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Greek · Grammars

A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Remaining Tenses, Root Aorists, and Mixed Perfects

A Short Grammar of Classical Greek with Tables for Repetition, by Adolf Kaegi, professor at Zurich University. Authorized English Edition for High Schools, Academies, and Colleges, by James A. Kleist, S. J. 2nd, revised, and enlarged edition. St. Louis, Mo. Published by B. Herder: 1905.

English Grammar Elementary 20th century Adolf Kaegi James A. Kleist

Verb forms table (θη-/ἡ-/δω-)

||| θη‑| ἡ‑| δω‑|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Fut. | Act.| θή‑σω| ἥ‑σω| δώ‑σω|
|| Mid.| θή‑σομαι| ἥ‑σομαι| δώ‑σομαι|
| Perf.| Act.| τέ‑θη‑κα| εἷ‑κα| δε‑δω‑κα|
|| Mid. Pass. | (κεῖμαι)| εἷ‑μαι| δε‑δο‑μαι|
| Aor. | Pass. | ἐ‑τέ‑θην| εἵ‑θην| ἐ‑δό‑θην|
| Fut. | Pass. | τε‑θή‑σομαι| ἑ‑θή‑σομαι| δο‑θή‑σομαι|
| Verb.| Adject.| θε‑τός, ‑τέος| ἑ‑τός, ‑τέος| δο‑τός, ‑τέος|
```
§2

Ἵστημι synopsis and related verbs

  1. Ἵστημι has, besides the intransitive second aor. ἔστην ‘placed myself, stepped, stood’, a transitive first aor. ἔστησα ‘set, placed’. The other tenses are partly transitive, partly intransitive. The following is a synopsis of

The meanings of ἵστημι make stand, set, place.

101. Verbs inflected like ἵστημι

Synopsis table (ἵστημι)

```markdown
|| TRANSITIVE| INTRANSITIVE|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|| Active: place, set | Middle: place for my own sake| Passive: am placed | place myself, stand |
| Present| ἵστημι| ἵσταμαι| ἵσταμαι| ἵσταμαι place myself, stand |
| Future| στήσω| στήσομαι| σταθήσομαι| στήσομαι shall pl. m., shall stand |
| Aorist| ἔστησα| ἐστησάμην| ἐστάθην| ἔστην placed myself, stood |
| Perfect| —| —| —| ἕστηκα have pl. m., stand |
| Pluperfect | —| —| —| εἱστήκειν had pl. m., stood |
| Fut. Perf. | —| —| —| ἑστήξω shall have pl. m., shall stand |
```

Note 1.—The intransitive forms supply the respective forms of the passive. Note 2.—Note that the Engl. “stand, stood” etc. are used in two different senses!

List of verbs

  1. The following six verbs (the last three of which are deponents without reduplication in the present stem) inflect their presents and imperfects like ἵστημι.
```markdown
| # | Present| Stem| Future| Aorist| Perfect| Remarks|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 1 | ὀνίνημι profit, help| ὀνη, ὀνᾶ| ὀνήσω, ὀνήσομαι| ὤνησα, ὠνήθην| —, —| Impf. ὠφέλουν.|
| 2 | πίμπλημι fill| πλη, πλᾶ| πλήσω, πλησθήσομαι| ἔπλησα, ἐπλήσθην| πέπληκα, πέπλησμαι | πλήθω: am full.|
| 3 | πίμπρημι burn, set on fire| πρη, πρᾶ| πρήσω, πρησθήσομαι| ἔπρησα, ἐπρήσθην| πέπρηκα, πέπρησμαι | πρήθω: burn, am on fire. |
| 4 | ἄγᾱμαι wonder at, admire| ἀγᾶ(σ)| ἀγάσομαι| ἠγάσθην| —, ἀγαστός||
| 5 | δύναμαι am able, can| δυνη, δυνᾶ| δυνήσομαι| ἐδυνήθην, ἐδυνάσθην| δεδύνημαι||
| 6 | ἐπίσταμαι know, understand| ἐπιστη, ἐπιστᾶ | ἐπιστήσομαι| ἠπιστήθην| —||
```

Note 1.—The aorist ἐπριάμην ‘bought’ is inflected like the imperfect and present of the above deponents; inf. πρίασθαι (present: ὠνοῦμαι 112, 18).

Note 2.—Unlike ἵστημι, these deponents (also ἐπριάμην) have the recessive accent in the subjunctive and optative; hence

subj. δύνωμαι, ἐπίστωμαι, πρίωμαι, opt. δύναιο, ἐπίσταιτο, πρίαισθε, ἄγαιντο.

§102

102. Primitive or root-aorists (ἔστην and others)

1. Ἔστην and the aorists of some other verbs in ‑ω are formed directly from the verb stem (the root). They all have a long vowel in the ind., imper. (except 3. p. pl.) and inf., a short vowel before vowels and before ‑ντ.

  1. The following verbs are the most important:

a) Stems with final A‑sound (ᾱ, η : ᾰ).

```markdown
1. ἀπο‑διδράσκω run away | δρᾱ, δρᾰ | ἀπ‑έδρᾱν | 110, 9. |
2. βαίνω go, step, walk| βη, βᾰ| ἔβην||
3. φθάνω am beforehand| φθη, φθα | ἔφθην| 109, 2. |
```

b) Stems with final E‑sound (η : ε).

```markdown
4. ῥέω flow, run| ῥυη, ῥυε | ἐρρύην ||
```

c) Stems with final O‑sound (ω : ο).

```markdown
5. γιγνώσκω know| γνω, γνο | ἔγνων | 110, 11. |
6. ἁλίσκομαι am taken| ἁλω, ἁλο | ἑάλων | 110, 4.|
7. (βιόω) ζάω live| βιω, βιο | ἐβίων | 112, 13. |
```

d) Stems with final Y‑sound (ῡ : ῠ).

```markdown
8. δύομαι sink, intr.| δῡ, δῠ| ἔδῡν| Act. 91, 6; 93. |
9. φύομαι am born| φῡ, φῠ| ἔφῡν | Act. φύω bring forth, 93. |
```

3. Paradigm

```markdown
| Stems| στη‑, στᾰ‑| ῥυη‑, ῥυε‑| γνω‑, γνο‑| δῡ‑, δῠ‑|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Indicative | ἔ‑στη‑ν stood| ἐρ‑ρύη‑ν| ἔ‑γνω‑ν| ἔ‑δῡ‑ν|
|| ἔ‑στη‑ς| ἐρ‑ρύη‑ς| ἔ‑γνω‑ς| ἔ‑δῡ‑ς|
|| ἔ‑στη| ἐρ‑ρύη| ἔ‑γνω| ἔ‑δῡ|
|| ἔ‑στη‑μεν| ἐρ‑ρύη‑μεν| ἔ‑γνω‑μεν| ἔ‑δῠ‑μεν|
|| ἔ‑στη‑τε| ἐρ‑ρύη‑τε| ἔ‑γνω‑τε| ἔ‑δῠ‑τε|
|| ἔ‑στη‑σαν| ἐρ‑ρύη‑σαν| ἔ‑γνω‑σαν| ἔ‑δῠ‑σαν|
| Subjunctive | στῶ (from στά‑ω)| ῥυῶ| γνῶ| δύω|
|| στῇς| ῥυῇς| γνῷς| δύῃς|
|| στῇ| ῥυῇ| γνῷ| δύῃ|
|| στῶ‑μεν| ῥυῶ‑μεν| γνῶ‑μεν| δύω‑μεν|
|| στῆ‑τε| ῥυῆ‑τε| γνῶ‑τε| δύη‑τε (?)|
|| στῶσι(ν)| ῥυῶσι(ν)| γνῶσι(ν)| δύωσι(ν)|
```

Paradigm — Concluded (стр. 83)

```markdown
| Stems| στη‑, στα‑| ῥυη‑, ῥυε‑| γνω‑, γνο‑| δῡ‑, δῠ‑|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Optative | σταίη‑ν| ῥυείη‑ν| γνοίη‑ν| —|
|| σταίη‑ς| ῥυείη‑ς| γνοίη‑ς||
|| σταίη| ῥυείη| γνοίη||
|| σταῖ‑μεν¹| ῥυεῖ‑μεν²| γνοῖ‑μεν³||
|| etc. see p. 77| etc. like θεῖμεν, p. 77| etc. like δοῖμεν, p. 77||
| Imperative | στῆ‑θι| —| γνῶ‑θι| δῦ‑θι|
|| στή‑τω| —| γνώ‑τω| δύ‑τω|
|| στῆ‑τε| —| γνῶ‑τε| δῦ‑τε|
|| στά‑ντων| —| γνό‑ντων| δύ‑ντων|
| Inf.| στῆ‑ναι| ῥυῆ‑ναι| γνῶ‑ναι| δῦ‑ναι|
| Partic.| στάς, στάντος| ῥυείς, ‑έντος| γνούς, γνόντος| δύς, δύντος|
|| στᾶσα, στάσης| ῥυεῖσα, ‑είσης| γνοῦσα, γνούσης| δῦσα, δύσης|
|| στάν, στάντος| ῥυέν, ‑έντος| γνόν, γνόντος| δύν, δύντος|
```

¹ or σταίη‑μεν etc. ² or ῥυείη‑μεν etc. ³ or γνοίη‑μεν etc.

  1. There is a middle future and a I perfect to all these aorists; e.g.

a) βήσομαι, ἔβην, βέβηκα have gone, b) ῥυήσεται, ἐρρύην, ἐρρύηκε(ν) has flowed, c) γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα have known, d) φύσομαι, ἔφῡν, πέφῡκα am by nature.

§103

103. Mixed Perfects (with and without ‑κα)

  1. Besides ἕστηκα stand, there are forms without a ‑κα, directly derived from the reduplicated verb stem ἑ‑στᾶ; thus especially

perf. ind. ἕστά‑μεν, ἕστᾶ‑τε, ἑστᾶσι(ν); plupf. ἕστᾶ‑σαν. inf. ἑστά‑ναι; part. ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστώς, ἑστῶτος, ἑστώσης, ἑστῶτος.

  1. Likewise τέθνηκα am dead (pres. 110, 7):

perf. ind. τεθνά‑μεν, τεθνᾶ‑τε, τεθνᾶσι(ν); plupf. ἐτεθνά‑σαν. inf. τεθνά‑ναι; part. τεθνεώς, τεθνεῶσα, τεθνεός, τεθνεῶτος, τεθνεώσης, τεθνεῶτος.

  1. Moreover, δέδοικα fear (stem δει‑, δῐ‑, aor. ἔδεισα):

perf. ind. δέδῐα, ‑ας, ‑ε(ν), δέδῐ‑μεν, δέδῐ‑τε, δεδί‑ᾱσι(ν). plupf. ἐδέδῐ‑σαν; inf. δεδιέναι; part. δεδι‑ώς, ‑υῖα, ‑ός, ‑ότος, ‑υίας.

§104

104. Finally, a defective perfect with present meaning: οἶδα

οἶδα know, novi (= have seen, of εἰδ‑, ἰδ‑ (ϝιδ‑), vid‑eo; aor. εἶδον saw, 112, 6). Pres. and aor. are supplied by γιγνώσκω (110, 11) nosco.

```markdown
| PERFECT (PRESENT)| PLUPERFECT (IMPERFECT)| MOODS, INFIN., PARTIC.|
| --- | --- | --- |
| οἶδ‑α know, novi| ᾔδ‑η (‑ειν) knew| Subj. εἰδῶ, ‑ῃς|
| οἶσθα| ᾔδ‑ησθα (‑εις) noveram| Opt. εἰδείην|
| οἶδ‑ε(ν)| ᾔδ‑ει| Imp. ἴσ‑θι, ἴστω etc.|
| ἴσ‑μεν| ᾔδ‑ε‑μεν| Inf. εἰδ‑έναι|
| ἴσ‑τε| ᾔδ‑ε‑τε| Part. εἰδ‑ώς, ‑υῖα, ‑ός,|
| ἴσᾱσι(ν)| ᾔδ‑ε‑σαν|‑ότος, ‑υίας|
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