A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part II: Inflection I: Inflection of Nouns and Adjectives.

English Grammar Elementary 20th century Adolf Kaegi James A. Kleist

Pages 12–29 of the book.

I: INFLECTION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

PRELIMINARY NOTES.

Unlike the Latin, the Greek language has a special form for the dual number (71; 96), but none for the ablative case. Note the following rules of gender:

a) The names of males are masculine. So are those of rivers, winds and months.

b) The names of females are feminine. So are those of trees, countries, islands and towns.

c) Most diminutives are neuter, even when they denote persons: τὸ παιδίον the little boy, little girl.

Neuters have in each number but one form for the nominative, accusative and vocative. These cases always end in the plural in -ᾰ.

The vocative and nominative plural are always, the vocative and nominative singular are often, alike in form.

The accent remains, as long as the general rules of accentuation (6) allow, on that syllable which has it in the nom. sing. Final -αι and -οι are accounted short.

Note. — A few exceptions are mentioned in 36, 6. 7 and 67, 2.

In the genitive and dative cases, such final syllables as are long and accented generally have the circumflex. In other cases they take the acute.

The circumflex on the ultima in the nom., acc. and voc. is met with only in some monosyllables and in contracted words.

Like the English, the Greek has a definite article, but, unlike our idiom, it has a separate form for each gender: ὁ ἡ τό the.

Case	Singular Masculine	Singular Feminine	Singular Neuter	English	Plural Masculine	Plural Feminine	Plural Neuter
Nom.	ὁ	ἡ	τό	the	οἱ	αἱ	τά
Gen.	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ	of the	τῶν	τῶν	τῶν
Dat.	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ	to (for) the	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς
Acc.	τόν	τήν	τό	the	τούς	τάς	τά

Note. — The article has no form for the vocative; in its place the interjection ὦ is used in all numbers.

It includes all words with stems in -a, which in certain cases of the singular is changed to η. The A-declension corresponds in general to the first declension in Latin; it contains masculines and feminines.

FEMININES IN -α, -η, AND ᾰ

| Stems: | οἰκίᾱ-

house | χωρᾱ-

country | στρατιᾱ-

army | δόξᾱ-

opinion | Μουσᾱ-

Muse
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, οἰκίᾱ	χώρᾱ	στρατιᾱ́	δόξᾱ	Μοῦσᾱ
G.	τῆς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ͂ς	δόξης	Μούσης
D.	τῇ οἰκίᾳ	χώρᾳ	στρατιᾷ	δόξῃ	Μούσῃ
A.	τὴν οἰκίᾱν	χώρᾱν	στρατιᾱ́ν	δόξᾱν	Μοῦσᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, οἰκίαι	χῶραι	στρατιαί	δόξαι	Μοῦσαι
G.	τῶν οἰκιῶν	χωρῶν	στρατιῶν	δοξῶν	Μουσῶν
D.	ταῖς οἰκίαις	χώραις	στρατιαῖς	δόξαις	Μούσαις
A.	τὰς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ́ς	δόξᾱς	Μούσᾱς

| Stems: | μάχᾱ-

battle | νίκᾱ-

victory | τιμᾱ-

honor | θαλαττᾰ-

sea | γεφύρᾱ-

bridge
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, μάχη	νίκη	τιμή	θάλαττᾱ	γέφυρᾱ
G.	τῆς μάχης	νίκης	τιμῆς	θαλάττης	γεφύρᾱς
D.	τῇ μάχῃ	νίκῃ	τιμῇ	θαλάττῃ	γεφύρᾳ
A.	τὴν μάχην	νίκην	τιμήν	θάλαττᾱν	γέφῡρᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, μάχαι	νῖκαι	τιμαί	θάλατται	γέφῡραι
G.	τῶν μαχῶν	νικῶν	τιμῶν	θαλαττῶν	γεφῡρῶν
D.	ταῖς μάχαις	νίκαις	τιμαῖς	θαλάτταις	γεφύραις
A.	τὰς μάχᾱς	νίκᾱς	τιμᾱ́ς	θαλάττᾱς	γεφύρᾱς

Change of a to η in the singular.

a) An a in the nominative after ε, ι, ρ remains throughout the singular (a, ας, ᾳ, αν, a).

b) An η in the nominative is likewise retained throughout the singular (η, ης, ῃ, ην, η).

c) An α in the nominative after other consonants than ρ is changed in the genitive and dative to η (α, ης, ῃ, αν, α).

Quantity. — The ending -ας is always long.

Rule of Accent. — In the genitive plural the α of the stem is contracted with the case ending -ων. Consequently, all nouns of the A-declension are in the genitive plural perispomena in -ῶν.

| Stems: | νεανίᾱ-

youth | πολίτᾱ-

citizen | δικαστᾱ-

judge | Ἀτρειδᾱ-

Atreus’ son
Sing. Nom.	ὁ νεανίᾱς	πολίτης	δικαστής	Ἀτρειδης
Gen.	τοῦ νεανίου	πολίτου	δικαστοῦ	Ἀτρειδου
Dat.	τῷ νεανίᾳ	πολίτῃ	δικαστῇ	Ἀτρειδῃ
Acc.	τὸν νεανίαν	πολίτην	δικαστήν	Ἀτρειδην
Voc.	ὦ νεανίᾱ	πολῖτᾱ	δικαστᾱ́	Ἀτρειδη
Plur. N. Voc.	οἱ, ὦ, νεανίαι	πολῖται	δικασταί	Ἀτρειδαι
Gen.	τῶν νεανιῶν	πολιτῶν	δικαστῶν	Ἀτρειδῶν
Dat.	τοῖς νεανίαις	πολίταις	δικασταῖς	Ἀτρειδαῖς
Acc.	τοὺς νεανίας	πολίτᾱς	δικαστᾱ́ς	Ἀτρειδᾱς

Masculines differ from feminines only in the nom. and gen. sing. The final ᾱ of the stem remains after ε, ι, ρ; otherwise it is changed to η (28, 1).

The voc. sing. ends in the same vowel, -ᾱ or -η, which occurs in the last syllable of the nom.: hence ὦ νεανίᾱ, ὦ Ἀτρείδη.

All words in -της, however, have a short -ᾰ: ὦ πολῖτα, ὦ Σπαρτιᾶτα, ὦ Ὀρέστᾰ.

So have national names in -ης: ὦ Πέρσᾰ, Σκύθᾰ, Σπαρτιᾶτα.

Some Doric and very many foreign proper names in -ᾱς have -ᾱ in the gen. sing. (Doric Genitive): Φοιβιδᾶ, Εὐρώτᾱ — Ἀβροκόμᾱ, Μάσκᾱ, Ὀρόντᾱ.

| Stems: | Ἀθηναα-, Ἀθηνᾱ-

Athena | γεα, γη-

earth | Ἑρμεα, Ἑρμη-

Hermes, plur. Hermes Pillars
Sing. N.	ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ	ἡ γῆᾱ	ὁ Ἑρμῆς
G.	Ἀθηνᾶς	γῆς	Ἑρμοῦ
D.	Ἀθηνᾷ	γῇ	Ἑρμῇ
A.	Ἀθηνᾶν	γῆν	Ἑρμῆν
V.	Ἀθηνᾶ	γῆ	Ἑρμῆ
Plur. N.	–	–	οἱ Ἑρμαί
G.	–	–	Ἑρμῶν
D.	–	–	Ἑρμαῖς
A.	–	–	Ἑρμᾶς
V.	–	–	Ἑρμαί

-ᾱα is contracted to -ᾱ, -εα after ρ to -ᾱ, otherwise to -η; before vowels or diphthongs α and ε are absorbed: Ἑρμαῖ, Ἑρμῶν.

Rule of Accent. — All the cases are perispomena.

It comprises words with stems in -ο, besides some in -ω. Thus it corresponds in general to the second declension in Latin. It contains masculines and neuters, and a number of feminines.

| Stems: | λογο-

word, speech | δημο-

people | ἀνθρωπο-

human being, man | ὁδο-

way, road | δωρο-

gift
Sing. N.	ὁ λόγος	ὁ δῆμος	ὁ ἄνθρωπος	ἡ ὁδός	τὸ δῶρον
G.	τοῦ λόγου	δήμου	ἀνθρώπου	τῆς ὁδοῦ	τοῦ δώρου
D.	τῷ λόγῳ	δήμῳ	ἀνθρώπῳ	τῇ ὁδῷ	τῷ δώρῳ
A.	τὸν λόγον	δῆμον	ἄνθρωπον	τὴν ὁδόν	τὸ δῶρον
V.	ὦ λόγε	δῆμε	ἄνθρωπε	ὦ ὀδέ	ὦ δῶρον
Plur. N. V.	οἱ λόγοι	δῆμοι	ἄνθρωποι	αἱ ὁδοί	τὰ δῶρα
G.	τῶν λόγων	δήμων	ἀνθρώπων	τῶν ὁδῶν	τῶν δώρων
D.	τοῖς λόγοις	δήμοις	ἀνθρώποις	ταῖς ὁδοῖς	τοῖς δώροις
A.	τοὺς λόγους	δῆμους	ἀνθρώπους	τὰς ὁδούς	τὰ δῶρα

The following are feminine nouns in -ος. See 25, 2 b.

ἡ παρθένος maiden, ἡ νῆσος island, ἡ Αἴγυπτος Egypt,

ἡ ἄμπελος vine, ἡ Δῆλος Delos, ἡ Κόρινθος Corinth,

ἡ ἤπειρος mainland, ἡ Ἤπειρος Epirus, ἡ Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesus.

The feminine form has in the singular -ᾱ after ε, ι, ρ, otherwise η. E.g.:

νέος, νέα, νέον new, young,

δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον just,

πατρῷος, πατρῴα, πατρῷον paternal,

αἰσχρός, αἰσχρά, αἰσχρόν shameful,

φίλος, φίλη, φίλον dear,

ὀλίγος, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγον little,

λίθινος, λιθίνη, λίθινον of stone,

ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν good.

| Stems: | ἀγαθο-, ἀγαθᾱ-, ἀγαθο-

good | δικαιο-, δικαίᾱ-, δικαιο-

just
Sing. N.	ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιος δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
G.	ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ	δικαίου δικαίᾱς δικαίου
D.	ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθῇ ἀγαθῷ	δικαίῳ δικαίᾳ δικαίῳ
A.	ἀγαθόν ἀγαθήν ἀγαθόν	δίκαιον δικαίᾱν δίκαιον
V.	ἀγαθέ ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιε δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
Plur. N. V.	ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά	δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια
G.	ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν	δικαίων δικαίων δικαίων
D.	ἀγαθοῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἀγαθοῖς	δικαίοις δικαίαις δικαίοις
A.	ἀγαθούς ἀγαθᾱ́ς ἀγαθά	δικαίους δικαίᾱς δίκαια

The accent of the nom. and gen. plur. fem. of barytone adjectives and participles in -ας, -η(-α), -ον is the same as that of the masculine.

E.g. δίκαιος, nom. pl. masc. δίκαιοι, gen. pl. masc. δικαίων,

δικαία, nom. pl. fem. δίκαιαι, gen. pl. fem. δικαίων

(against 25, 5 not δικαῖαι; nor δικαιῶν, see 28, 3).

Many, and especially almost all compound, adjectives in -ος have but two endings.

E.g. βάρβαρος, -ον foreign, πρᾶος, -ον mild, tame,

ἥμερος, -ον tame, ἄβατος, -ον impassable,

ἥσυχος, -ον quiet, ἔντιμος, -ον honored,

φρόνιμος, -ον prudent, παράνομος, -ον unlawful.

Note ἐναντίος, -α, -ον opposite, opposed.

Other adjectives have sometimes two, sometimes three endings.

E.g. βέβαιος, 2. and 3., firm, χρήσιμος, 2. and 3., useful,

ἔρημος, 2. and 3., deserted, ὠφέλιμος, 2. and 3., profitable.

Also some compounds, as ἀνάξιος, unworthy, and ἀναίτιος, guiltless.

| Stems: | νοο- = νου-

mind | ὀστεο- = ὀστου-

bone | εὔνοο- = εὔνου-

well-minded
Sing. N.	ὁ νοῦς	τὸ ὀστέον ὀστοῦν	masc. εὔνους

fem. εὔνουν

neut. εὔνουν | | G. | νοῦν | ὀστέου ὀστοῦ | εὔνου | | D. | νῷ | ὀστέῳ ὀστῷ | εὔνῳ | | A. | νοῦν | ὀστέον ὀστοῦν | εὔνουν | | Plur. N. | οἱ νοῦν | τὰ ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́ | masc. εὔνουοι

neut. εὔνουα | | G. | νοῶν | ὀστέων ὀστῶν | εὔνουων | | D. | νοῖς | ὀστέοις ὀστοῖς | εὔνουοις | | A. | νοῦς | ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́ | εὔνουους εὔνουα |

-εο and -οο are contracted to -ου, -εᾶ to -ᾶ; ε and ο before long vowels or diphthongs are absorbed.

The nom. and acc. pl. neut. of the adjectives of this class are never contracted: εὔνοα, ἄνοα, κακόνοα.

Rule of Accent. — Simple words are in all the cases perispomena; compound words retain the accent on the same syllable upon which it falls in the nom. sg.: ἔκπλοι, περίπλων, εὖνοι (accent against 16, 1), εὔνων, εὔνοις, εὔνους, εὔνοα.

The only adjectives which admit contraction are: a) adjectives in -εος, denoting material or color. b) multiplicatives in -πλόος (= -fold, -plex, 70, 4).

The contraction is the same as in the nouns; the feminine sg. has -α after ρ, otherwise -η (28, 1; 29, 1).

Rule of Accent. — All the cases are perispomena. For the compounds of νοῦς and πλοῦς, see 33, 3. Ἀργυροῦς, silver, and χρυσοῦς, golden, are thus declined:

ἀργύρεος, ἀργυρέᾱ, ἀργύρεον (silver)	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
S. N. V.	ἀργυροῦς	ἀργυρᾱ́	ἀργυροῦν
G.	ἀργυροῦ	ἀργυρᾱ͂ς	ἀργυροῦ
D.	ἀργυρῷ	ἀργυρᾷ	ἀργυρῷ
A.	ἀργυροῦν	ἀργυρᾱ́ν	ἀργυροῦν
P. N. V.	ἀργυροῖ	ἀργυραί	ἀργυρᾶ
G.	ἀργυρῶν	ἀργυρῶν	ἀργυρῶν
D.	ἀργυροῖς	ἀργυραῖς	ἀργυροῖς
A.	ἀργυροῦς	ἀργυρᾱ́ς	ἀργυρᾶ

χρύσεος, χρυσέᾱ, χρύσεον (golden)	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
S. N. V.	χρυσοῦς	χρυσῆ	χρυσούν
G.	χρυσοῦ	χρυσῆς	χρυσοῦ
D.	χρυσῷ	χρυσῇ	χρυσῷ
A.	χρυσοῦν	χρυσῆν	χρυσοῦν
P. N. V.	χρυσοῖ	χρυσαι	χρυσᾶ
G.	χρυσῶν	χρυσῶν	χρυσῶν
D.	χρυσοῖς	χρυσαις	χρυσοῖς
A.	χρυσοῦς	χρυσᾶς	χρυσᾶ

It includes substantive and adjective stems in -ω.

| Stems: | νεω-

temple | ἵλεω-

propitious | ἵλεω- (neut.)

propitious
Sing. N. V.	ὁ νεώς	ἵλεως	ἵλεων
G.	νεῴ	ἵλεω	ἵλεω
D.	νεῴ	ἵλεῳ	ἵλεῳ
A.	νεών	ἵλεων	ἵλεων
Plur. N. V.	οἱ νεῴ	ἵλεῳ	ἵλεᾱ
G.	νεῶν	ἵλεων	ἵλεων
D.	νεῴς	ἵλεῳς	ἵλεῳς
A.	νεῴς	ἵλεως	ἵλεᾱ

The ω is retained through all the cases and absorbs the case-endings as far as possible. The ι is always subscript.

Ἡ ἕως the dawn is thus declined: ἕως, ἕω, ἕῳ, ἕω (without ν!).

Adjectives have -ᾰ in the nom., voc. and acc. plur. neut.

Rule of Accent. — The accent of the nom. sing. is retained through all the cases; the ω is counted as short in determining the accent of the barytones, hence Μενέλεως, ἔκπλεώς ἐστιν, ἵλεῴ εἰσιν.

INTRODUCTORY NOTES

This declension includes all the stems that end in a consonant, or in -ι, -υ, and diphthongs, with a few in -ω and -ο. It corresponds, therefore, in general to the third and fourth declensions in Latin.

For the regular case-endings see the declension of ἅλς, 37.

Note. — -α and -ας, -ι and -σι are short.

As not all successive consonants can remain unchanged (19), and no other consonant except ν, ρ and ς can end a Greek word (23), certain changes must take place in the nom. sing. and in the dat. plur. before the endings -ς and -σι, as well as in the final consonants of the pure stem.

The nom. sing. masc. and fem. is formed either with or without -ς. In the latter case the vowel of the stem is lengthened (12).

Neuters show their pure stems in the nom., acc. and voc. sing. as far as the rule for final consonants will allow (23).

In the acc. sing. and plur. masc. and fem., consonant stems have, as a rule, -ᾰ and -ᾰς added to them, vowel stems -ν and (-ν)ς.

The acc. plur. masc. and fem. of the -ς, -ι, and the adjective -υ stems is the same as the nom.: οἱ and τοὺς εὐγενεῖς, αἱ and τὰς πόλεις, οἱ and τοὺς ἡδεῖς.

The voc. sing. masc. and fem. is either the same as the nom.: ὦ φύλαξ, ὦ Ἄραψ, ὦ ποιμήν, or the same as the pure stem, as far as the rule for consonantal termination allows: ὦ ῥῆτορ, ὦ παῖ (for παιδ), ὦ γέρον (for γέροντ).

Rule of Accent. — Monosyllables have the accent on the ending in the gen. and dat. of all three numbers: θηρός, θηρί — θηρῶν, θηρσί(ν).

Contrary to this rule, the stem is accented:

a) in all the cases of participles: ὄντος, ὄντι, θέντων, θεῖσι(ν).

b) in the gen. and dat. plur. of the word πᾶς (omnis), hence παντός, παντί, but πάντων, πᾶσι(ν) (41, 3).

c) in the gen. plur. of the words

ὁ παῖς παιδός boy, τὸ οὖς ὠτός ear;

hence παιδός, παιδί, παισί(ν), but παίδων,

ὠτός, ὠτί, and ὠσί(ν), but ὤτων.

(See ὕδωρ 39; ὄναρ, πῦρ 50; ἦρ 60.)

Stems:	ἀλ- (salt)	θηρ- (beast)	κρατηρ- (mixing bowl)	ῥητορ- (orator)
Sing. N.	ὁ ἅλ-ς	ὁ θήρ	ὁ κρατήρ	ὁ ῥήτωρ
G.	ἁλ-ός	θηρ-ός	κρατῆρ-ος	ῥήτορ-ος
D.	ἁλ-ί	θηρ-ί	κρατῆρ-ι	ῥήτορ-ι
A.	ἅλ-α	θηρ-α	κρατῆρ-α	ῥήτορ-α
V.	ἅλ-ς	θήρ	κρατήρ	ῥήτωρ
Plur. N. V.	οἱ ἅλ-ες	οἱ θηρ-ες	οἱ κρατῆρ-ες	οἱ ῥήτορ-ες
G.	ἁλ-ῶν	θηρ-ῶν	κρατῆρ-ων	ῥήτορ-ων
D.	ἁλ-σί(ν)	θηρ-σί(ν)	κρατῆρ-σι(ν)	ῥήτορ-σι(ν)
A.	ἅλ-ας	θηρ-ας	κρατῆρ-ας	ῥήτορ-ας

Stems:	φυλακ- (watchman)	αἰγ- (goat)	γύπ- (vulture)
Sing. N. V.	ὁ, ὦ φύλαξ	ἡ, ὦ αἴξ	ὁ, ὦ γύψ
G.	φύλακ-ος	αἰγ-ός	γύπ-ος
D.	φύλακ-ι	αἰγ-ί	γύπ-ί
A.	φύλακ-α	αἰγ-α	γύπ-α
Plur. N. V.	οἱ φύλακ-ες	αἱ αἰγ-ες	οἱ γύπ-ες
G.	φυλάκ-ων	αἰγ-ῶν	γύπ-ῶν
D.	φύλαξι(ν)	αἰξι(ν)	γύψι(ν)
A.	φύλακ-ας	αἰγ-ας	γύπ-ας

With -σ, any guttural becomes ξ, any labial becomes ψ:

st. φυλακ-, N. S. φύλαξ; comp. Lat. stem duc-, N. S. dux;

st. Ἄραβ-, D. P. Ἄραψι; comp. Lat. scripsi of scribo.

Stems:	γυμνῆτ- (light-armed soldier)	ἐλπιδ- (hope)	σωματ- (body)
Sing. N.	ὁ γυμνῆς	ἡ ἐλπὶς	τὸ σῶμα
G.	γυμνῆτ-ος	ἐλπιδ-ος	σωματ-ος
D.	γυμνῆτ-ι	ἐλπιδ-ι	σωματ-ι
A.	γυμνῆτ-α	ἐλπιδ-α	σῶμα
V.	γυμνῆς	ἐλπὶς	σῶμα
Plur. N. V.	γυμνῆτ-ες	ἐλπιδ-ες	σωματ-α
G.	γυμνῆτ-ων	ἐλπιδ-ων	σωματ-ων
D.	γυμνῆτ-σι(ν)	ἐλπιδ-σι(ν)	σωματ-σι(ν)
A.	γυμνῆτ-ας	ἐλπιδ-ας	σωματ-α

Before σ simple dentals are dropped:

ἐσθής, ἐσθῆσι(ν) (for ἐσθητς, ἐσθητ-σι(ν)); cf. Lat. dos, dotis.

Final dentals are also dropped: σῶμα (for σωματ) (23).

Barytones with dental stems in -ις and -υς form the acc. sing. (like the -ι and -υ stems, 46 seqq.) in -ιν and -υν.

E.g. ἡ ἐλπίς, hope, ἐλπίδος, ἐλπίδι, ἐλπίδα,

but ἡ χάρις, grace, χάριτος, χάριτι, χάριν,

ἡ ἔρις, strife, ἔριδος, ἔριδι, ἔριν.

The following words show an irregularity only in the nom. sing.:

ὁ πούς, ποδός foot,

τὸ οὖς, ὠτός ear (36, 7. c),

τὸ φῶς, φωτός (only sing.) light,

τὸ κέρας, κέρατος horn, wing of an army,

τὸ γόνυ, γόνατος knee,

τὸ δόρυ, δόρατος spear,

τὸ ὕδωρ, ὕδατος water.

Adjectives have partly two endings, as ἄχαρις, -ι unpleasant (G. ἀχάριτος, D. ἀχάριτι, A. ἄχαριν, -ι); partly only one, as πένης, -ητος poor; φυγάς, -άδος fugitive, exiled.

Stems:	Ἑλλην- (Greek)	ποιμεν- (shepherd)	δαιμον- (deity)	εὐδαιμον- (happy)
S. N.	ὁ Ἕλλην	ὁ ποιμήν	ὁ δαίμων	[m/f] εὐδαίμων, [n] εὐδαίμον
G.	Ἕλλην-ος	ποιμέν-ος	δαίμον-ος	εὐδαίμον-ος
D.	Ἕλλην-ι	ποιμέν-ι	δαίμον-ι	εὐδαίμον-ι
A.	Ἕλλην-α	ποιμέν-α	δαίμον-α	εὐδαίμον-α
V.	Ἕλλην	ποιμήν	δαῖμον	εὐδαίμων
Pl. N. V.	Ἕλλην-ες	ποιμέν-ες	δαίμον-ες	[m/f ]εὐδαίμονες, [n] εὐδαίμονα
G.	Ἑλλήν-ων	ποιμέν-ων	δαιμόν-ων	εὐδαιμόν-ων
D.	Ἕλλην-σι(ν)	ποιμέν-σι(ν)	δαίμον-σι(ν)	εὐδαίμον-σι(ν)
A.	Ἕλλην-ας	ποιμέν-ας	δαίμον-ας	[m/f] εὐδαίμονας, [n] εὐδαίμονα

Before σ, ν is simply dropped: ποιμέσι, δαίμοσι, μέλᾶσι.

Adjectives have recessive accent: εὔδαιμον, 6, 6.

Besides the forms in -ονα and -ονες, -ονας, the comparatives in -ων, -ον (57 and 58) have also the shorter ones in -ω and -ους.

Stem: κακίον- (worse)	Masculine/Feminine	Neuter
Sing. N.	κακίων	κακίον
G.	κακίονος	κακίονος
D.	κακίονι	κακίονι
A.	κακίονα / κακίω	κακίον
V.	κακίων	κακίον
Plur. N.	κακίονες	κακίονα
V.	κακίονες	κακίω
G.	κακίονων	κακίονων
D.	κακίοσι(ν)	κακίοσι(ν)
A.	κακίονας / κακίους	κακίονα / κακίω

Stems:	γιγαντ- (giant)	ὀδοντ- (tooth)	γερoντ- (old man)
Sing. Nom.	ὁ γίγας	ὁ ὀδοὺς	ὁ γέρων
Gen.	γίγαντ-ος	ὀδόντ-ος	γέρoντ-ος
Dat.	γίγαντ-ι	ὀδόντ-ι	γέρoντ-ι
Acc.	γίγαντ-α	ὀδόντ-α	γέρoντ-α
Voc.	γίγαν	ὀδοὺς	γέρoν
Plur. N. V.	γίγαντ-ες	ὀδόντ-ες	γέρoντ-ες
Gen.	γιγάντ-ων	ὀδόντ-ων	γέρoντ-ων
Dat.	γίγαν-σι(ν)	ὀδοῦ-σι(ν)	γέρoυ-σι(ν)
Acc.	γίγαντ-ας	ὀδόντ-ας	γέρoντ-ας

Before σ, ντ is dropped with compensative lengthening (13)

both in the nom. sing.: γίγᾱς for γιγᾰντς, ὀδούς for ὀδοντς,

and in the dat. plur.: γίγᾱσι for γίγαντσι, γέρουσι for γέροντσι.

Nouns with stems in -ντ are all masculine.

PARADIGMS OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

Stem: ἄκοντ- (unwilling)	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
S. N. V.	ἄκων	ἄκουσα	ἄκον
G.	ἄκοντ-ος	ἀκούσης	ἄκοντ-ος
D.	ἄκοντ-ι	ἀκούσῃ	ἄκοντ-ι
A.	ἄκοντ-α	ἄκουσαν	ἄκον
Pl. N. V.	ἄκοντ-ες	ἄκουσαι	ἄκοντ-α
G.	ἄκόντ-ων	ἀκούσων	ἄκόντ-ων
D.	ἄκον-σι(ν)	ἀκούσαις	ἄκον-σι
A.	ἄκοντ-ας	ἀκούσας	ἄκοντ-α

Stem: λυθεντ- (loosed)	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
S. N. V.	λυθείς	λυθεῖσα	λυθέν
G.	λυθέντ-ος	λυθεῖσης	λυθέντ-ος
D.	λυθέντ-ι	λυθεῖσῃ	λυθέντ-ι
A.	λυθέντ-α	λυθεῖσαν	λυθέν
Pl. N. V.	λυθέντ-ες	λυθεῖσαι	λυθέντ-α
G.	λυθέντ-ων	λυθεισῶν	λυθέντ-ων
D.	λυθεῖ-σι(ν)	λυθεῖσαις	λυθεῖ-σι(ν)
A.	λυθέντ-ας	λυθεῖσας	λυθέντ-α

Stem: παντ- (all, whole)	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
S. N. V.	πᾶς	πᾶσα	πᾶν
G.	παντ-ός	πάσης	παντ-ός
D.	παντ-ί	πάσῃ	παντ-ί
A.	πάντ-α	πάσαν	πᾶν
Pl. N. V.	πάντ-ες	πᾶσαι	πάντ-α
G.	πάντ-ων	πασῶν	πάντ-ων
D.	πᾶ-σι(ν)	πάσαις	πᾶ-σι(ν)
A.	πάντ-ας	πάσας	πάντ-α

Adjectives with stems in -εντ, as χαρίεις graceful, agreeable, have some of their forms from a shorter stem in -ετ, to wit:

the dat. plur. masc. and neut.: χαρίεσι(ν) for χαρίετσι(ν),

and the whole of the feminine: χαρίεσσα for χαριετ-ια, 77, 3.

Stems:	πατερ- (father)	μητερ- (mother)	θυγατερ- (daughter)	γαστερ- (belly)	ἀνδρ- (man)
S. N.	ὁ πατήρ	ἡ μήτηρ	ἡ θυγάτηρ	ἡ γαστήρ	ὁ ἀνήρ
G.	πατρ-ός	μητρ-ός	θυγατρ-ός	γαστρ-ός	ἀνδρ-ός
D.	πατρ-ί	μητρ-ί	θυγατρ-ί	γαστρ-ί	ἀνδρ-ί
A.	πατέρ-α	μητέρ-α	θυγατέρ-α	γαστέρ-α	ἄνδρ-α
V.	πάτερ	μήτερ	θύγατερ	–	ἄνερ
P. N. V.	πατέρ-ες	μητέρ-ες	θυγατέρ-ες	γαστέρ-ες	ἄνδρες
G.	πατέρ-ων	μητέρ-ων	θυγατέρ-ων	γαστέρ-ων	ἀνδρ-ῶν
D.	πατρά-σι	μητρά-σι	θυγατρά-σι	γαστρά-σι	ἀνδρά-σι
A.	πατέρ-ας	μητέρ-ας	θυγατέρ-ας	γαστέρ-ας	ἄνδρ-ας

Πατήρ, μήτηρ, θυγάτηρ and γαστήρ drop the ε by syncope (14) in the gen. and dat. sing. and in the dat. plur., which ends in -τράσι(ν).

Ἀνήρ drops the ε entirely, except in the voc. sing., and inserts δ between ν and ρ.

43

The stem characteristic -σ remains only when final, but it is dropped by elision (17) between vowels, which are then always contracted.

44

NOUNS

Neuters in -ος, st. in -ος and -εσ-; e.g. τὸ γένος genus.

Stems: γένος / γενεσ- (race)	Singular	Plural
N. V.	τὸ γένος	τὰ γένεα / γένη
G.	γένους	γενέων / γεvῶν
D.	γένει	γένεσι(ν)
A.	γένος	τὰ γένεα / γένη

γένεσ-ος [gener-is] becomes γένους, etc.; γένεσι stands for γένεσ-σι. Note. — The gen. plur. sometimes remains uncontracted: ὀρέων, κερδέων.

Neuters in -ας, stem in -ασ-. The most important are:

τὸ κρέας meat: κρέως, κρέᾳ; plur. κρέα, κρεῶν, κρέασι(ν),

τὸ γῆρας old age: γήρως, γήρᾳ.

Ἡ αἰδώς shame, reverence, stem αἰδοσ-, is thus inflected:

ἡ αἰδώς, αἰδοῦς, αἰδοῖ, αἰδῶ (for αἰδοῦος, etc.).

45

ADJECTIVES. — PROPER NAMES.

Stem: εὐγενεσ- (of noble birth)	Case	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Sing.	N.	εὐγενής	εὐγενής	εὐγενές
Sing.	G.	εὐγενοῦς	εὐγενοῦς	εὐγενοῦς
Sing.	D.	εὐγενεῖ	εὐγενεῖ	εὐγενεῖ
Sing.	A.	εὐγενῆ	εὐγενῆ	εὐγενές
Sing.	V.	εὐγενές	εὐγενές	εὐγενές
Plur.	N.	εὐγενεῖς	εὐγενεῖς	εὐγενῆ
Plur.	G.	εὐγενῶν	εὐγενῶν	εὐγενῶν
Plur.	D.	εὐγενέσι(ν)	εὐγενέσι(ν)	εὐγενέσι(ν)
Plur.	A.	εὐγενεῖς	εὐγενεῖς	εὐγενῆ

Stem: Διογενεσ- (Diogenes)	Case	Form
Sing.	N.	ὁ Διογένης
Sing.	G.	Διογένους
Sing.	D.	Διογένει
Sing.	A.	Διογένη
Sing.	V.	Διόγενες

Stem: Περικλεεσ- (Pericles)	Case	Form
Sing.	N.	ὁ Περικλῆς
Sing.	G.	Περικλέους
Sing.	D.	Περικλεῖ
Sing.	A.	Περικλέᾱ
Sing.	V.	Περικλεῖς

Adjectives with a vowel before the final -εσ contract -έα to -ᾱ instead of to -ῆ. Thus ἐνδεής needy has ἐνδεᾶ, εὐκλεής renowned has εὐκλεᾶ, ὑγιής healthy has ὑγιᾶ.

Barytones have recessive accent:

εὔηθες, σύνηθες, αὔταρκες — συνήθων, τῶν τριήρων.

Exceptions to this are the neuters of adjectives in -ώδης and -ήρης:

εὐῶδες fragrant, ζημιῶδες ruinous,

εὐῆρες well-fitted, ποδῆρες reaching to the feet.

Proper names in -ης, gen. -ους, have, besides the regular acc. sing. in -η, a form in -ην (after the A-declension).

E.g. Διογένη and Διογένην, Σωκράτη and Σωκράτην,

Κλεομένη and Κλεομένην, Δημοσθένη and Δημοσθένην.

Proper names in -κλῆς (from τὸ κλέος glory, stem κλεεσ-) contract twice in the dat. sing., elsewhere but once:

(-κλέης) Περικλῆς, (-κλέεᾱ) Περικλέᾱ,

(κλέεος) Περικλέους, (-κλεες) Περίκλεις.

(-κλέεϊ to -κλέει) Περικλεῖ.

Stems:	στάσι- / στάσε- (rising, sedition)	αἴσθησι- / αἰσθησε- (perception)
Sing. N.	ἡ στάσις	ἡ αἴσθησις
Sing. G.	στάσεως	αἰσθήσεως
Sing. D.	στάσει	αἰσθήσει
Sing. A.	στάσιν	αἴσθησιν
Sing. V.	στάσι	αἴσθησι
Plur. N. V.	αἱ στάσεις	αἱ αἰσθήσεις
Plur. G.	στάσεων	αἰσθήσεων
Plur. D.	στάσεσι(ν)	αἰσθήσεσι(ν)
Plur. A.	στάσεις	αἰσθήσεις

In the endings -ως and -ων, ω is accounted short.

All words in -ις, -εως are barytone. Most of them are feminines in -σις and denote action, as ἡ λύσις the loosing, ransoming, release; ἡ πρᾶξις the doing, deed.

| Stems: | συ-

(swine) | Ἐρινυ-

(avenging goddess) | ἡδυ- / ἡδε, ἡδεια-, ἡδυ- / ἡδε

(sweet)
Sing. N.	ὁ, ἡ σῦς	ἡ Ἐρινύς	ἡδύς ἡδεία ἡδύ
Sing. G.	σύ-ος	Ἐρινύ-ος	ἡδέ-ος ἡδείας ἡδέ-ος
Sing. D.	σύ-ί	Ἐρινύ-ι	ἡδεῖ ἡδείᾳ ἡδεῖ
Sing. A.	σύ-ν	Ἐρινύ-ν	ἡδύ-ν ἡδείαν ἡδύ
Plur. N. V.	σύ-ες	Ἐρινύ-ες	ἡδεῖς ἡδεῖαι ἡδέ-α
Plur. G.	σύ-ων	Ἐρινύ-ων	ἡδέ-ων ἡδείων ἡδέ-ων
Plur. D.	σύ-σι(ν)	Ἐρινύ-σι(ν)	ἡδέ-σι(ν) ἡδείαις ἡδέ-σι(ν)
Plur. A.	σύ-ς	Ἐρινύ-ς	ἡδεῖς ἡδείας ἡδέ-α

In nouns in -υς, the stem characteristic -υ remains throughout (cf. 2); the acc. plur. ends in -ῡς (for -υνς).

Τὸ ἄστυ the city (esp. of Athens) is inflected like ι-stems:

τὸ ἄστυ, ἄστεως, ἄστει, ἄστυ,

τὰ ἄστη, ἄστεων, ἄστεσι(ν), ἄστη.

Adjectives have two stems in the masc. and neut.: ἡδυ- in the nom., acc., voc. sing.; everywhere else ἡδε- (for ἡδεϝ-).

STEMS ENDING IN DIPHTHONGS.

Stems: βασιλευ- / βασιλε- (king)	Case	Form
Sing.	N.	ὁ βασιλεύς
Sing.	G.	βασιλέ-ως
Sing.	D.	βασιλεῖ
Sing.	A.	βασιλέ-ᾱ
Sing.	V.	βασιλεῦ
Plur.	N.	οἱ βασιλεῖς
Plur.	G.	βασιλέ-ων
Plur.	D.	βασιλεῦ-σι(ν)
Plur.	A.	βασιλέ-ᾱς
Plur.	V.	βασιλεῖς

All words in -ευς are masculine oxytones. Note the quantity of the endings -ως, -ᾰ and -ᾱς.

In old Attic the nom. plur. ends in -ῆς: οἱ βασιλῆς. In poetry, and occasionally in prose, the acc. plur. ends in -εῖς: τοὺς γονεῖς.

Words in -εύς with a preceding vowel are often contracted in the gen. and acc. sing. and plur., and thus

-έω becomes -ῶ: τοῦ Πειραιῶς, τῶν Εὐβοιῶν,

-έα becomes -ᾶ: τὸν Πειραιᾶ, τοὺς Ἐρετριᾶς.

Ὁ ἡ βοῦς (bos, bovis) ox, cow retains the stem βου- only when the ending is, or begins with, a consonant: βοῦς, βοῦν, βουσί(ν); but otherwise changes it to βο-, without admitting contraction; hence

ὁ ἡ βοῦς, βοός, βοΐ, βοῦν,

βόες, βοῶν, βουσί(ν), βοῦς.

Stems:	ἡρω- (hero)	πειθο- (persuasion)
Sing. N.	ὁ ἥρω-ς	ἡ πειθώ
Sing. G.	ἥρω-ος	πειθοῦς
Sing. D.	ἥρω-ι	πειθᾷ
Sing. A.	ἥρω-α	πειθώ
Sing. V.	ἥρω-ς	πειθοῖ
Plur. N.	οἱ ἥρω-ες	–
Plur. G.	ἡρώ-ων	–
Plur. D.	ἥρω-σι(ν)	–
Plur. A.	ἥρω-ας	–
Plur. V.	ἥρω-ες	–

The few stems in -ω do not admit of contraction.

Words with stems in -ο are feminine oxytones, and mostly proper names; they are found in the singular only.

Irregularities in the declension of nouns arise chiefly from the fact that the cases of a word are formed from two different stems. The following are the most common irregular nouns:

ἡ γυνή woman derives all its other forms from the stem γυναικ-. The accentuation is that of monosyllabic consonant stems (36, 6):

ἡ γυνή, γυναικός, γυναικί, γυναῖκα, γύναι,

γυναῖκες, γυναικῶν, γυναιξί(ν), γυναῖκας, γυναῖκες.

Ζεύς the god Zeus (stems Ζευ- and Δι-):

Ζεύς, Διός, Διΐ, Δία, Ζεῦ.

ὁ ἡ κύων dog (stems κυον- and κῠν-):

ὁ ἡ κύων, κυνός, κυνί, κύνα, κύον,

κύνες, κυνῶν, κυσί(ν), κύνας, κύνες.

ὁ μάρτυς witness (stems μαρτῠ- and μαρτῠρ-):

ὁ μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, μάρτυρι, μάρτυρα,

μάρτυρες, μαρτύρων, μάρτυσι(ν), μάρτυρας.

ἡ ναῦς ship (stem ναυ-, νᾱϝ-, νᾱυ-is, νηϝ-):

ἡ ναῦς, νεώς, νηΐ, ναῦν,

νῆες, νεῶν, ναυσί(ν), ναῦς.

τὸ ὄναρ dream (stems ὀναρ- and ὀνειρατ-):

τὸ ὄναρ, ὀνείρατος, ὀνείρατι, ὄναρ,

τὰ ὀνείρατα, ὀνειράτων, ὀνείρασι(ν), ὀνείρατα.

Also ὁ ὄνειρος and τὸ ὄνειρον are found.

ὁ πρεσβευτής ambassador borrows the plural from πρέσβυς old, venerable. Hence

ὁ πρεσβευτής, -τοῦ, -τῇ, -τήν, -τά,

οἱ πρέσβεις, πρέσβεων, πρέσβεσι(ν), πρέσβεις.

τὸ πῦρ fire is inflected in the singular according to the consonantal, in the plural according to the O-declension:

τὸ πῦρ, πυρ-ός, πυρ-ί,

τὰ πυρ-ά, πυρ-ῶν, πυρ-οῖς, watchfires.

ὁ σῖτος corn, food is neuter in the plural:

τὰ σῖτα, σίτων, σίτοις.

τὸ στάδιον stadium (a measure of length) has in the plur. both οἱ στάδιοι and τὰ στάδια.

ὁ υἱός son (besides the regular forms according to the O-declension) forms some cases from the stem υἱε- (compare ἡδύς)

in the sing. υἱέ-ος, υἱεῖ,

in the plur. υἱεῖς, υἱέ-ων, υἱέ-σι(ν), υἱεῖς.

ἡ χείρ hand is regular, except in the dat. plur.: χερ-σί(ν)

These are mostly applied to the stem:

-θεν denoting: whence,

-ι and -θι in the sing., denoting: where,

-σι(ν) in the plural,

-δε, -σε, -ζε denoting: whither.

E.g. οἴκοθεν from home, οἴκοι at home, οἴκαδε home(ward),

ἄλλοθεν aliunde, ἄλλοθι alibi, ἄλλοσε alio,

Ἀθήνηθεν from Athens, Ἀθήνησι(ν) at Athens, Ἀθήναζε to Athens,

πάντοθεν from all sides, Μαραθῶνι at Marathon, Μέγαράδε to Megara (9, 1. f.),

χαμᾶθεν from the ground, χαμαί humi, χαμάζε to or on the ground.

Note. — The forms in -ι are relics of an original locative sing., those in -σι(ν), of a locative plur.

The masculine and the neuter of these adjectives are formed from the same stem. The feminine always follows the A‑Declension.

Stems in -ο. Decl. 32.

ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν good,

δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον just.

Contracted adjectives with stems in -ο. Decl. 34.

ἀργυροῦς, ἀργυρᾶ, ἀργυροῦν silver,

χρυσοῦς, χρυσῆ, χρυσοῦν golden,

ἁπλοῦς, ἁπλῆ, ἁπλοῦν simple.

Stems in -υ. Decl. 40.

μέλᾱς, μέλαινα, μέλαν black,

τάλᾱς, τάλαινα, τάλαν (poet.) wretched.

Stems in -ντ. Decl. 41.

πᾶς, πᾶσα, πᾶν whole, all,

ἄκων, ἄκουσα, ἆκον unwilling,

ἑκών, ἑκοῦσα, ἑκόν willing,

λυθείς, λυθεῖσα, λυθέν loosed.

Stems in -υ (almost all oxytone). Decl. 47.

ἡδύς, ἡδεῖα, ἡδύ sweet,

ἥμισυς, ἡμίσεια, ἥμισυ half.

The stem is the same for all genders; the masculine and feminine are alike in form.

Stems in ‑ο (especially compound adjectives). 32, 3 seqq.

βάρβαρος, ‑ον foreign, ἄτιμος, ‑ον dishonored,

ἥσυχος, ‑ον quiet, ἔντιμος, ‑ον honored,

φρόνιμος, ‑ον prudent, παράνομος, ‑ον unlawful,

πρᾶος, ‑ον mild, tame, πανοῦργος, ‑ον cunning.

Note. — Adjectives of two and three endings are mentioned in 32, 4: βέβαιος, 2 and 3, firm, stable; ὠφέλιμος, 2 and 3, profitable.

Contract adjectives with stems in ‑ο. Decl. 33.

εὔνους, εὔνουν well-disposed,

σύμπλους, σύμπλουν sailing with.

Stems in ‑ω (according to the Attic decl.). Decl. 35.

ἵλεως, ἵλεων propitious,

ἔκπλεως, ἔκπλεων full.

Stems in dental mutes (esp. compounds of nouns). 39.

ἄχαρις, ‑ι unpleasant (ἀχάριτος, ἀχάριτι, ἄχαριν, ‑ι),

εὔελπις, ‑ι hopeful (εὐέλπιδος, εὐέλπιδι, εὔελπιν, ‑ι),

ἄπολις, ‑ι homeless (ἀπόλιδος, ἀπόλιδι, ἄπολιν, ‑ι).

Stems in ‑ν. Decl. 40.

εὐδαίμων, εὔδαιμον happy,

σώφρων, σῶφρον prudent,

κακίων, κάκιον worse,

ἄρρην, ἄρρεν male.

Stems in ‑εσ. Decl. 45.

εὐγενής, ‑ές of noble race,

συνήθης, σύνηθες customary,

ἐνδεής, ‑ές needy,

ὑγιής, ‑ές healthy.

A few adjectives have but one termination for all three genders. On account of their meaning, however, they are rarely used in the neuter. They have nearly all a dental stem.

φυγάς, φυγάδος fugitive, exiled,

πένης, πένητος needy, poor,

μάκαρ, μάκαρος blessed, happy.

Note. — Masculine only is the adjective ἐθελοντής, ‑οῦ voluntary, volunteer. Feminine only are the adjectives in ‑ίς, ‑ίδος, as συμμαχίς, ‑ίδος allied, Ἑλληνίς, ‑ίδος a Grecian woman, ἡ πατρίς (sc. γῆ) one’s native country.

The two adjectives μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα great, tall and πολύς, πολλή, πολύ much, pl. many derive all their forms, except the nom. and acc. sing. masc. and neut., from the stems μεγαλο‑ and πολλο‑ respectively.

Stems	great	much
Sing. N.	μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα	πολύς, πολλή, πολύ
G.	μεγάλου, μεγάλης, μεγάλου	πολλοῦ, πολλῆς, πολλοῦ
D.	μεγάλῳ, μεγάλῃ, μεγάλῳ	πολλῷ, πολλῇ, πολλῷ
A.	μέγαν, μεγάλην, μέγα	πολύν, πολλήν, πολύ
Plur. N.	μεγάλοι, μεγάλαι, μεγάλα	πολλοί, πολλαί, πολλά
G.	μεγάλων, μεγάλων, μεγάλων	πολλῶν, πολλῶν, πολλῶν
D.	μεγάλοις, μεγάλαις, μεγάλοις	πολλοῖς, πολλαῖς, πολλοῖς
A.	μεγάλους, μεγάλας, μεγάλα	πολλούς, πολλάς, πολλά

PART II: INFLECTION

PART II: INFLECTION

I: INFLECTION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

I: INFLECTION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

§25

PRELIMINARY NOTES

PRELIMINARY NOTES

Unlike the Latin, the Greek language has a special form for the dual number (71; 96), but none for the ablative case. Note the following rules of gender:

a) The names of males are masculine. So are those of rivers, winds and months.

b) The names of females are feminine. So are those of trees, countries, islands and towns.

c) Most diminutives are neuter, even when they denote persons: τὸ παιδίον the little boy, little girl.

Neuters have in each number but one form for the nominative, accusative and vocative. These cases always end in the plural in -ᾰ.

The vocative and nominative plural are always, the vocative and nominative singular are often, alike in form.

The accent remains, as long as the general rules of accentuation (6) allow, on that syllable which has it in the nom. sing. Final -αι and -οι are accounted short.

Note. — A few exceptions are mentioned in 36, 6. 7 and 67, 2.

In the genitive and dative cases, such final syllables as are long and accented generally have the circumflex. In other cases they take the acute.

The circumflex on the ultima in the nom., acc. and voc. is met with only in some monosyllables and in contracted words.

1. Unlike the Latin, the Greek language has a special form for the dual number (71; 96), but none for the ablative case. 2. Note the following rules of gender:
a) The names of males are masculine. So are those of rivers, winds and months.
b) The names of females are feminine. So are those of trees, countries, islands and towns.
c) Most diminutives are neuter, even when they denote persons: τὸ παιδίον the little boy, little girl.

3. Neuters have in each number but one form for the nominative, accusative and vocative. These cases always end in the plural in -ᾰ.

4. The vocative and nominative plural are always, the vocative and nominative singular are often, alike in form.

5. The accent remains, as long as the general rules of accentuation (6) allow, on that syllable which has it in the nom. sing. Final -αι and -οι are accounted short.

Note. — A few exceptions are mentioned in 36, 6. 7 and 67, 2.

6. In the genitive and dative cases, such final syllables as are long and accented generally have the circumflex. In other cases they take the acute.

The circumflex on the ultima in the nom., acc. and voc. is met with only in some monosyllables and in contracted words.

§26

THE ARTICLE

THE ARTICLE

Like the English, the Greek has a definite article, but, unlike our idiom, it has a separate form for each gender: ὁ ἡ τό the.

Case	Singular Masculine	Singular Feminine	Singular Neuter	English	Plural Masculine	Plural Feminine	Plural Neuter
Nom.	ὁ	ἡ	τό	the	οἱ	αἱ	τά
Gen.	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ	of the	τῶν	τῶν	τῶν
Dat.	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ	to (for) the	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς
Acc.	τόν	τήν	τό	the	τούς	τάς	τά

Note. — The article has no form for the vocative; in its place the interjection ὦ is used in all numbers.

Like the English, the Greek has a definite article, but, unlike our idiom, it has a separate form for each gender: ὁ ἡ τό the.

Case	Singular Masculine	Singular Feminine	Singular Neuter	English	Plural Masculine	Plural Feminine	Plural Neuter
Nom.	ὁ	ἡ	τό	the	οἱ	αἱ	τά
Gen.	τοῦ	τῆς	τοῦ	of the	τῶν	τῶν	τῶν
Dat.	τῷ	τῇ	τῷ	to (for) the	τοῖς	ταῖς	τοῖς
Acc.	τόν	τήν	τό	the	τούς	τάς	τά

Note. — The article has no form for the vocative; in its place the interjection ὦ is used in all numbers.

§27

A-DECLENSION

A-DECLENSION

It includes all words with stems in -a, which in certain cases of the singular is changed to η. The A-declension corresponds in general to the first declension in Latin; it contains masculines and feminines.

It includes all words with stems in -a, which in certain cases of the singular is changed to η. The A-declension corresponds in general to the first declension in Latin; it contains masculines and feminines.

§28

FEMININES in -ᾱ, -η, AND ᾰ

FEMININES in -ᾱ, -η, AND ᾰ

FEMININES IN -α, -η, AND ᾰ

| Stems: | οἰκίᾱ-

house | χωρᾱ-

country | στρατιᾱ-

army | δόξᾱ-

opinion | Μουσᾱ-

Muse
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, οἰκίᾱ	χώρᾱ	στρατιᾱ́	δόξᾱ	Μοῦσᾱ
G.	τῆς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ͂ς	δόξης	Μούσης
D.	τῇ οἰκίᾳ	χώρᾳ	στρατιᾷ	δόξῃ	Μούσῃ
A.	τὴν οἰκίᾱν	χώρᾱν	στρατιᾱ́ν	δόξᾱν	Μοῦσᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, οἰκίαι	χῶραι	στρατιαί	δόξαι	Μοῦσαι
G.	τῶν οἰκιῶν	χωρῶν	στρατιῶν	δοξῶν	Μουσῶν
D.	ταῖς οἰκίαις	χώραις	στρατιαῖς	δόξαις	Μούσαις
A.	τὰς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ́ς	δόξᾱς	Μούσᾱς

| Stems: | μάχᾱ-

battle | νίκᾱ-

victory | τιμᾱ-

honor | θαλαττᾰ-

sea | γεφύρᾱ-

bridge
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, μάχη	νίκη	τιμή	θάλαττᾱ	γέφυρᾱ
G.	τῆς μάχης	νίκης	τιμῆς	θαλάττης	γεφύρᾱς
D.	τῇ μάχῃ	νίκῃ	τιμῇ	θαλάττῃ	γεφύρᾳ
A.	τὴν μάχην	νίκην	τιμήν	θάλαττᾱν	γέφῡρᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, μάχαι	νῖκαι	τιμαί	θάλατται	γέφῡραι
G.	τῶν μαχῶν	νικῶν	τιμῶν	θαλαττῶν	γεφῡρῶν
D.	ταῖς μάχαις	νίκαις	τιμαῖς	θαλάτταις	γεφύραις
A.	τὰς μάχᾱς	νίκᾱς	τιμᾱ́ς	θαλάττᾱς	γεφύρᾱς

Change of a to η in the singular.

a) An a in the nominative after ε, ι, ρ remains throughout the singular (a, ας, ᾳ, αν, a).

b) An η in the nominative is likewise retained throughout the singular (η, ης, ῃ, ην, η).

c) An α in the nominative after other consonants than ρ is changed in the genitive and dative to η (α, ης, ῃ, αν, α).

Quantity. — The ending -ας is always long.

Rule of Accent. — In the genitive plural the α of the stem is contracted with the case ending -ων. Consequently, all nouns of the A-declension are in the genitive plural perispomena in -ῶν.

FEMININES IN -α, -η, AND ᾰ

Stems:	οἰκίᾱ- house	χωρᾱ- country	στρατιᾱ- army	δόξᾱ- opinion	Μουσᾱ- Muse
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, οἰκίᾱ	χώρᾱ	στρατιᾱ́	δόξᾱ	Μοῦσᾱ
G.	τῆς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ͂ς	δόξης	Μούσης
D.	τῇ οἰκίᾳ	χώρᾳ	στρατιᾷ	δόξῃ	Μούσῃ
A.	τὴν οἰκίᾱν	χώρᾱν	στρατιᾱ́ν	δόξᾱν	Μοῦσᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, οἰκίαι	χῶραι	στρατιαί	δόξαι	Μοῦσαι
G.	τῶν οἰκιῶν	χωρῶν	στρατιῶν	δοξῶν	Μουσῶν
D.	ταῖς οἰκίαις	χώραις	στρατιαῖς	δόξαις	Μούσαις
A.	τὰς οἰκίᾱς	χώρᾱς	στρατιᾱ́ς	δόξᾱς	Μούσᾱς

Stems:	μάχᾱ- battle	νίκᾱ- victory	τιμᾱ- honor	θαλαττᾰ- sea	γεφύρᾱ- bridge
Sing. N.V.	ἡ, ὦ, μάχη	νίκη	τιμή	θάλαττᾱ	γέφυρᾱ
G.	τῆς μάχης	νίκης	τιμῆς	θαλάττης	γεφύρᾱς
D.	τῇ μάχῃ	νίκῃ	τιμῇ	θαλάττῃ	γεφύρᾳ
A.	τὴν μάχην	νίκην	τιμήν	θάλαττᾱν	γέφῡρᾱν
Plur. N.V.	αἱ, ὦ, μάχαι	νῖκαι	τιμαί	θάλατται	γέφῡραι
G.	τῶν μαχῶν	νικῶν	τιμῶν	θαλαττῶν	γεφῡρῶν
D.	ταῖς μάχαις	νίκαις	τιμαῖς	θαλάτταις	γεφύραις
A.	τὰς μάχᾱς	νίκᾱς	τιμᾱ́ς	θαλάττᾱς	γεφύρᾱς

1. Change of a to η in the singular.
a) An a in the nominative after ε, ι, ρ remains throughout the singular (a, ας, ᾳ, αν, a).
b) An η in the nominative is likewise retained throughout the singular (η, ης, ῃ, ην, η).
c) An α in the nominative after other consonants than ρ is changed in the genitive and dative to η (α, ης, ῃ, αν, α).

2. Quantity. — The ending -ας is always long.

3. Rule of Accent. — In the genitive plural the α of the stem is contracted with the case ending -ων. Consequently, all nouns of the A-declension are in the genitive plural perispomena in -ῶν.

§29

MASCULINES IN -ᾱς AND -ης

MASCULINES IN -ᾱς AND -ης

| Stems: | νεανίᾱ-

youth | πολίτᾱ-

citizen | δικαστᾱ-

judge | Ἀτρειδᾱ-

Atreus’ son
Sing. Nom.	ὁ νεανίᾱς	πολίτης	δικαστής	Ἀτρειδης
Gen.	τοῦ νεανίου	πολίτου	δικαστοῦ	Ἀτρειδου
Dat.	τῷ νεανίᾳ	πολίτῃ	δικαστῇ	Ἀτρειδῃ
Acc.	τὸν νεανίαν	πολίτην	δικαστήν	Ἀτρειδην
Voc.	ὦ νεανίᾱ	πολῖτᾱ	δικαστᾱ́	Ἀτρειδη
Plur. N. Voc.	οἱ, ὦ, νεανίαι	πολῖται	δικασταί	Ἀτρειδαι
Gen.	τῶν νεανιῶν	πολιτῶν	δικαστῶν	Ἀτρειδῶν
Dat.	τοῖς νεανίαις	πολίταις	δικασταῖς	Ἀτρειδαῖς
Acc.	τοὺς νεανίας	πολίτᾱς	δικαστᾱ́ς	Ἀτρειδᾱς

Masculines differ from feminines only in the nom. and gen. sing. The final ᾱ of the stem remains after ε, ι, ρ; otherwise it is changed to η (28, 1).

The voc. sing. ends in the same vowel, -ᾱ or -η, which occurs in the last syllable of the nom.: hence ὦ νεανίᾱ, ὦ Ἀτρείδη.

All words in -της, however, have a short -ᾰ: ὦ πολῖτα, ὦ Σπαρτιᾶτα, ὦ Ὀρέστᾰ.

So have national names in -ης: ὦ Πέρσᾰ, Σκύθᾰ, Σπαρτιᾶτα.

Some Doric and very many foreign proper names in -ᾱς have -ᾱ in the gen. sing. (Doric Genitive): Φοιβιδᾶ, Εὐρώτᾱ — Ἀβροκόμᾱ, Μάσκᾱ, Ὀρόντᾱ.

Stems:	νεανίᾱ- youth	πολίτᾱ- citizen	δικαστᾱ- judge	Ἀτρειδᾱ- Atreus’ son
Sing. Nom.	ὁ νεανίᾱς	πολίτης	δικαστής	Ἀτρειδης
Gen.	τοῦ νεανίου	πολίτου	δικαστοῦ	Ἀτρειδου
Dat.	τῷ νεανίᾳ	πολίτῃ	δικαστῇ	Ἀτρειδῃ
Acc.	τὸν νεανίαν	πολίτην	δικαστήν	Ἀτρειδην
Voc.	ὦ νεανίᾱ	πολῖτᾱ	δικαστᾱ́	Ἀτρειδη
Plur. N. Voc.	οἱ, ὦ, νεανίαι	πολῖται	δικασταί	Ἀτρειδαι
Gen.	τῶν νεανιῶν	πολιτῶν	δικαστῶν	Ἀτρειδῶν
Dat.	τοῖς νεανίαις	πολίταις	δικασταῖς	Ἀτρειδαῖς
Acc.	τοὺς νεανίας	πολίτᾱς	δικαστᾱ́ς	Ἀτρειδᾱς

1. Masculines differ from feminines only in the nom. and gen. sing. The final ᾱ of the stem remains after ε, ι, ρ; otherwise it is changed to η (28, 1).

2. The voc. sing. ends in the same vowel, -ᾱ or -η, which occurs in the last syllable of the nom.: hence ὦ νεανίᾱ, ὦ Ἀτρείδη.

All words in -της, however, have a short -ᾰ: ὦ πολῖτα, ὦ Σπαρτιᾶτα, ὦ Ὀρέστᾰ.

So have national names in -ης: ὦ Πέρσᾰ, Σκύθᾰ, Σπαρτιᾶτα.

3. Some Doric and very many foreign proper names in -ᾱς have -ᾱ in the gen. sing. (Doric Genitive): Φοιβιδᾶ, Εὐρώτᾱ — Ἀβροκόμᾱ, Μάσκᾱ, Ὀρόντᾱ.

§30

CONTRACTS OF THE A-DECLENSION

CONTRACTS OF THE A-DECLENSION 

| Stems: | Ἀθηναα-, Ἀθηνᾱ-

Athena | γεα, γη-

earth | Ἑρμεα, Ἑρμη-

Hermes, plur. Hermes Pillars
Sing. N.	ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ	ἡ γῆᾱ	ὁ Ἑρμῆς
G.	Ἀθηνᾶς	γῆς	Ἑρμοῦ
D.	Ἀθηνᾷ	γῇ	Ἑρμῇ
A.	Ἀθηνᾶν	γῆν	Ἑρμῆν
V.	Ἀθηνᾶ	γῆ	Ἑρμῆ
Plur. N.	–	–	οἱ Ἑρμαί
G.	–	–	Ἑρμῶν
D.	–	–	Ἑρμαῖς
A.	–	–	Ἑρμᾶς
V.	–	–	Ἑρμαί

-ᾱα is contracted to -ᾱ, -εα after ρ to -ᾱ, otherwise to -η; before vowels or diphthongs α and ε are absorbed: Ἑρμαῖ, Ἑρμῶν.

Rule of Accent. — All the cases are perispomena.

Stems:	Ἀθηναα-, Ἀθηνᾱ- Athena	γεα, γη- earth	Ἑρμεα, Ἑρμη- Hermes, plur. Hermes Pillars
Sing. N.	ἡ Ἀθηνᾶ	ἡ γῆᾱ	ὁ Ἑρμῆς
G.	Ἀθηνᾶς	γῆς	Ἑρμοῦ
D.	Ἀθηνᾷ	γῇ	Ἑρμῇ
A.	Ἀθηνᾶν	γῆν	Ἑρμῆν
V.	Ἀθηνᾶ	γῆ	Ἑρμῆ
Plur. N.	–	–	οἱ Ἑρμαί
G.	–	–	Ἑρμῶν
D.	–	–	Ἑρμαῖς
A.	–	–	Ἑρμᾶς
V.	–	–	Ἑρμαί

-ᾱα is contracted to -ᾱ, -εα after ρ to -ᾱ, otherwise to -η; before vowels or diphthongs α and ε are absorbed: Ἑρμαῖ, Ἑρμῶν.

Rule of Accent. — All the cases are perispomena.

§31

O-DECLENSION

O-DECLENSION

It comprises words with stems in -ο, besides some in -ω. Thus it corresponds in general to the second declension in Latin. It contains masculines and neuters, and a number of feminines.

| Stems: | λογο-

word, speech | δημο-

people | ἀνθρωπο-

human being, man | ὁδο-

way, road | δωρο-

gift
Sing. N.	ὁ λόγος	ὁ δῆμος	ὁ ἄνθρωπος	ἡ ὁδός	τὸ δῶρον
G.	τοῦ λόγου	δήμου	ἀνθρώπου	τῆς ὁδοῦ	τοῦ δώρου
D.	τῷ λόγῳ	δήμῳ	ἀνθρώπῳ	τῇ ὁδῷ	τῷ δώρῳ
A.	τὸν λόγον	δῆμον	ἄνθρωπον	τὴν ὁδόν	τὸ δῶρον
V.	ὦ λόγε	δῆμε	ἄνθρωπε	ὦ ὀδέ	ὦ δῶρον
Plur. N. V.	οἱ λόγοι	δῆμοι	ἄνθρωποι	αἱ ὁδοί	τὰ δῶρα
G.	τῶν λόγων	δήμων	ἀνθρώπων	τῶν ὁδῶν	τῶν δώρων
D.	τοῖς λόγοις	δήμοις	ἀνθρώποις	ταῖς ὁδοῖς	τοῖς δώροις
A.	τοὺς λόγους	δῆμους	ἀνθρώπους	τὰς ὁδούς	τὰ δῶρα

The following are feminine nouns in -ος. See 25, 2 b.

ἡ παρθένος maiden, ἡ νῆσος island, ἡ Αἴγυπτος Egypt,

ἡ ἄμπελος vine, ἡ Δῆλος Delos, ἡ Κόρινθος Corinth,

ἡ ἤπειρος mainland, ἡ Ἤπειρος Epirus, ἡ Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesus.

1. It comprises words with stems in -ο, besides some in -ω. Thus it corresponds in general to the second declension in Latin. It contains masculines and neuters, and a number of feminines.

Stems:	λογο- word, speech	δημο- people	ἀνθρωπο- human being, man	ὁδο- way, road	δωρο- gift
Sing. N.	ὁ λόγος	ὁ δῆμος	ὁ ἄνθρωπος	ἡ ὁδός	τὸ δῶρον
G.	τοῦ λόγου	δήμου	ἀνθρώπου	τῆς ὁδοῦ	τοῦ δώρου
D.	τῷ λόγῳ	δήμῳ	ἀνθρώπῳ	τῇ ὁδῷ	τῷ δώρῳ
A.	τὸν λόγον	δῆμον	ἄνθρωπον	τὴν ὁδόν	τὸ δῶρον
V.	ὦ λόγε	δῆμε	ἄνθρωπε	ὦ ὀδέ	ὦ δῶρον
Plur. N. V.	οἱ λόγοι	δῆμοι	ἄνθρωποι	αἱ ὁδοί	τὰ δῶρα
G.	τῶν λόγων	δήμων	ἀνθρώπων	τῶν ὁδῶν	τῶν δώρων
D.	τοῖς λόγοις	δήμοις	ἀνθρώποις	ταῖς ὁδοῖς	τοῖς δώροις
A.	τοὺς λόγους	δῆμους	ἀνθρώπους	τὰς ὁδούς	τὰ δῶρα

2. The following are feminine nouns in -ος. See 25, 2 b.
ἡ παρθένος maiden, ἡ νῆσος island, ἡ Αἴγυπτος Egypt,
ἡ ἄμπελος vine, ἡ Δῆλος Delos, ἡ Κόρινθος Corinth,
ἡ ἤπειρος mainland, ἡ Ἤπειρος Epirus, ἡ Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesus.

§32

ADJECTIVES OF A- AND O-DECLENSIONS

ADJECTIVES OF A- AND O-DECLENSIONS

The feminine form has in the singular -ᾱ after ε, ι, ρ, otherwise η. E.g.:

νέος, νέα, νέον new, young,

δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον just,

πατρῷος, πατρῴα, πατρῷον paternal,

αἰσχρός, αἰσχρά, αἰσχρόν shameful,

φίλος, φίλη, φίλον dear,

ὀλίγος, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγον little,

λίθινος, λιθίνη, λίθινον of stone,

ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν good.

| Stems: | ἀγαθο-, ἀγαθᾱ-, ἀγαθο-

good | δικαιο-, δικαίᾱ-, δικαιο-

just
Sing. N.	ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιος δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
G.	ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ	δικαίου δικαίᾱς δικαίου
D.	ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθῇ ἀγαθῷ	δικαίῳ δικαίᾳ δικαίῳ
A.	ἀγαθόν ἀγαθήν ἀγαθόν	δίκαιον δικαίᾱν δίκαιον
V.	ἀγαθέ ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιε δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
Plur. N. V.	ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά	δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια
G.	ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν	δικαίων δικαίων δικαίων
D.	ἀγαθοῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἀγαθοῖς	δικαίοις δικαίαις δικαίοις
A.	ἀγαθούς ἀγαθᾱ́ς ἀγαθά	δικαίους δικαίᾱς δίκαια

The accent of the nom. and gen. plur. fem. of barytone adjectives and participles in -ας, -η(-α), -ον is the same as that of the masculine.

E.g. δίκαιος, nom. pl. masc. δίκαιοι, gen. pl. masc. δικαίων,

δικαία, nom. pl. fem. δίκαιαι, gen. pl. fem. δικαίων

(against 25, 5 not δικαῖαι; nor δικαιῶν, see 28, 3).

Many, and especially almost all compound, adjectives in -ος have but two endings.

E.g. βάρβαρος, -ον foreign, πρᾶος, -ον mild, tame,

ἥμερος, -ον tame, ἄβατος, -ον impassable,

ἥσυχος, -ον quiet, ἔντιμος, -ον honored,

φρόνιμος, -ον prudent, παράνομος, -ον unlawful.

Note ἐναντίος, -α, -ον opposite, opposed.

Other adjectives have sometimes two, sometimes three endings.

E.g. βέβαιος, 2. and 3., firm, χρήσιμος, 2. and 3., useful,

ἔρημος, 2. and 3., deserted, ὠφέλιμος, 2. and 3., profitable.

Also some compounds, as ἀνάξιος, unworthy, and ἀναίτιος, guiltless.

1. The feminine form has in the singular -ᾱ after ε, ι, ρ, otherwise η. E.g.:
νέος, νέα, νέον new, young,
δίκαιος, δικαία, δίκαιον just,
πατρῷος, πατρῴα, πατρῷον paternal,
αἰσχρός, αἰσχρά, αἰσχρόν shameful,
φίλος, φίλη, φίλον dear,
ὀλίγος, ὀλίγη, ὀλίγον little,
λίθινος, λιθίνη, λίθινον of stone,
ἀγαθός, ἀγαθή, ἀγαθόν good.

Stems:	ἀγαθο-, ἀγαθᾱ-, ἀγαθο- good	δικαιο-, δικαίᾱ-, δικαιο- just
Sing. N.	ἀγαθός ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιος δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
G.	ἀγαθοῦ ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθοῦ	δικαίου δικαίᾱς δικαίου
D.	ἀγαθῷ ἀγαθῇ ἀγαθῷ	δικαίῳ δικαίᾳ δικαίῳ
A.	ἀγαθόν ἀγαθήν ἀγαθόν	δίκαιον δικαίᾱν δίκαιον
V.	ἀγαθέ ἀγαθή ἀγαθόν	δίκαιε δικαίᾱ δίκαιον
Plur. N. V.	ἀγαθοί ἀγαθαί ἀγαθά	δίκαιοι δίκαιαι δίκαια
G.	ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀγαθῶν	δικαίων δικαίων δικαίων
D.	ἀγαθοῖς ἀγαθαῖς ἀγαθοῖς	δικαίοις δικαίαις δικαίοις
A.	ἀγαθούς ἀγαθᾱ́ς ἀγαθά	δικαίους δικαίᾱς δίκαια

2. The accent of the nom. and gen. plur. fem. of barytone adjectives and participles in -ας, -η(-α), -ον is the same as that of the masculine.
E.g. δίκαιος, nom. pl. masc. δίκαιοι, gen. pl. masc. δικαίων,
δικαία, nom. pl. fem. δίκαιαι, gen. pl. fem. δικαίων
(against 25, 5 not δικαῖαι; nor δικαιῶν, see 28, 3).

3. Many, and especially almost all compound, adjectives in -ος have but two endings.
E.g. βάρβαρος, -ον foreign, πρᾶος, -ον mild, tame,
ἥμερος, -ον tame, ἄβατος, -ον impassable,
ἥσυχος, -ον quiet, ἔντιμος, -ον honored,
φρόνιμος, -ον prudent, παράνομος, -ον unlawful.
Note ἐναντίος, -α, -ον opposite, opposed.

4. Other adjectives have sometimes two, sometimes three endings.
E.g. βέβαιος, 2. and 3., firm, χρήσιμος, 2. and 3., useful,
ἔρημος, 2. and 3., deserted, ὠφέλιμος, 2. and 3., profitable.
Also some compounds, as ἀνάξιος, unworthy, and ἀναίτιος, guiltless.

§33

CONTRACTS OF THE O-DECLENSION

CONTRACTS OF THE O-DECLENSION 

| Stems: | νοο- = νου-

mind | ὀστεο- = ὀστου-

bone | εὔνοο- = εὔνου-

well-minded
Sing. N.	ὁ νοῦς	τὸ ὀστέον ὀστοῦν	masc. εὔνους

fem. εὔνουν

neut. εὔνουν | | G. | νοῦν | ὀστέου ὀστοῦ | εὔνου | | D. | νῷ | ὀστέῳ ὀστῷ | εὔνῳ | | A. | νοῦν | ὀστέον ὀστοῦν | εὔνουν | | Plur. N. | οἱ νοῦν | τὰ ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́ | masc. εὔνουοι

neut. εὔνουα | | G. | νοῶν | ὀστέων ὀστῶν | εὔνουων | | D. | νοῖς | ὀστέοις ὀστοῖς | εὔνουοις | | A. | νοῦς | ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́ | εὔνουους εὔνουα |

-εο and -οο are contracted to -ου, -εᾶ to -ᾶ; ε and ο before long vowels or diphthongs are absorbed.

The nom. and acc. pl. neut. of the adjectives of this class are never contracted: εὔνοα, ἄνοα, κακόνοα.

Rule of Accent. — Simple words are in all the cases perispomena; compound words retain the accent on the same syllable upon which it falls in the nom. sg.: ἔκπλοι, περίπλων, εὖνοι (accent against 16, 1), εὔνων, εὔνοις, εὔνους, εὔνοα.

Stems:	νοο- = νου- mind	ὀστεο- = ὀστου- bone	εὔνοο- = εὔνου- well-minded
Sing. N.	ὁ νοῦς	τὸ ὀστέον ὀστοῦν	masc. εὔνους fem. εὔνουν neut. εὔνουν
G.	νοῦν	ὀστέου ὀστοῦ	εὔνου
D.	νῷ	ὀστέῳ ὀστῷ	εὔνῳ
A.	νοῦν	ὀστέον ὀστοῦν	εὔνουν
Plur. N.	οἱ νοῦν	τὰ ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́	masc. εὔνουοι neut. εὔνουα
G.	νοῶν	ὀστέων ὀστῶν	εὔνουων
D.	νοῖς	ὀστέοις ὀστοῖς	εὔνουοις
A.	νοῦς	ὀστέᾱ ὀστᾱ́	εὔνουους εὔνουα

1. -εο and -οο are contracted to -ου, -εᾶ to -ᾶ; ε and ο before long vowels or diphthongs are absorbed.
2. The nom. and acc. pl. neut. of the adjectives of this class are never contracted: εὔνοα, ἄνοα, κακόνοα.
3. Rule of Accent. — Simple words are in all the cases perispomena; compound words retain the accent on the same syllable upon which it falls in the nom. sg.: ἔκπλοι, περίπλων, εὖνοι (accent against 16, 1), εὔνων, εὔνοις, εὔνους, εὔνοα.