Δείλης ἀφίκοντο οἱ Ἕλληνες εἰς τὰς κώμας (Xen. An. 3, 3, 11). Ἔτι βαθέος ὄρθρου (Pl.). Σωκράτης τὸ αὐτὸ ἱμάτιον ἠμφίεστο θέρους τε καὶ χειμῶνος (Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 2). (More rarely ἐν θέρει, in the poets also simply θέρει.) Δαρεικὸν ἕκαστος οἴσει τοῦ μηνὸς ὑμῶν (Xen. An. 7, 6, 7; also τοῦ μηνὸς ἑκάστου). — Τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους Ἅγνων καὶ Κλεόπομπος ἐστράτευσαν ἐπὶ Χαλκιδέας τοὺς ἐπὶ Θράκης (Thuc. 2, 58). Ἐπράχθη ταῦτα Ἐλαφηβολιῶνος μηνὸς ἐπὶ Θεοφίλου ἄρχοντος (Dem. 37, 6). Δήλια (the Delos festival) ἦν ἐκείνου τοῦ μηνός (Xen. Mem. 4, 8, 2). Οἱ ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας ἐπύθοντό τε τὴν ἀπόβασιν τὴν τῶν βαρβάρων καὶ ἐβοήθησαν ἐπὶ τοὺς ὅρους τῆς χώρας καὶ μάχῃ νικήσαντες τρόπαιον ἔστησαν τῶν πολεμίων (Isocr. Paneg. 87). — Γύλιππος ἔλεγεν, εἰ βούλονται ἐξιέναι οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας πέντε ἡμερῶν, ἕτοιμος εἶναι σπένδεσθαι (Thuc. 7, 3). Προσετάχθη Νικομάχῳ τεττάρων μηνῶν ἀναγράψαι τοὺς νόμους τοὺς Σόλωνος (Lys. 30, 2). Πολλῶν ἐτῶν Ἀγάθων ἐνθάδε οὐκ ἐπιδεδήμηκεν (Pl. Conv. 172). Οὔπω δὴ πολλοῦ χρόνου τούτου ἡδίονι οἴνῳ ἐπέτυχον (Xen. An. 1, 9, 25).

REM. 1. Τῆς αὐτῆς ἡμέρας, in the course of the same day, yet on the same day, on one and the same day, τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ (§ 45), the same day, often with small difference. Τοῦ αὐτοῦ θέρους, ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ θέρει (Thuc. 4, 133). Τοῦ λοιποῦ, in future (οὐ βλάψομεν τοῦ λοιποῦ ἑκόντες τὸ ἱερόν, Thuc. 4, 98) and τὸ λοιπόν.

REM. 2. The time in the progress of which is also denoted by the dative with ἐν: Ἐν τεσσαράκοντα μάλιστα ἡμέραις Ἅγνων χιλίους καὶ πεντήκοντα ὁπλίτας τῇ νόσῳ ἀπώλεσεν (Thuc. 2, 58). Ἐν τρισὶν ἡμέραις καὶ τοσαύταις νυξὶ διακόσια καὶ χίλια στάδια οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι διῆλθον (Isocr. Paneg. 187). [1]

[1]: Λακεδαιμονίων βασιλεὺς ἐντὸς τριῶν ἐτῶν ἀφείλετο τὴν ἀρχήν (Isocr. Euag. 64, in less than —).

b) (277) The genitive of a substantive (or word used substantively) and a participle serves to denote the time (and the circumstance), and indicates that something goes on while the subject is doing the thing, or is in the situation, denoted by the participle: Κύρου βασιλεύοντος, στρατηγοῦντος, in the reign, under the command, of Cyrus. See Participles, § 181.

a) The general (possessive) genitive relation may be denoted in Greek alike by the possessive pronouns and by the genitive of the personal pronouns: τὰ ἡμέτερα ὅπλα, τὰ ὅπλα ἡμῶν. A possessive pronoun may have a genitive standing in apposition to it, especially that of αὐτός: Ἐμὸς αὐτοῦ (αὐτῆς), ἡμέτερος αὐτῶν, my own, our own. Εἶδον τὴν σὴν ἀνδρίαν καὶ μεγαλοφροσύνην, ἀναβαίνοντος ἐπὶ τὸν ὀκρίβαντα (on the stage) μετὰ τῶν ὑποκριτῶν (Pl. Conv. 194).

b) The objective genitive relation is sometimes denoted by a possessive pronoun: Εὐνοίᾳ ἐρῶ τῇ σῇ (Pl. Gorg. 486). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι φόβῳ τῷ ὑμετέρῳ πολεμησείουσιν (Thuc. 1, 33). [1]

[1]: Of the vocative, we have only to remark, that in prose it has ὦ before it, with very rare exceptions where there is a forcible brevity in the expression: Ἄνδρες, διαπλεῖν μέν, ἔνθα βουλόμεθα, Ἀρίσταρχος ὅδε τριήρεις ἔχων κωλύει (Xen. An. 7, 3, 3); in the poets ὦ is very often omitted. An adjective is put between ὦ and the substantive, when it is emphatic (ὦ καλὲ παῖ); otherwise it is put after it (ὦ Πρώταρχε φίλε, Pl. Phil. 53), and always in customary forms of address, as ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι. Instead of the vocative the poets sometimes put the nominative (δύστηνος, ἀντὶ τοῦ; Soph. Œ. R. 1155.) In prose only with οὗτος, this person here, which is also used in the sense ho, there! you there! An adjective or participle may be annexed as apposition in the nominative with the article: Σὺ δέ, ὁ ἄρχων τῶν ἐπὶ ταῖς καμήλοις ἀνδρῶν (Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 33). (Ὦ Ὑστάσπα καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι οἱ παρόντες, Xen. Cyr. 8, 4, 17.)

§ 55

§ 55

The genitive stands with the prepositions ἄνευ, ἀντί, ἀπό, ἕνεκα, ἐξ, πρό always, and with the prepositions διά, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπέρ, and ὑπό in certain significations (those which spring from the conception of a hanging together with, and a going forth from; see chap. 6); also with all the adverbs which, as prepositions, serve to denote a relation to something in regard of place and space (sometimes also of time [2]); also with πλήν, except, λάθρα (κρύφα), privily from (λάθρᾳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν), ἐμποδών, in the way of (obstructive: πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀλλήλοις ἐμποδὼν γίγνεσθαι, Xen. Cyr. 8, 5, 24), lastly with expressions which are compounded with prepositions to denote on a certain side of: ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος (Isocr. Areop. 80), τοῦ Ἡρακλείου ἐπέκεινα (Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 10), τὰ πρὸς ἕω τῆς Θηβαίων πόλεως (Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 49; the country to the east of Thebes). (On χάριν, δίκην with the gen., see § 31, d. R.)

[2]: Such adverbs are: ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ (with its degrees of comparison, mostly poetical), ἐγγύς (with its degrees of comparison: τοῦ καιροῦ ἐγγυτέρω τοῦ τείχους διώξαντες, Xen. Hell. 5, 3, 5, with the genitive of comparison, by § 64 and § 90, R. 4), πλησίον (the same), πόῤῥω, (poet. σχεδόν, ἑκάς, τῆλε, τηλοῦ, τηλόθε,) χωρίς, (δίχα poet.,) εἴσω, ἔξω, ἐντός, ἐκτός (with ἔξωθεν, etc.), μεταξύ, πρόσθεν, ὄπισθεν, ἐπίπροσθεν, ὕπερθεν, ἔνερθεν (poet.), ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, ἀμφοτέρωθεν, ἑκατέρωθεν, πέρα, πέραν (καταντιπέρας), ἐναντίον (ἄντα, ἀντίον poet. [ἐνώπιον]), καταντικρύ (ἀντικρύ), εὐθύ (ἰθύς), ἄχρις, μέχρις (in later writers ἕως), ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς.

REM. 1. With ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, and πλησίον, the poets sometimes use the dative, for the most part so that it can refer to the verb (ἐγγὺς εἶναί τινι). (Ἐγγύτερον τῷ θανάτῳ, Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 21, of a similarity.) Ἑξῆς and ἐφεξῆς have also the dative, especially in connexion with εἶναι or κεῖσθαι (ἐφεξῆς κεῖσθαί τινι, to follow immediately upon something).

REM. 2. How from, out of, is denoted by the genitive without preposition, see § 60.

The genitive stands with the prepositions ἄνευ, ἀντί, ἀπό, ἕνεκα, ἐξ, πρό always, and with the prepositions διά, ἐπί, κατά, μετά, παρά, περί, πρός, ὑπέρ, and ὑπό in certain significations (those which spring from the conception of a hanging together with, and a going forth from; see chap. 6); also with all the adverbs which, as prepositions, serve to denote a relation to something in regard of place and space (sometimes also of time [2]); also with πλήν, except, λάθρα (κρύφα), privily from (λάθρᾳ τῶν στρατιωτῶν), ἐμποδών, in the way of (obstructive: πολλῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀλλήλοις ἐμποδὼν γίγνεσθαι, Xen. Cyr. 8, 5, 24), lastly with expressions which are compounded with prepositions to denote on a certain side of: ἐπὶ τάδε Φασήλιδος (Isocr. Areop. 80), τοῦ Ἡρακλείου ἐπέκεινα (Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 10), τὰ πρὸς ἕω τῆς Θηβαίων πόλεως (Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 49; the country to the east of Thebes). (On χάριν, δίκην with the gen., see § 31, d. R.)

[2]: Such adverbs are: ἄγχι, ἀγχοῦ (with its degrees of comparison, mostly poetical), ἐγγύς (with its degrees of comparison: τοῦ καιροῦ ἐγγυτέρω τοῦ τείχους διώξαντες, Xen. Hell. 5, 3, 5, with the genitive of comparison, by § 64 and § 90, R. 4), πλησίον (the same), πόῤῥω, (poet. σχεδόν, ἑκάς, τῆλε, τηλοῦ, τηλόθε,) χωρίς, (δίχα poet.,) εἴσω, ἔξω, ἐντός, ἐκτός (with ἔξωθεν, etc.), μεταξύ, πρόσθεν, ὄπισθεν, ἐπίπροσθεν, ὕπερθεν, ἔνερθεν (poet.), ἔνθεν καὶ ἔνθεν, ἀμφοτέρωθεν, ἑκατέρωθεν, πέρα, πέραν (καταντιπέρας), ἐναντίον (ἄντα, ἀντίον poet. [ἐνώπιον]), καταντικρύ (ἀντικρύ), εὐθύ (ἰθύς), ἄχρις, μέχρις (in later writers ἕως), ἑξῆς, ἐφεξῆς.

REM. 1. With ἄγχι, ἐγγύς, and πλησίον, the poets sometimes use the dative, for the most part so that it can refer to the verb (ἐγγὺς εἶναί τινι). (Ἐγγύτερον τῷ θανάτῳ, Xen. Cyr. 8, 7, 21, of a similarity.) Ἑξῆς and ἐφεξῆς have also the dative, especially in connexion with εἶναι or κεῖσθαι (ἐφεξῆς κεῖσθαί τινι, to follow immediately upon something).

REM. 2. How from, out of, is denoted by the genitive without preposition, see § 60.

§ 56 (291-293, 259-262)

§ 56 (291-293, 259-262) 

(291–293 & 259–262) The genitive stands as object with a multitude of verbs, which in their original signification, involve more or less nearly the conception of a connexion or coherence with, or a coming out (a being parted) from the same; either as principal object (sometimes with an object of reference in the dative), or as accessory definition (more remote object) along with a passive object in the accusative; e.g. Τυγχάνειν τοῦ σκοποῦ, ἅπτεσθαι τῆς χειρός, τοῦ πράγματος, ἐπιθυμεῖν εἰρήνης, ἐρᾶν φρονήσεως, μετέχειν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, μεταδιδόναι τοῖς ἄλλοις τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῶν πραγμάτων, ἄρχειν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, παύειν τινὰ ὕβρεως, αἰτιᾶσθαί τινα τῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ πραχθέντων, καταγιγνώσκειν φυγήν τινος (to condemn a man to exile).

REM. 1. In some such verbs the construction is somewhat variable in consequence of a different view of the meaning; for particular instances of this, the Lexicon must be consulted. Some verbs have the genitive in some one special sense, but otherwise have different constructions.

REM. 2. Although the genitive does not denote an object passively recipient of the action, yet verbs which govern a genitive (as principal object, not as secondary definition along with an accusative) are sometimes predicated in the passive of a subject which, in the active, would stand in the genitive: Νικήρατος ἐρῶν τῆς γυναικὸς ἀντερᾶται (Xen. Conv. 8, 3). Ἀσκεῖται ἀεὶ τὸ τιμώμενον, ἀμελεῖται δὲ τὸ ἀτιμαζόμενον (Pl. Rep. 8, 551. Ἀμελεῖν τινος). Ὅστις ἄρχεται ὑπὸ τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡδονῶν, οὐκ ἐλεύθερός ἐστιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 5, 3. Ἄρχειν τινός); especially those compounded with κατά (§ 59), as κατακρίνεσθαι, καταφρονεῖσθαι, καταγελᾶσθαι, e.g. Ἐπειδάν τις ἐγγὺς ᾖ τοῦ οἴεσθαι τελευτήσειν, οἱ λεγόμενοι μῦθοι περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου, καταγελώμενοι τέως, τότε δὴ στρέφουσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχήν, μὴ ἀληθεῖς ὦσιν (Pl. Rep. 1, 330). Ἰσμηνίας κατεψηφίσθη καὶ ἀποθνήσκει (Xen. Hell. 5, 2, 36, from καταψηφίζομαι, deponent middle).

(291–293 & 259–262) The genitive stands as object with a multitude of verbs, which in their original signification, involve more or less nearly the conception of a connexion or coherence with, or a coming out (a being parted) from the same; either as principal object (sometimes with an object of reference in the dative), or as accessory definition (more remote object) along with a passive object in the accusative; e.g. Τυγχάνειν τοῦ σκοποῦ, ἅπτεσθαι τῆς χειρός, τοῦ πράγματος, ἐπιθυμεῖν εἰρήνης, ἐρᾶν φρονήσεως, μετέχειν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, μεταδιδόναι τοῖς ἄλλοις τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τῶν πραγμάτων, ἄρχειν τῶν Ἑλλήνων, παύειν τινὰ ὕβρεως, αἰτιᾶσθαί τινα τῶν ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ πραχθέντων, καταγιγνώσκειν φυγήν τινος (to condemn a man to exile).

REM. 1. In some such verbs the construction is somewhat variable in consequence of a different view of the meaning; for particular instances of this, the Lexicon must be consulted. Some verbs have the genitive in some one special sense, but otherwise have different constructions.

REM. 2. Although the genitive does not denote an object passively recipient of the action, yet verbs which govern a genitive (as principal object, not as secondary definition along with an accusative) are sometimes predicated in the passive of a subject which, in the active, would stand in the genitive: Νικήρατος ἐρῶν τῆς γυναικὸς ἀντερᾶται (Xen. Conv. 8, 3). Ἀσκεῖται ἀεὶ τὸ τιμώμενον, ἀμελεῖται δὲ τὸ ἀτιμαζόμενον (Pl. Rep. 8, 551. Ἀμελεῖν τινος). Ὅστις ἄρχεται ὑπὸ τῶν διὰ τοῦ σώματος ἡδονῶν, οὐκ ἐλεύθερός ἐστιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 5, 3. Ἄρχειν τινός); especially those compounded with κατά (§ 59), as κατακρίνεσθαι, καταφρονεῖσθαι, καταγελᾶσθαι, e.g. Ἐπειδάν τις ἐγγὺς ᾖ τοῦ οἴεσθαι τελευτήσειν, οἱ λεγόμενοι μῦθοι περὶ τῶν ἐν Ἅιδου, καταγελώμενοι τέως, τότε δὴ στρέφουσιν αὐτοῦ τὴν ψυχήν, μὴ ἀληθεῖς ὦσιν (Pl. Rep. 1, 330). Ἰσμηνίας κατεψηφίσθη καὶ ἀποθνήσκει (Xen. Hell. 5, 2, 36, from καταψηφίζομαι, deponent middle).

§ 57

§ 57

a) The genitive is governed by the verbs which involve the conception of attaching to, and adherence to a thing; viz. such as mean to seize or lay hold by or upon, to hold to, catch at, get to (hit), aim at, and be studious of, crave, be in need of, lay claim to, be or make partaker of, fill with, be full of and rich in, make a beginning of: thus, λαμβάνομαι (in the middle), ἐπιλαμβάνομαι, ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, συλλαμβάνομαι, ἔχομαι, ἀντέχομαι (also figuratively, e.g. ἐπιλαμβάνομαι τοῦ νόμου, lay hold upon and find fault with, τὰ τούτων ἐχόμενα, what hangs together with these and borders thereon) [1], ἅπτομαι, καθάπτομαι, ψαύω, θιγγάνω, — ὀρέγομαι, στοχάζομαι, τυγχάνω (hit — attain, get), ἐφικνοῦμαι, ἐξικνοῦμαι (κυρῶ), — ἐπιθυμῶ, ἐρῶ, [2] ἐφίεμαι, γλίχομαι, (διψῶ, thirst after, ἐλευθερίας), — δεῖ (μοι, I need), δέομαι (τινός, of a person: I beg of some one), πρόσδεομαι (χρήζω), [3] ἐλλείπει (μοι, I have lack of), — ἀντιποιοῦμαι (τῆς ἀρχῆς τινι, contest the government with some one), μεταποιοῦμαι, ἀμφισβητῶ (τινός τινι), προσήκει (μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς, I have a right to, have to do with —), μετέχω, μεταλαγχάνω, μεταλαμβάνω, μέτεστι (τινός μοι), μεταδίδωμι, [4] κοινωνῶ (τινός τινι),

[1]: The actives λαμβάνω, take (not take by), ἔχω, hold, have, govern the accusative.

[2]: But φιλῶ τινα, as it does not express desire.

[3]: Πολλοῦ δέω, ὀλίγου δέω, I am far from, within a little of —, ὀλίγου δεῖ, it wants little of, or but that —. Τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἑνὸς δέον, not δέοντος, i.e. the twenty-ninth year; δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες, forty-eight men. (Ὀκτὼ ἀποδέοντες τριακόσιοι, Thuc. 4, 38; ὀκτώ as genitive.) (Ὀλίγου, μικροῦ without δεῖ, adverbially: within a little, almost, nearly.)

[4]: Μετέχω, μεταλαμβάνω μέρος, μέτεστί μοι μέρος, as the genitive denotes the whole, of which the person has part. Λαγχάνω τι, obtain by lot; in the poets also τινός.

συναίρομαι (τινὶ τοῦ κινδύνου), [1] κληρονομῶ (τῆς οὐσίας), ἀπολαύω, [2] γεύομαι (μέλιτος, μαθήματος, γεύω τοὺς παῖδας αἵματος), ἐμφοροῦμαι, ὀσφραίνομαι, — πίμπλημι (ἐμπ., ἀναπ.), πληρῶ, πλήθω, γέμω, εὐπορῶ, πλουτῶ, — ἄρχω (ὑπάρχω, κατάρχω), ἄρχομαι, [3] and other more special expressions.

[1]: Also συναίρομαι τὸν κίνδυνον, share the danger.

[2]: Also ἀπολαύω ἀγαθόν (φλαῦρόν) τι τινος.

[3]: Ἄρχομαι ἀπό τινος, begin with, at something.

(260) REM. The verbs to take, to hold, have also take the genitive of the part by which one lays hold: Οἱ παρόντες ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόντην (Xen. An. 1, 6, 10). Καί μου ἐλάβετο τῆς χειρὸς ὁ Ἀδείμαντος (Pl. Parm. 126, took me by the hand). So ἕλκειν τινὰ ποδῶν (by the feet), and the like.

b) Further, the verbs which convey the notion of removal from and depriving of: viz. such as to give up (one’s claim to), forego, miss of, be and make far from, shut out of, hinder of, deprive of, begrudge, free from, lack, refrain from (spare), desist from, make an end of, together with be different from; thus, ἀφίεμαι, μεθίεμαι (τινός), [4] — ἀποτυγχάνω, ἁμαρτάνω, σφάλλομαι, ψεύδομαι (ἀπολείπομαι τῶν καιρῶν), — ἀπέχω, διέχω, χωρίζω, ἀφίστημι (Ὀρχομενίους Θηβαίων, move them to revolt from the Th., ἀφίστασθαι Θηβαίων), — εἴργω (τινὰ τῆς διόδου), ἴσχω, κωλύω (ἐναντιοῦμαί τινί τινος), στερῶ, ἀποστερῶ (τινά τινος), [5] φθονῶ (γυμνῶ, μονῶ, strip, make deserted, i.e. bereave of, καταλύω τινὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐλευθερῶ, ἀπαλλάττω (τινὰ κακῶν, ἀπαλλάττομαι πόνων), ἀφίημι, ἀπολύω (τινὰ τῆς αἰτίας), — ἀπέχομαι, φείδομαι, — εἴκω, ὑπείκω, παραχωρῶ (τινί τινος), ὑποχωρῶ, ἐξίσταμαι (τῆς οὐσίας, τοῦ φρονεῖν), (ἐξανίσταμαι, ὑπανίσταμαί τινι ἕδρας), — παύω (τινὰ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, παύομαι τῆς ἐπ.), ἐπέχω (τοῦ λόγου, ὑφίεμαι τοῦ μέγα φρονεῖν), — διαφέρω, διέστηκα, and other more special phrases (e.g. λωφῶ ὀδύνης, feel myself relieved of), or such as are used in a more free sense by the poets (e.g. ἀτιμάζειν τινὰ ὧν δεῖται, Soph. Ed. Col. 49, to refuse a person something, and count him unworthy of it, πεφευγέναι νόσου, Soph. Phil. 1044).

[4]: But ἀφίημι, μεθίημί τινα, let a person go, set him at liberty.

[5]: Also ἀποστερῶ τινά τι, § 25.

REM. In different verbs the sense which requires the genitive, results from their composition with ἀπό, or ἐξ, thus (besides the verbs above given) in ἀπελαύνω, ἀποτρέπω (τινὰ τῆς ἀλαζονείας), ἀποπηδῶ (Σωκράτους, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 16, desert him suddenly), ἐκβαίνω (τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ ἰδέας), ἐκβάλλω (τινὰ τιμῆς), ἐκδιαιτῶμαι (τῶν καθεστώτων νομίμων, Thuc. 1, 132), ἐξίστημι (τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν, ἐξίσταμαι τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐκλύω (τινὰ ἀπορίας). Where the local notion from, out, is prominent, we have (both in these compounds, and in other verbs) ἀπό or ἐξ, e.g. Ἡ ψυχὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος χωρίζεται. Αἱ ὄχθαι τρία πλέθρα ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀπεῖχον (Xen. An. 4, 3, 5). Ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἐκ πόνων. (Ἐλευθεροῦν, ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἀπὸ Μήδων, of persons.)

a) The genitive is governed by the verbs which involve the conception of attaching to, and adherence to a thing; viz. such as mean to seize or lay hold by or upon, to hold to, catch at, get to (hit), aim at, and be studious of, crave, be in need of, lay claim to, be or make partaker of, fill with, be full of and rich in, make a beginning of: thus, λαμβάνομαι (in the middle), ἐπιλαμβάνομαι, ἀντιλαμβάνομαι, συλλαμβάνομαι, ἔχομαι, ἀντέχομαι (also figuratively, e.g. ἐπιλαμβάνομαι τοῦ νόμου, lay hold upon and find fault with, τὰ τούτων ἐχόμενα, what hangs together with these and borders thereon) [1], ἅπτομαι, καθάπτομαι, ψαύω, θιγγάνω, — ὀρέγομαι, στοχάζομαι, τυγχάνω (hit — attain, get), ἐφικνοῦμαι, ἐξικνοῦμαι (κυρῶ), — ἐπιθυμῶ, ἐρῶ, [2] ἐφίεμαι, γλίχομαι, (διψῶ, thirst after, ἐλευθερίας), — δεῖ (μοι, I need), δέομαι (τινός, of a person: I beg of some one), πρόσδεομαι (χρήζω), [3] ἐλλείπει (μοι, I have lack of), — ἀντιποιοῦμαι (τῆς ἀρχῆς τινι, contest the government with some one), μεταποιοῦμαι, ἀμφισβητῶ (τινός τινι), προσήκει (μοι τῆς ἀρχῆς, I have a right to, have to do with —), μετέχω, μεταλαγχάνω, μεταλαμβάνω, μέτεστι (τινός μοι), μεταδίδωμι, [4] κοινωνῶ (τινός τινι),

[1]: The actives λαμβάνω, take (not take by), ἔχω, hold, have, govern the accusative.

[2]: But φιλῶ τινα, as it does not express desire.

[3]: Πολλοῦ δέω, ὀλίγου δέω, I am far from, within a little of —, ὀλίγου δεῖ, it wants little of, or but that —. Τριακοστὸν ἔτος ἑνὸς δέον, not δέοντος, i.e. the twenty-ninth year; δυοῖν δέοντες πεντήκοντα ἄνδρες, forty-eight men. (Ὀκτὼ ἀποδέοντες τριακόσιοι, Thuc. 4, 38; ὀκτώ as genitive.) (Ὀλίγου, μικροῦ without δεῖ, adverbially: within a little, almost, nearly.)

[4]: Μετέχω, μεταλαμβάνω μέρος, μέτεστί μοι μέρος, as the genitive denotes the whole, of which the person has part. Λαγχάνω τι, obtain by lot; in the poets also τινός.

συναίρομαι (τινὶ τοῦ κινδύνου), [1] κληρονομῶ (τῆς οὐσίας), ἀπολαύω, [2] γεύομαι (μέλιτος, μαθήματος, γεύω τοὺς παῖδας αἵματος), ἐμφοροῦμαι, ὀσφραίνομαι, — πίμπλημι (ἐμπ., ἀναπ.), πληρῶ, πλήθω, γέμω, εὐπορῶ, πλουτῶ, — ἄρχω (ὑπάρχω, κατάρχω), ἄρχομαι, [3] and other more special expressions.

[1]: Also συναίρομαι τὸν κίνδυνον, share the danger.

[2]: Also ἀπολαύω ἀγαθόν (φλαῦρόν) τι τινος.

[3]: Ἄρχομαι ἀπό τινος, begin with, at something.

(260) REM. The verbs to take, to hold, have also take the genitive of the part by which one lays hold: Οἱ παρόντες ἔλαβον τῆς ζώνης τὸν Ὀρόντην (Xen. An. 1, 6, 10). Καί μου ἐλάβετο τῆς χειρὸς ὁ Ἀδείμαντος (Pl. Parm. 126, took me by the hand). So ἕλκειν τινὰ ποδῶν (by the feet), and the like.

b) Further, the verbs which convey the notion of removal from and depriving of: viz. such as to give up (one’s claim to), forego, miss of, be and make far from, shut out of, hinder of, deprive of, begrudge, free from, lack, refrain from (spare), desist from, make an end of, together with be different from; thus, ἀφίεμαι, μεθίεμαι (τινός), [4] — ἀποτυγχάνω, ἁμαρτάνω, σφάλλομαι, ψεύδομαι (ἀπολείπομαι τῶν καιρῶν), — ἀπέχω, διέχω, χωρίζω, ἀφίστημι (Ὀρχομενίους Θηβαίων, move them to revolt from the Th., ἀφίστασθαι Θηβαίων), — εἴργω (τινὰ τῆς διόδου), ἴσχω, κωλύω (ἐναντιοῦμαί τινί τινος), στερῶ, ἀποστερῶ (τινά τινος), [5] φθονῶ (γυμνῶ, μονῶ, strip, make deserted, i.e. bereave of, καταλύω τινὰ τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐλευθερῶ, ἀπαλλάττω (τινὰ κακῶν, ἀπαλλάττομαι πόνων), ἀφίημι, ἀπολύω (τινὰ τῆς αἰτίας), — ἀπέχομαι, φείδομαι, — εἴκω, ὑπείκω, παραχωρῶ (τινί τινος), ὑποχωρῶ, ἐξίσταμαι (τῆς οὐσίας, τοῦ φρονεῖν), (ἐξανίσταμαι, ὑπανίσταμαί τινι ἕδρας), — παύω (τινὰ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας, παύομαι τῆς ἐπ.), ἐπέχω (τοῦ λόγου, ὑφίεμαι τοῦ μέγα φρονεῖν), — διαφέρω, διέστηκα, and other more special phrases (e.g. λωφῶ ὀδύνης, feel myself relieved of), or such as are used in a more free sense by the poets (e.g. ἀτιμάζειν τινὰ ὧν δεῖται, Soph. Ed. Col. 49, to refuse a person something, and count him unworthy of it, πεφευγέναι νόσου, Soph. Phil. 1044).

[4]: But ἀφίημι, μεθίημί τινα, let a person go, set him at liberty.

[5]: Also ἀποστερῶ τινά τι, § 25.

REM. In different verbs the sense which requires the genitive, results from their composition with ἀπό, or ἐξ, thus (besides the verbs above given) in ἀπελαύνω, ἀποτρέπω (τινὰ τῆς ἀλαζονείας), ἀποπηδῶ (Σωκράτους, Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 16, desert him suddenly), ἐκβαίνω (τῆς ἐμαυτοῦ ἰδέας), ἐκβάλλω (τινὰ τιμῆς), ἐκδιαιτῶμαι (τῶν καθεστώτων νομίμων, Thuc. 1, 132), ἐξίστημι (τινὰ τοῦ φρονεῖν, ἐξίσταμαι τῆς ἀρχῆς), ἐκλύω (τινὰ ἀπορίας). Where the local notion from, out, is prominent, we have (both in these compounds, and in other verbs) ἀπό or ἐξ, e.g. Ἡ ψυχὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος χωρίζεται. Αἱ ὄχθαι τρία πλέθρα ἀπὸ τοῦ ποταμοῦ ἀπεῖχον (Xen. An. 4, 3, 5). Ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἐκ πόνων. (Ἐλευθεροῦν, ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἀπὸ Μήδων, of persons.)

§ 58 (291)

§ 58 (291) 

a) (291) Further, the genitive is governed by the verbs which denote being careful or neglectful of, mindful or forgetful of (the conception being, that the mind is directed to something), as ἐπιμελοῦμαι, μέλει μοι, μεταμέλει μοι (it repents me of), φροντίζω, κήδομαι, ἐντρέπομαι (have a care of, regard for), προνοῶ, προορῶ, ἀμελῶ, ὀλιγωρῶ, — μέμνημαι, ἐπιμέμνημαι, λανθάνομαι, ἐπιλανθάνομαι, ἀναμιμνήσκω (τινά τινος), sometimes ἐνθυμοῦμαι (usually with the accusative), and the verb πειρῶμαι (πειρῶ), attempt.

REM. 1. The constructions μέλει μοι, φροντίζω περί τινος also occur. (Μέλει μοι ταῦτα, personally. Ἑορταὶ καὶ χοροὶ πᾶσι μέλουσιν, Pl. Legg. 8, 835.)

REM. 2. Μέμνημαι has also the accusative (bear in mind and know: τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας); ἀναμιμνήσκω two accusatives (§ 25). Μνημονεύω has usually the accusative.

REM. 3. After the same analogy, the genitive is sometimes found also with αἰσθάνομαι, have a perception of (by the senses, e.g. κραυγῆς), and ἀκούω, hear to (e.g. τῶν Σειρήνων), different from ἀκούω τινός, hear from a person, § 60. Ἀκούω τινὸς διαλεγομένου, I hear some one speaking.

b) Likewise the verbs which signify to be leader and ruler of, as ἄρχω, ἡγοῦμαι, κρατῶ, βασιλεύω, δεσπόζω, προστατῶ, τυραννεύω, στρατηγῶ, ἡγεμονεύω, and the verb ἀκούω (κλύω) in the signification obey (and ἀνηκουστῶ). [1]

[1]: In Herodotus also πείθομαί τινος.

REM. Ἡγοῦμαί τινι, am leader to a person, show him the way, κρατῶ τινα, overcome a person (μάχη). In the poets, the verbs of ruling have also the dative. As ἀκούω, so ὑπακούω occurs with the genitive (usually with the dative).

a) (291) Further, the genitive is governed by the verbs which denote being careful or neglectful of, mindful or forgetful of (the conception being, that the mind is directed to something), as ἐπιμελοῦμαι, μέλει μοι, μεταμέλει μοι (it repents me of), φροντίζω, κήδομαι, ἐντρέπομαι (have a care of, regard for), προνοῶ, προορῶ, ἀμελῶ, ὀλιγωρῶ, — μέμνημαι, ἐπιμέμνημαι, λανθάνομαι, ἐπιλανθάνομαι, ἀναμιμνήσκω (τινά τινος), sometimes ἐνθυμοῦμαι (usually with the accusative), and the verb πειρῶμαι (πειρῶ), attempt.

REM. 1. The constructions μέλει μοι, φροντίζω περί τινος also occur. (Μέλει μοι ταῦτα, personally. Ἑορταὶ καὶ χοροὶ πᾶσι μέλουσιν, Pl. Legg. 8, 835.)

REM. 2. Μέμνημαι has also the accusative (bear in mind and know: τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας); ἀναμιμνήσκω two accusatives (§ 25). Μνημονεύω has usually the accusative.

REM. 3. After the same analogy, the genitive is sometimes found also with αἰσθάνομαι, have a perception of (by the senses, e.g. κραυγῆς), and ἀκούω, hear to (e.g. τῶν Σειρήνων), different from ἀκούω τινός, hear from a person, § 60. Ἀκούω τινὸς διαλεγομένου, I hear some one speaking.

b) Likewise the verbs which signify to be leader and ruler of, as ἄρχω, ἡγοῦμαι, κρατῶ, βασιλεύω, δεσπόζω, προστατῶ, τυραννεύω, στρατηγῶ, ἡγεμονεύω, and the verb ἀκούω (κλύω) in the signification obey (and ἀνηκουστῶ). [1]

[1]: In Herodotus also πείθομαί τινος.

REM. Ἡγοῦμαί τινι, am leader to a person, show him the way, κρατῶ τινα, overcome a person (μάχη). In the poets, the verbs of ruling have also the dative. As ἀκούω, so ὑπακούω occurs with the genitive (usually with the dative).

§ 59

§ 59

a) The genitive stands with various verbs which are compounded with a preposition governing the genitive, as the object of the relation denoted by the preposition, either alone, or with an object-accusative; especially (besides the verbs with ἀπό and ἐξ, § 57 b, R.) those compounds with κατά which denote an action directed to, or against a person, e.g. καταγελῶ, καταφρονῶ, καταβοῶ (τῶν στρατηγῶν, cry out against the generals, in accusation or complaint), καταντλῶ (γέλωτά τινος), καταχέω, καταπροίξομαι, καταψεύδομαι, καθυβρίζω. In those which denote accusation and condemnation (κατηγορῶ, καταγιγνώσκω, καταδικάζω, κατακρίνω, καταψηφίζομαι), the offence or the punishment stands as object in the accusative: κατηγορεῖν ἀδικίαν, μωρίαν τινός (literally, to charge injustice against a person), so that the Greek construction is often the converse of the English. Ὅταν του καταγνῶτε ἱεροσυλίαν ἢ κλοπήν, οὐ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος ὧν ἂν λάβωσι, τὴν τιμωρίαν ποιεῖσθε, ἀλλ’ ὁμοίως ἁπάντων θάνατον κατακρίνετε (Isocr. in Loch. 6). (Καταψηφίζεσθαι δειλίαν, θάνατόν τινος.) In the passive: Τἀμοῦ ψευδῆ κατηγορημένα (Pl. Apol. 18). Ὁ κατεψηφισμένος ἡμῶν θάνατος. (Πολλὴν δυστυχίαν καταγιγνώσκειν τινός, to pronounce a person to be very unfortunate.)

b) Further, in some verbs compounded with πρό and ὑπέρ (partly in their proper signification, partly with the sense of a preference or advantage), e.g. προτιθέναι προοίμιον τοῦ λόγου (Pl. Legg. 4, 723, prefix), προτιμᾶν σωτηρίαν κέρδους (Ant. 2, β. 5), προέχειν τινός τινι (to surpass a person in something), ὑπερέχειν σκιάδειόν τινος (Arist. Aves 1508), ὑπερφρονεῖν τινος (to look down upon), ὑπερέχειν πάντων κάλλει καὶ μεγέθει.

REM. Ὑπερορῶ, I overlook, look down upon, and ὑπεραίρω, ὑπερβάλλω, surpass, have the accusative. In the proper signification, the preposition is usually repeated.

c) With ἐπιβαίνω, set foot upon, e.g. τῆς Λακωνικῆς. (Ἐπιβαίνω ἐπὶ τὴν ναῦν, go on board the ship.)

a) The genitive stands with various verbs which are compounded with a preposition governing the genitive, as the object of the relation denoted by the preposition, either alone, or with an object-accusative; especially (besides the verbs with ἀπό and ἐξ, § 57 b, R.) those compounds with κατά which denote an action directed to, or against a person, e.g. καταγελῶ, καταφρονῶ, καταβοῶ (τῶν στρατηγῶν, cry out against the generals, in accusation or complaint), καταντλῶ (γέλωτά τινος), καταχέω, καταπροίξομαι, καταψεύδομαι, καθυβρίζω. In those which denote accusation and condemnation (κατηγορῶ, καταγιγνώσκω, καταδικάζω, κατακρίνω, καταψηφίζομαι), the offence or the punishment stands as object in the accusative: κατηγορεῖν ἀδικίαν, μωρίαν τινός (literally, to charge injustice against a person), so that the Greek construction is often the converse of the English. Ὅταν του καταγνῶτε ἱεροσυλίαν ἢ κλοπήν, οὐ πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος ὧν ἂν λάβωσι, τὴν τιμωρίαν ποιεῖσθε, ἀλλ’ ὁμοίως ἁπάντων θάνατον κατακρίνετε (Isocr. in Loch. 6). (Καταψηφίζεσθαι δειλίαν, θάνατόν τινος.) In the passive: Τἀμοῦ ψευδῆ κατηγορημένα (Pl. Apol. 18). Ὁ κατεψηφισμένος ἡμῶν θάνατος. (Πολλὴν δυστυχίαν καταγιγνώσκειν τινός, to pronounce a person to be very unfortunate.)

b) Further, in some verbs compounded with πρό and ὑπέρ (partly in their proper signification, partly with the sense of a preference or advantage), e.g. προτιθέναι προοίμιον τοῦ λόγου (Pl. Legg. 4, 723, prefix), προτιμᾶν σωτηρίαν κέρδους (Ant. 2, β. 5), προέχειν τινός τινι (to surpass a person in something), ὑπερέχειν σκιάδειόν τινος (Arist. Aves 1508), ὑπερφρονεῖν τινος (to look down upon), ὑπερέχειν πάντων κάλλει καὶ μεγέθει.

REM. Ὑπερορῶ, I overlook, look down upon, and ὑπεραίρω, ὑπερβάλλω, surpass, have the accusative. In the proper signification, the preposition is usually repeated.

c) With ἐπιβαίνω, set foot upon, e.g. τῆς Λακωνικῆς. (Ἐπιβαίνω ἐπὶ τὴν ναῦν, go on board the ship.)

§ 60

§ 60

a) With the verbs to hear, learn, ask, the name of the person from whom the thing is heard, &c., is sometimes put in the genitive: Ὑμεῖς ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Pl. Apol. 17). Ἄγγελος οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ὅτου πευσόμεθα τἀκεῖ πράγματα (Arist. Aves 1120). It is more usual, however (except with πυνθάνομαι), to add παρά (πρός, ἐξ).

REM. 1. Ἀποδέχομαί τινος, properly accept from some one and approve of, e.g. Μὴ ταῦτα ἀποδέχεσθε Ἀγοράτου (Lys. 13, 83). Οὐκ ἀποδέξομαί σου, ἐὰν τοιαῦτα φλυαρῇς (Pl. Rep. 1, 337), then usually with participle annexed (ἀποδέχομαί τινος λέγοντος): accept willingly, approve that (prop. while, if) a person do so and so. [1]

[1]: In like manner ἀνέχομαί τινος ποιοῦντός τι, put up with, tolerate that (prop. when) a person does so and so. Hence with gen. alone, ἀνέχομαί τινος.

REM. 2. Ὄζω μύρου, smell of perfume (with the accompanying notion of fullness). Τῆς κεφαλῆς ὄζω μύρου (Arist. Eccl. 524), in the head (from the head).

REM. 3. The poets put passive verbs with the genitive, in the sense of, from (Ἂν ᾖ θέλουσα, πάντ’ ἐμοῦ κομίζεται, Soph. Ed. R. 580, what she will), especially participles, denoting extraction or origin, e.g. φύς, τραφείς τινος. (Cf. § 54, c.)

REM. 4. (269; 275, R. 3) The poets sometimes use with verbs which in general denote a motion, the genitive of the place from which the motion commences: Δόμων ὁρῶ Χρυσόθεμιν ἐντάφια χεροῖν φέρουσαν (Soph. El. 324). Παῖδας γῆς ἐλῶν Κορινθίας (Eur. Med. 70, out of). The more ancient language had for this sense the particular termination θεν, which has remained in local adverbs (cf. the Accidence). (Also ἐξ οὐρανόθεν.)

a) With the verbs to hear, learn, ask, the name of the person from whom the thing is heard, &c., is sometimes put in the genitive: Ὑμεῖς ἐμοῦ ἀκούσεσθε πᾶσαν τὴν ἀλήθειαν (Pl. Apol. 17). Ἄγγελος οὐδεὶς πάρεστιν, ὅτου πευσόμεθα τἀκεῖ πράγματα (Arist. Aves 1120). It is more usual, however (except with πυνθάνομαι), to add παρά (πρός, ἐξ).

REM. 1. Ἀποδέχομαί τινος, properly accept from some one and approve of, e.g. Μὴ ταῦτα ἀποδέχεσθε Ἀγοράτου (Lys. 13, 83). Οὐκ ἀποδέξομαί σου, ἐὰν τοιαῦτα φλυαρῇς (Pl. Rep. 1, 337), then usually with participle annexed (ἀποδέχομαί τινος λέγοντος): accept willingly, approve that (prop. while, if) a person do so and so. [1]

[1]: In like manner ἀνέχομαί τινος ποιοῦντός τι, put up with, tolerate that (prop. when) a person does so and so. Hence with gen. alone, ἀνέχομαί τινος.

REM. 2. Ὄζω μύρου, smell of perfume (with the accompanying notion of fullness). Τῆς κεφαλῆς ὄζω μύρου (Arist. Eccl. 524), in the head (from the head).

REM. 3. The poets put passive verbs with the genitive, in the sense of, from (Ἂν ᾖ θέλουσα, πάντ’ ἐμοῦ κομίζεται, Soph. Ed. R. 580, what she will), especially participles, denoting extraction or origin, e.g. φύς, τραφείς τινος. (Cf. § 54, c.)

REM. 4. (269; 275, R. 3) The poets sometimes use with verbs which in general denote a motion, the genitive of the place from which the motion commences: Δόμων ὁρῶ Χρυσόθεμιν ἐντάφια χεροῖν φέρουσαν (Soph. El. 324). Παῖδας γῆς ἐλῶν Κορινθίας (Eur. Med. 70, out of). The more ancient language had for this sense the particular termination θεν, which has remained in local adverbs (cf. the Accidence). (Also ἐξ οὐρανόθεν.)

§ 61 (293)

§ 61 (293) 

a) (293) A genitive stands with verbs and phrases, denoting crimination and impeachment of a person, or conviction and condemnation, to denote the matter of the crimination (charge, &c.), e.g. Γράφομαι Φίλιππον φόνου, as with αἰτιῶμαι (also αἰτιῶμαι τοὺς θεοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν), ἐπαιτιῶμαι, διώκω, εἰσάγω, ὑπάγω, γράφομαι, αἱρῶ (τινὰ φόνου, κλοπῆς), ἐπέξειμι (τινὶ φόνου), δίκην λαγχάνω (or simply λαγχάνω), δικάζομαι (τινὶ κλήρου, go to law with a person because of an inheritance), φεύγω, ἁλίσκομαι, ὀφλισκάνω (ἀσεβείας). (Ἀπολύω, ἀφίημί τινα τῆς αἰτίας, § 57, b.) [2]

[2]: The conception on which the genitive rests, seems to be either that of a bringing under a certain notion (on account of, under the head of), or, of a direction to something (that to which the charge comes).

REM. 1. With some of these verbs the name of the punishment also stands in the genitive: Ὑπάγω τινὰ θανάτου. Κρίνομαι θανάτου (am upon my trial for life and death, but also περὶ θανάτου, Xen. Hell. 5, 5, 25). (Τιμῶ τινι τῶν ἐσχάτων. Τιμᾶταί μοι ὁ κατήγορος θανάτου, lays the punishment at, demands that death be the punishment.)

REM. 2. On the verbs compounded with κατά, see § 59, a. Ὀφλισκάνω stands also with the accusative of the things one is accounted guilty of, and of the punishment: Ὠφλήκασι μοχθηρίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν (Pl. Apol. 39), ὀφλεῖν χιλίας δραχμάς, ὀφλεῖν γέλωτα. (Ἐγκαλεῖν τινι ἀδικίαν.)

b) With some verbs and phrases denoting to praise or count happy, to compassionate or take revenge for, the object on account of which one is praised or pitied, or revenge is taken, stands in the genitive: Εὐδαιμονίζω σε τοῦ τρόπου (Pl. Crit. 43). Νῦν ἔξεστι Λακεδαιμονίους πάντων, ὧν πεποιήκασιν ἡμᾶς, τιμωρήσασθαι (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 19); so with ἄγαμαι, εὐδαιμονίζω, μακαρίζω, ζηλῶ, οἰκτείρω, ἀμύνομαι, τιμωροῦμαι. (With an adjective: Εὐδαίμων μοι ἁνὴρ ἐφαίνετο τοῦ τρόπου, Pl. Phæd. 58.)

REM. 1. Occasionally some other verbs of kindred meaning are thus used, e.g. συγγιγνώσκω τινὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας (Pl. Euthyd. 306; as τιμωροῦμαι, otherwise συγγιγνώσκειν τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τινός). Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὠργίζοντο Θηβαίοις τῆς ἀντιλήψεως τῆς τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος δεκάτης (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 5). The poets use this genitive with all verbs which denote praise, blame, or anger at something, e.g. πατρὶ μηνίσας φόνου (Soph. Ant. 1177). Verbs of wondering are also found with a single genitive of the person wondered at: Θαυμάζω τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίας δόξης ἀποθνήσκειν ἐθελόντων, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς κοινῆς μὴ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐχόντων (Isocr. Archid. 93).

REM. 2. In the same manner the genitive is used in crying out at something, with an adjective, an interjection, or alone: Σχετλία τόλμης (Eur. Alc. 741). Φεῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 39). Τῆς τύχης, τὸ ἐμὲ νῦν δεῦρο κληθέντα τυχεῖν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 3, what a misfortune, that I —).

a) (293) A genitive stands with verbs and phrases, denoting crimination and impeachment of a person, or conviction and condemnation, to denote the matter of the crimination (charge, &c.), e.g. Γράφομαι Φίλιππον φόνου, as with αἰτιῶμαι (also αἰτιῶμαι τοὺς θεοὺς τῶν ἀγαθῶν), ἐπαιτιῶμαι, διώκω, εἰσάγω, ὑπάγω, γράφομαι, αἱρῶ (τινὰ φόνου, κλοπῆς), ἐπέξειμι (τινὶ φόνου), δίκην λαγχάνω (or simply λαγχάνω), δικάζομαι (τινὶ κλήρου, go to law with a person because of an inheritance), φεύγω, ἁλίσκομαι, ὀφλισκάνω (ἀσεβείας). (Ἀπολύω, ἀφίημί τινα τῆς αἰτίας, § 57, b.) [2]

[2]: The conception on which the genitive rests, seems to be either that of a bringing under a certain notion (on account of, under the head of), or, of a direction to something (that to which the charge comes).

REM. 1. With some of these verbs the name of the punishment also stands in the genitive: Ὑπάγω τινὰ θανάτου. Κρίνομαι θανάτου (am upon my trial for life and death, but also περὶ θανάτου, Xen. Hell. 5, 5, 25). (Τιμῶ τινι τῶν ἐσχάτων. Τιμᾶταί μοι ὁ κατήγορος θανάτου, lays the punishment at, demands that death be the punishment.)

REM. 2. On the verbs compounded with κατά, see § 59, a. Ὀφλισκάνω stands also with the accusative of the things one is accounted guilty of, and of the punishment: Ὠφλήκασι μοχθηρίαν καὶ ἀδικίαν (Pl. Apol. 39), ὀφλεῖν χιλίας δραχμάς, ὀφλεῖν γέλωτα. (Ἐγκαλεῖν τινι ἀδικίαν.)

b) With some verbs and phrases denoting to praise or count happy, to compassionate or take revenge for, the object on account of which one is praised or pitied, or revenge is taken, stands in the genitive: Εὐδαιμονίζω σε τοῦ τρόπου (Pl. Crit. 43). Νῦν ἔξεστι Λακεδαιμονίους πάντων, ὧν πεποιήκασιν ἡμᾶς, τιμωρήσασθαι (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 19); so with ἄγαμαι, εὐδαιμονίζω, μακαρίζω, ζηλῶ, οἰκτείρω, ἀμύνομαι, τιμωροῦμαι. (With an adjective: Εὐδαίμων μοι ἁνὴρ ἐφαίνετο τοῦ τρόπου, Pl. Phæd. 58.)

REM. 1. Occasionally some other verbs of kindred meaning are thus used, e.g. συγγιγνώσκω τινὶ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας (Pl. Euthyd. 306; as τιμωροῦμαι, otherwise συγγιγνώσκειν τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ τινός). Λακεδαιμόνιοι ὠργίζοντο Θηβαίοις τῆς ἀντιλήψεως τῆς τοῦ Ἀπόλλωνος δεκάτης (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 5). The poets use this genitive with all verbs which denote praise, blame, or anger at something, e.g. πατρὶ μηνίσας φόνου (Soph. Ant. 1177). Verbs of wondering are also found with a single genitive of the person wondered at: Θαυμάζω τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἰδίας δόξης ἀποθνήσκειν ἐθελόντων, ὑπὲρ δὲ τῆς κοινῆς μὴ τὴν αὐτὴν γνώμην ἐχόντων (Isocr. Archid. 93).

REM. 2. In the same manner the genitive is used in crying out at something, with an adjective, an interjection, or alone: Σχετλία τόλμης (Eur. Alc. 741). Φεῦ τοῦ ἀνδρός (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 39). Τῆς τύχης, τὸ ἐμὲ νῦν δεῦρο κληθέντα τυχεῖν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 3, what a misfortune, that I —).

§ 62 (288 f.)

§ 62 (288 f.)

(288 f.) The genitive stands (as possessive) with the adjectives which denote belonging to, or the contrary, viz. οἰκεῖος, ἴδιος, ἱερός (consecrated to a god), κοινός, ἀλλότριος. Τὰ τῶν τὴν πόλιν οἰκούντων οἰκεῖα τῶν καλῶς βασιλευόντων ἐστίν (Isocr. ad Nic. 21). Ἡ πόλις ἁπάντων τῶν πολιτευομένων κοινή ἐστιν (Andoc. 2, 1). Ἱερὸς ὁ χῶρος τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος (Xen. An. 5, 3, 13).

REM. Οἰκεῖος, in the sense inclined and appropriate to, and ἀλλότριος, unfavourable to, alienated from, have the dative: Ἡ Θάσος τότε Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν οἰκεία, ἡμῖν δ’ ἀλλοτρία ἦν (Dem. 20, 61). Κοινός has more frequently the dative (κοινὸν πᾶσιν, κοινὸς ὁ ἀγὼν ἐμοί τε καὶ σοί).

(288 f.) The genitive stands (as possessive) with the adjectives which denote belonging to, or the contrary, viz. οἰκεῖος, ἴδιος, ἱερός (consecrated to a god), κοινός, ἀλλότριος. Τὰ τῶν τὴν πόλιν οἰκούντων οἰκεῖα τῶν καλῶς βασιλευόντων ἐστίν (Isocr. ad Nic. 21). Ἡ πόλις ἁπάντων τῶν πολιτευομένων κοινή ἐστιν (Andoc. 2, 1). Ἱερὸς ὁ χῶρος τῆς Ἀρτέμιδος (Xen. An. 5, 3, 13).

REM. Οἰκεῖος, in the sense inclined and appropriate to, and ἀλλότριος, unfavourable to, alienated from, have the dative: Ἡ Θάσος τότε Λακεδαιμονίοις μὲν οἰκεία, ἡμῖν δ’ ἀλλοτρία ἦν (Dem. 20, 61). Κοινός has more frequently the dative (κοινὸν πᾶσιν, κοινὸς ὁ ἀγὼν ἐμοί τε καὶ σοί).

§ 63

§ 63

The genitive stands, as objective genitive, with adjectives denoting a property which refers to a certain object (transitive adjectives), viz.:

a) (268; 288 d, e) With the adjectives denoting full of, deficient in, needy, unparticipant of, void, or free from (cf. § 57, the genitive with the corresponding verbs), e.g. Τὰ κοῖλα τῆς γῆς ὕδατος ἔμπλεά ἐστιν (Pl. Phæd. 110). Πόλις μεστὴ ἐμπόρων καὶ ξένων (Isocr. Pac. 21). Ἔρημοι συμμάχων ἐσμέν. Πῶς ἂν θεὸς εἴη ὁ τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἄμοιρος; (Pl. Conv. 202.) Καθαρὸς φόνου (Pl. Legg. 9, 864). Such adjectives are πλήρης, πλέως, ἔμπλεως, σύμπλεως, μεστός, πλούσιος, — ἐνδεής, ἐπιδεής, κενός, ἔρημος, πένης, μέτοχος, ἄμοιρος (ἀκέραιος, ἀκέραστος), καθαρός, ἐλεύθερος, and some in which the signification is more special, e.g. ὀρφανός (παίδων), γυμνός (ψυχὴ γυμνὴ σώματος).

REM. 1. To an adjective formed from a substantive with a privativum, and expressing a notion complete in itself without the addition of an object, the Greeks sometimes annex for more exact definition the genitive of a kindred substantive, so that the adjective expresses no more than the general notion bereft of, free from, e.g. ἄπαις ἀῤῥένων παίδων (Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 2), ἄτιμος πάσης τιμῆς (Pl. Legg. 6, 774, also τούτων ἄτιμοι, Andoc. 1, 75, deprived of this honour), ἀδωρότατος χρημάτων (Thuc. 2, 65, uncorrupted by), ἀθῶος τῆς Φιλίππου δυναστείας (Dem. 18, 270, free from, unhurt by). But especially in the poets, e.g. ἀνήνεμος πάντων χειμώνων (Soph. Ed. C. 677), ἄπεπλος φαρέων (Eur. Phœn. 324), ἄφωνος τῆσδε τῆς ἀρᾶς (Soph. Ed. C. 685, without uttering this curse), ἄλυπος γήρως (Soph. Ed. C. 1519, untouched by).

REM. 2. The poets form numerous compound adjectives with the sense of fulness or abundance of a certain special kind, and give them a genitive, e.g. πολυστεφὴς δάφνης (Soph. Ed. R. 83), πολυκτήμων βίου (Eur. Ion 581).

b) (287 b; 288 c) With the adjectives which denote knowledge, experience, carefulness, capacity, power, or being guilty (or the cause) of something, e.g. Ἐπιστήμων τῆς θαλάττης (Thuc. 1, 142), ἐγκρατὴς ὕπνου, γαστρός. Such adjectives are ἔμπειρος, ἄπειρος, ἐπιστήμων, ἀνεπιστήμων, ἀήθης (τοῦ κακῶς ἀκούειν), ἐπιμελής, ἀμελής, ἀμνήμων, ἐγκρατής, ἀκρατής, κύριος, αἴτιος, with others of more special signification, e.g. φιλομαθής, ἀμαθής (ὡραία γάμου, ripe for marriage).

c) (287 a) With adjectives derived from verbs which govern the accusative or genitive, and denoting either the action, or (especially with the ending ικός) the capacity for it, or (with a privativum) the forbearance of the action, e.g. Κακούργος τῶν ἄλλων, κατήκοος Μήδων, φειδωλὸς χρημάτων, ἀνατρεπτικὸς πόλεως, ἐξεργαστικώτατοι ἃ ἂν (= τούτων, ἃ ἂν) ἐγχειρῶσιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 1, 4), ἄγευστος ἐλευθερίας (Pl. Rep. 9, 576), ἀπαθὴς κακῶν (Pl. Phæd. 250), ἄπρακτοι ὧν ἐφίενται (Thuc. 6, 33), ἀνήκοος τοῦ πάντων ἡδίστου ἀκούσματος (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 31). Φιλόδωρος (fond of giving) εὐμενείας, ἄδωρος δυσμενείας (Pl. Conv. 197).

REM. 1. Κατήκοος and ὑπήκοος have also the dative, like the corresponding verbs.

REM. 2. A genitive is also used with adverbs formed from the adjectives described under b and c, especially with ἔχω (instead of εἶναι with the adjective): ἐρωτικῶς, ἐμπείρως, ἀνακῶς, ἀμελῶς ἔχειν τινός. (Ἀπεχώρουν μάλα ὑπεροπτικῶς τῶν ἐναντίων, Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 18.) Likewise with διαφερόντως (τῶν ἄλλων), from διαφέρων (τινός).

d) With some which are compounded with a substantive capable of governing the genitive, and contain its notion, e.g. ὑπεύθυνος (τῆς ἀρχῆς, he who has to give an account of an office administered by him), ὑποτελὴς φόρου (Thuc. 7, 57), ὑπόδικος φόνου, ἀσεβείας.

REM. The poets sometimes construct compound adjectives in a harsh manner with a genitive governed by the substantive contained in the adjective, e.g. δωμάτων ὑπόστεγος (Soph. El. 1386, who is under the roof of the house). Χρόνος ἡμερῶν ἀνήριθμος (Soph. Trach. 247, a time consisting of days of which there is no number).

e) With ἄξιος, ἀνάξιος, ἀντάξιος, together with the corresponding adverbs, and the verb ἀξιῶ, account worthy, e.g. Ἄξιος ἐπαίνου, κολάζειν τινὰ ἀξίως τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ἀξιοῦσθαι τῶν ἴσων.

REM. 1. Ἄξιον with the dative denotes it is worth some one’s while, e.g. Ἄξιον σοι καὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον τοῦ βίου φροντίζειν (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 34).

REM. 2. Of the genitive with adjectives which denote something corresponding with a thing, see the dative, § 37, R. 1.

The genitive stands, as objective genitive, with adjectives denoting a property which refers to a certain object (transitive adjectives), viz.:

a) (268; 288 d, e) With the adjectives denoting full of, deficient in, needy, unparticipant of, void, or free from (cf. § 57, the genitive with the corresponding verbs), e.g. Τὰ κοῖλα τῆς γῆς ὕδατος ἔμπλεά ἐστιν (Pl. Phæd. 110). Πόλις μεστὴ ἐμπόρων καὶ ξένων (Isocr. Pac. 21). Ἔρημοι συμμάχων ἐσμέν. Πῶς ἂν θεὸς εἴη ὁ τῶν καλῶν καὶ ἀγαθῶν ἄμοιρος; (Pl. Conv. 202.) Καθαρὸς φόνου (Pl. Legg. 9, 864). Such adjectives are πλήρης, πλέως, ἔμπλεως, σύμπλεως, μεστός, πλούσιος, — ἐνδεής, ἐπιδεής, κενός, ἔρημος, πένης, μέτοχος, ἄμοιρος (ἀκέραιος, ἀκέραστος), καθαρός, ἐλεύθερος, and some in which the signification is more special, e.g. ὀρφανός (παίδων), γυμνός (ψυχὴ γυμνὴ σώματος).

REM. 1. To an adjective formed from a substantive with a privativum, and expressing a notion complete in itself without the addition of an object, the Greeks sometimes annex for more exact definition the genitive of a kindred substantive, so that the adjective expresses no more than the general notion bereft of, free from, e.g. ἄπαις ἀῤῥένων παίδων (Xen. Cyr. 4, 6, 2), ἄτιμος πάσης τιμῆς (Pl. Legg. 6, 774, also τούτων ἄτιμοι, Andoc. 1, 75, deprived of this honour), ἀδωρότατος χρημάτων (Thuc. 2, 65, uncorrupted by), ἀθῶος τῆς Φιλίππου δυναστείας (Dem. 18, 270, free from, unhurt by). But especially in the poets, e.g. ἀνήνεμος πάντων χειμώνων (Soph. Ed. C. 677), ἄπεπλος φαρέων (Eur. Phœn. 324), ἄφωνος τῆσδε τῆς ἀρᾶς (Soph. Ed. C. 685, without uttering this curse), ἄλυπος γήρως (Soph. Ed. C. 1519, untouched by).

REM. 2. The poets form numerous compound adjectives with the sense of fulness or abundance of a certain special kind, and give them a genitive, e.g. πολυστεφὴς δάφνης (Soph. Ed. R. 83), πολυκτήμων βίου (Eur. Ion 581).

b) (287 b; 288 c) With the adjectives which denote knowledge, experience, carefulness, capacity, power, or being guilty (or the cause) of something, e.g. Ἐπιστήμων τῆς θαλάττης (Thuc. 1, 142), ἐγκρατὴς ὕπνου, γαστρός. Such adjectives are ἔμπειρος, ἄπειρος, ἐπιστήμων, ἀνεπιστήμων, ἀήθης (τοῦ κακῶς ἀκούειν), ἐπιμελής, ἀμελής, ἀμνήμων, ἐγκρατής, ἀκρατής, κύριος, αἴτιος, with others of more special signification, e.g. φιλομαθής, ἀμαθής (ὡραία γάμου, ripe for marriage).

c) (287 a) With adjectives derived from verbs which govern the accusative or genitive, and denoting either the action, or (especially with the ending ικός) the capacity for it, or (with a privativum) the forbearance of the action, e.g. Κακούργος τῶν ἄλλων, κατήκοος Μήδων, φειδωλὸς χρημάτων, ἀνατρεπτικὸς πόλεως, ἐξεργαστικώτατοι ἃ ἂν (= τούτων, ἃ ἂν) ἐγχειρῶσιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 1, 4), ἄγευστος ἐλευθερίας (Pl. Rep. 9, 576), ἀπαθὴς κακῶν (Pl. Phæd. 250), ἄπρακτοι ὧν ἐφίενται (Thuc. 6, 33), ἀνήκοος τοῦ πάντων ἡδίστου ἀκούσματος (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 31). Φιλόδωρος (fond of giving) εὐμενείας, ἄδωρος δυσμενείας (Pl. Conv. 197).

REM. 1. Κατήκοος and ὑπήκοος have also the dative, like the corresponding verbs.

REM. 2. A genitive is also used with adverbs formed from the adjectives described under b and c, especially with ἔχω (instead of εἶναι with the adjective): ἐρωτικῶς, ἐμπείρως, ἀνακῶς, ἀμελῶς ἔχειν τινός. (Ἀπεχώρουν μάλα ὑπεροπτικῶς τῶν ἐναντίων, Xen. Hell. 7, 1, 18.) Likewise with διαφερόντως (τῶν ἄλλων), from διαφέρων (τινός).

d) With some which are compounded with a substantive capable of governing the genitive, and contain its notion, e.g. ὑπεύθυνος (τῆς ἀρχῆς, he who has to give an account of an office administered by him), ὑποτελὴς φόρου (Thuc. 7, 57), ὑπόδικος φόνου, ἀσεβείας.

REM. The poets sometimes construct compound adjectives in a harsh manner with a genitive governed by the substantive contained in the adjective, e.g. δωμάτων ὑπόστεγος (Soph. El. 1386, who is under the roof of the house). Χρόνος ἡμερῶν ἀνήριθμος (Soph. Trach. 247, a time consisting of days of which there is no number).

e) With ἄξιος, ἀνάξιος, ἀντάξιος, together with the corresponding adverbs, and the verb ἀξιῶ, account worthy, e.g. Ἄξιος ἐπαίνου, κολάζειν τινὰ ἀξίως τῶν ἀδικημάτων, ἀξιοῦσθαι τῶν ἴσων.

REM. 1. Ἄξιον with the dative denotes it is worth some one’s while, e.g. Ἄξιον σοι καὶ τῶν εἰς τὸν μέλλοντα χρόνον τοῦ βίου φροντίζειν (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 34).

REM. 2. Of the genitive with adjectives which denote something corresponding with a thing, see the dative, § 37, R. 1.

§ 64 (271)

§ 64 (271) 

(271) The genitive stands with the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, to denote the second member of the comparison (καλλίων Ἀλκιβιάδου, ἀμεῖνον ζῆν τῶν ἄλλων), in the same signification with the adjectives which denote double of, twice as great, and the like (— πλάσιος, — πλοῦς), and sometimes with ἄλλος (see comparative, § 91); further, with some verbs derived from a comparative and expressing a comparison, together with one or two others, which, without being so derived, have a similar signification, as πλεονεκτῶ (τῶν ἐχθρῶν), μειονεκτῶ, ἡσσῶμαι (τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν), ἐλασσοῦμαι, ὑστερῶ and ὑστερίζω (τῆς μάχης), — περιγίγνομαι, περίειμι (τινὸς πλήθει, σοφίᾳ), λείπομαι (πλήθει ὑμῶν), ἀπολείπομαι (am left behind, fall short of, τῆς ἀληθείας).

(271) The genitive stands with the comparative of adjectives and adverbs, to denote the second member of the comparison (καλλίων Ἀλκιβιάδου, ἀμεῖνον ζῆν τῶν ἄλλων), in the same signification with the adjectives which denote double of, twice as great, and the like (— πλάσιος, — πλοῦς), and sometimes with ἄλλος (see comparative, § 91); further, with some verbs derived from a comparative and expressing a comparison, together with one or two others, which, without being so derived, have a similar signification, as πλεονεκτῶ (τῶν ἐχθρῶν), μειονεκτῶ, ἡσσῶμαι (τῶν ἐπιθυμιῶν), ἐλασσοῦμαι, ὑστερῶ and ὑστερίζω (τῆς μάχης), — περιγίγνομαι, περίειμι (τινὸς πλήθει, σοφίᾳ), λείπομαι (πλήθει ὑμῶν), ἀπολείπομαι (am left behind, fall short of, τῆς ἀληθείας).