A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part II: Inflection IV: Pronouns.

IV: PRONOUNS.

1. The accented forms (ἐμοῦ, ἐμοί, ἐμέ — σοῦ, σοί, σέ) are emphatic. Hence they are used

a) in contrasts: οὐκ ἐμοί, ἀλλὰ σοὶ ἀρέσκει.

b) with prepositions: ἐπ᾿ ἐμοί upon me, πρὸς σέ before you.

Otherwise the enclitic forms are used (See §§ 9; 10.)

2. Very emphatic are ἔγωγε, ἐμοῦγε, ἔμοιγε, ἐμέγε, σύγε, etc.

3. For the meaning of the nom. of αὐτός, see § 63.

4. The true pers. pron. of the third person, οὗ, οἷ, etc., is in standard prose restricted to a reflexive sense. See §§ 62 and 125.

1. Instead of σεαυτοῦ, etc., ἑαυτοῦ, etc., ἐαντοῦ, etc. may also use σαυτοῦ, etc., αὑτοῦ, etc., αὑτῶν, etc.

2. For the use and meaning of the refl. pron. see § 125.

3. οὗ, οἷ, ἑ are enclitic. See § 9, 1. a. See § 31, 1.

1. Αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό has the regular inflection of the adjective, except in the nom. and acc. sing. neut., which drop the -ν. It has meanings (see § 127):

a) self, ipse; e.g. ὁ νίος αὐτὸς filius ipse.

b) in the oblique cases: of him, eius (never heading a sentence); e.g. ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ filius eius, στράγην αὐτοῦ amo eum.

c) with the article: the same, idem; e.g. ὁ αὐτὸς υἱὸς idem filius.

Note. — By crasis with the article (§ 18) arise the forms αὑτός, αὑτή, ταὐτό and ταὐτόν (§ 68, 2), τοὔτου, ταὐτῇ, ταὐτά, etc.

2. Like αὐτός is declined: ἄλλος, ἄλλη, ἄλλο, alius, alia, aliud.

3. The reciprocal pronoun wants the singular and the nominative case; it is thus declined:

Pl. Gen. ἀλλήλων ἀλλήλων ἀλλήλων of one another, each other,

Dat. ἀλλήλοις ἀλλήλαις ἀλλήλοις to each [one an]other,

Acc. ἀλλήλους ἀλλήλας ἄλληλα each [one an]other.

1. Ἐμός, ἐμή, ἐμόν my, mine, meus; ἡμέτερος, -α, -ον our, ours, noster.

σός, σή, σόν your, yours, tuus; ὑμέτερος, -α, -ον your, yours, vester.

2. The possessive pronoun of the third person is supplied by the gen. ἑαυτοῦ, etc., in attributive position (refl.). See § 120. The gen. αὐτοῦ, etc., in predicate position (not refl.). See § 121.

3. The relation of property is most frequently expressed by means of the possessive pronouns and the possessive genitive of the personal pronouns as follows:

a) In a sense not reflexive.

b) In a reflexive sense.

1. ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε this, this one here — points ahead (see § 128), οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο this, that, he (who) — points back, ἐκεῖνος, ἐκείνη, ἐκεῖνο that, yonder, that—over there — points to things absent or remote.

2. ὅδε is composed of the article and the enclitic -δε (§ 9, 1. f) which has a demonstrative force (here, there); it is therefore declined like the article.

3. οὗτος too grows out of the article, with which it shares both the initial sound (spir. asper or τ: οὗτος, αὕτη, τοῦτο, ταῦτα) and the middle sound (ου corresp. to the ο-, α to the α-sound in the article).

4. Ἐκεῖνος is declined regularly like αὐτός, αὐτή, αὐτό, § 61.

5. Note the predicate position in:

ὅδε ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ ὅδε this man here,

οὗτος ὁ ἀνήρ or ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος this (that, the said) man,

ἐκείνη ἡ γυνή or ἡ γυνὴ ἐκείνη yonder woman. (See § 128.)

1. Ὅς, ἥ, ὅ who, which, that is thus declined:

2. More emphatic is ὅσπερ, ἥπερ, ὅπερ, οἵπερ, etc. even (precisely, just) he who, the very person who.

3. Ὅστις, ἥτις, ὅτι quisquis, quicumque, any one who, whoever, whatever, whoever.

4. Notice the article in: ὁ φίλος, οὗ τὸν υἱὸν παιδεύω the friend whose son I educate.

1. Τίς, τί is an interrogative pronoun = quis? quid? Who? what? which?

It always accents the stem-syllable and takes no accent but the acute.

2. Τίς, τί is an indefinite pronoun = aliquis, quidam:

Any (one), some (one), (a person), a certain (a kind of).

It is enclitic throughout and never takes an accent but upon the ultima (§ 9, 2. b).

3. Ὅστις is:

a) an indirect interrog. pronoun = quis;

b) an indefinite relative = quicumque; § 66, 3.

4. They are declined as follows:

Note 1. — The following collateral forms are of frequent occurrence: for τίνος: του; for τινός: του encl.; for ὅτινος mostly: ὅτου, for τίνι: τῷ; for τινί: τῳ encl.; for ᾧτινι mostly: ὅτῳ, for the neuter nominative and accusative plural τινά: ἄττα (not encl.), for ἅτινα: ἅττα.

Note 2. — To distinguish the conjunction ὅτι that, because from the neut. of the relat. and interrog. pronoun ὅτι, the latter is sometimes written ὅ τι.

1. ποῖος, ποία, ποῖον; qualis? of what description? what sort of?

πόσος, τόση, πόσον; quantus? how large? how much? pl. quot? how many?

πότερος, ποτέρα, πότερον; uter? which of the two?

2. τοιόσδε, τοιαύδε, τοιόνδε and τοσόσδε, τοσήδε, τοσόνδε are declined regularly, τοιοῦτος and τοσοῦτος like οὗτος, hence:

τοιούτου, τοιούτῃ, τοιοῦτο — τοιούτων, τοιούταις, τοιούτους, etc.

τοσούτου, τοσούτῃ, τοσοῦτο — τοσούτων, τοσούταις, τοσούτους, etc.

Besides τοιοῦτο, τοσοῦτο and ταῦτα (§ 63, 1, note), also τοιοῦτον, τοσοῦτον and ταῦτάν are used as neuter forms.

Note. — By crasis, ὁ ἕτερος is changed to ἅτερος, τὸ ἕτερον to θάτερον. See § 18.

Note 1. — ἐνθά and ἔνθα are mostly relative (where, whither and whence), but have demonstrative force in such expressions as ἐνθά δή or ἐνθὰ (very) occasion, just then, then indeed, and others.

Note 2. — καὶ ὡς (ὡς) even so; οὐδ᾿ ὡς not even so, ne sic quidem.