Greek · Grammars

J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Part II, Chapter VI, The Participle

Syntax of The Greek Language, especially of the Attic dialect, for the use of schools, Dr. J. N. Madvig, professor in the university of Copenhagen. Translated from the German by the rev. Henry Browne, M. A and edited by the rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M. A, late rector of Lyndon, and formerly fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Together with an Appendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. 2nd edition. Rivingstons: London, Oxford, and Cambridge, 1873.

English Grammar Advanced 19th century J. N. Madvig

Pages 155–171 of the book.

Chapter VI.

The Participle.

a) A PARTICIPLE in Greek is partly used by way of apposition, to denote the relation of time and other circumstances in the principal sentence, partly in nearer connexion with the principal verb, as part of the predicate; likewise by way of apposition to the subject or object (δείκνυμί τινα ποιοῦντά τι), partly as simple attributive, or, with the article, as a substantive instead of a relative circumlocution.

b) To denote the relation of time in the principal sentence, its manner or other circumstances, such as cause, occasion, means, condition, purpose, opposition (by the assignment of a simultaneous, preceding, or subsequent action belonging to some substantive term contained in the sentence), the participles in Greek have a wide range, inasmuch as the language has participles for all the principal tenses and for the narrative aorist, both active and passive: Ταῦτα εἰπὼν ἀπῄειν. Ταῦτα λέγοντα αὐτὸν οἱ στρατιῶται καταβαίνειν ἐκέλευον. Ἀπήντησα Φιλίππῳ ἀπιόντι ἤδη. Ἱππίας τρία ἔτη τυραννεύσας ἐξέπεσε τῆς ἀρχῆς. Σωκράτης προείλετο μᾶλλον τοῖς νόμοις ἐμμένων ἀποθανεῖν ἢ παρανομῶν ζῆν (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 4). Κῦρος παραγγέλλει Κλεάρχῳ λαβόντι ἥκειν ὅσον ἦν αὐτῷ στράτευμα (Xen. An. 1, 2, 1). Τισσαφέρνης πορεύεται ὡς βασιλέα ἱππέας ἔχων ὡς πεντακοσίους (Xen. An. 1, 2, 4. So, frequently, ἔχων, ἄγων, φέρων, where in English we should say with: Ὤφθη ξίφος ἔχων). Καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθὸς νομιζόμενος πάντα ῥᾷον διαπράξῃ. Τοῦ κέρδους ἀπεσχόμην, αἰσχρὸν νομίζων. Διὰ τί γιγνώσκων ὁ ἄνθρωπος τὰ κακὰ ὅτι κακά ἐστιν, ὅμως αὐτὰ ποιεῖ; Ἡττώμενος ὑπὸ τῆς ἡδονῆς (Pl. Prot. 355). Οἴει σὺ Ἄλκηστιν ὑπὲρ Ἀδμήτου ἀποθανεῖν ἄν, μὴ οἰομένην ἀθάνατον μνήμην ἀρετῆς περὶ ἑαυτῆς ἔσεσθαι; (Pl. Conv. 208). Παρελήλυθα συμβουλεύσων ὑμῖν (Isocr. Archid. 1). Οἱ ξύμμαχοι πρέσβεις ἐς Λακεδαίμονα ἔπεμψαν Λύσανδρον αἰτήσοντας ἐπὶ τὰς ναῦς (Xen. Hell. 2, 1, 6). Πείθεσθαι χρὴ τῇ πατρίδι κἂν εἰς πόλεμον ἄγῃ τρωθησόμενον ἢ ἀποθανούμενον (Pl. Crit. 51). (Ἀλκιβιάδης ἀποκρινάμενος αὐτοῖς ἀπέπεμψεν, ὅτι τοὺς πεντακισχιλίους οὐ κωλύει ἄρχειν, Thuc. 8, 86. Ἀνόητον ἐπὶ τοιούτους ἰέναι, ὧν κρατήσας μὴ κατασχήσει τις, Thuc. 6, 11. The common object attached to the participle as the nearest or first verb.)

REM. The position, relation, or circumstances in which a person (or thing) is during an action, which in English is commonly expressed by when, is denoted in Greek by ὤν, or the participle of a special verb (unless the purpose and quality in which the person appears in the action is to be denoted, in which case by § 19, the apposition is used without participle): Ταῦτα ἔμαθον ἔτι παῖς ὤν. Ἀπεδήμουν τριηραρχῶν. Ἐπὶ τοιήνδε οὖσαν Σικελίαν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι στρατεύειν ὥρμηντο (Thuc. 6, 6). Ὤν is also added with explanatory appositions and such as assign the occasion or inducement: Ὁ πατήρ, ὅτ᾽ ἤμελλε τελευτᾶν, τὴν οὐσίαν ἐνεχείρισεν Ἀφόβῳ τε καὶ Δημοφῶντι τῷ Δήμωνος υἱεῖ, ἀδελφιδοῖν ὄντοιν (Dem. 27, 4; being, or, they being; who were --). Οἱ Θηβαῖοι ἠνώχλουν μὲν ταῖς πόλεσι ταῖς ἐν Πελοποννήσῳ, Θετταλίαν δ᾽ ἐτόλμων καταδουλοῦσθαι, Μεγαρεῦσι δέ, ὁμόροις οὖσιν, ἠπείλουν (Isocr. Phil. 53).

The relation of the participle to the principal action is more exactly denoted by the addition of certain adverbs, partly to the principal verb, partly to the participle itself.

a) By τότε (τότε ἤδη), εἶτα, ἔπειτα (τηνικαῦτα), οὕτως, standing after the participle and before the principal verb, it is marked with emphasis that the principal action takes place only through, or not until after, the action expressed by the participle (as consequence thereof): ἔπειτα, εἶτα sometimes also denotes an antithesis (then, for all that), especially in expressions of censure and surprise: Ὁ Ἀναξίβιος τὸν Ξενοφῶντα ἐκέλευσε συνδιαβάντα τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον ἔπειτα οὕτως ἀπαλλάττεσθαι (Xen. An. 7, 1, 4; to go with him over the H., and then (not sooner) withdraw). Δέομαι ὑμῶν ἀκροασαμένους διὰ τέλους τῆς ἀπολογίας τότε ἤδη ψηφίζεσθαι τοῦθ᾽ ὅ, τι ἂν ὑμῖν αὐτοῖς ἄριστον νομίζητε εἶναι (Andoc. 1, 9). -- Δεινὰ μέντ᾽ ἂν πάθοις, ὦ βέλτιστε, εἰ Ἀθήναζε ἀφικόμενος, οὗ τῆς Ἑλλάδος πλείστη ἐστὶν ἐξουσία τοῦ λέγειν, ἔπειτα σὺ ἐνταῦθα τούτου μόνος ἀτυχήσαις (Pl. Gorg. 461). (Κᾆτα for simple εἶτα: Ἐὰν ῥητορικὸς γενόμενός τις κᾆτα ταύτῃ τῇ δυνάμει καὶ τῇ τέχνῃ ἀδικῇ, οὐ τὸν διδάξαντα δεῖ μισεῖν, Pl. Gorg. 457.)

b) By ἅμα and μεταξύ it is denoted that the main action goes on with and during (in the midst of) the action of the participle. The adverbs, in point of signification, belong, in the first instance, to the leading verb, but in the Greek idiom they usually attach themselves more closely to the participle (ἅμα ἰών, μεταξὺ ἰών, going the while, in the midst of his going, as he goes): Ὁ Κῦρος οὐ μόνον τῷ πορεύεσθαι τὴν ὁδὸν προςεῖχε τὸν νοῦν, ἀλλ᾽ ἅμα προϊὼν ἐπεσκοπεῖτο, εἴ τι δυνατὸν εἴη τοὺς πολεμίους ἀσθενεστέρους ποιεῖν (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 22; as he went on, he considered at the same time). Τὸ τοῦ θεοῦ σημεῖον ἐν ἄλλοις λόγοις πολλαχοῦ μ᾽ ἐπέσχε λέγοντα μεταξύ (Pl. Apol. 40; in the midst of my speaking). So εὐθὺς γενόμενοι, ἀποβεβηκότες, directly they were born, immediately after landing.

c) Ἅτε (ἅτε δή), οἷον, οἷα δή with the participle denote that this assigns the ground or cause (as being, &c. = because): Ὁ Κῦρος, ἅτε παῖς ὢν καὶ φιλόκαλος καὶ φιλότιμος, ἥδετο τῇ στολῇ (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 3). Μάλα χαλεπῶς πορευόμενοι οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, οἷα δὴ ἐν νυκτί τε καὶ ἐν φόβῳ ἀπιόντες, εἰς Αἰγόσθενα τῆς Μεγαρικῆς ἀφικνοῦνται (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 26). (In Herodotus also ὥστε.) Sometimes ὤν in an apposition with ἅτε, οἷα δή, ὡς is omitted: Τοὺς τῆς τραγῳδίας ποιητὰς εἰς τὴν πολιτείαν οὐ παραδεξόμεθα ἅτε τυραννίδος ὑμνητάς (Pl. Rep. 8, 568). Πάντες οἱ τοῦτο ἐπιτηδεύοντες ἄκοντες ἐπιτηδεύουσιν ὡς ἀναγκαῖον ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ ὡς ἀγαθόν (Pl. Rep. 2, 358).

d) Ὡς with the participle denotes the thought, opinion, supposition, purpose, pretext, in, with, or under which the action is done: Ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι (Pl. Rep. 1, 329 = thinking themselves deprived). Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τὸν Περικλέα ἐν αἰτίᾳ εἶχον ὡς πείσαντα σφᾶς πολεμεῖν καὶ δι᾽ ἐκεῖνον ταῖς ξυμφοραῖς περιπεπτωκότες (Thuc. 2, 59). Μῦθόν τινα Παρμενίδης φαίνεταί μοι διηγεῖσθαι παισὶν ὡς οὖσιν ἡμῖν (Pl. Soph. 242; to children, as if we were such; to us as if we were children). Ἀρταξέρξης συλλαμβάνει Κῦρον ὡς ἀποκτενῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 3). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἐν ὀλιγωρίᾳ ἐποιοῦντο ὡς ῥᾳδίως ληψόμενοι βίᾳ τὸ χωρίον (Thuc. 4, 5). (Of the omission of ὤν, see under c.)

REM. In denoting the purpose after verbs of motion (εἶμι, ἥκω, ἔρχομαι, πάρειμι, πέμπω, ἄγω, and more special verbs of this kind, such as ἀποπλέω) the simple participle is used. See the examples, § 174. (Ἦια ἐρῶν, I was going to say.) (Παρασκευάζομαι ὡς ἀπιών, Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 13, and Ἵππαρχος παρεσκευάζετο προπηλακιῶν τὸν Ἁρμόδιον, Thuc. 6, 54. Also with the infinitive: παρεσκευάζετο προςβάλλειν τῇ πόλει (Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 17); παρασκευαζόμενος πολιορκήσειν (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 12).)

e) An antithesis is denoted by καίπερ (although, albeit) or simple καί (even) before the participle (poetically πέρ or πὲρ ἔμπης after the participle), with sometimes ὅμως (nevertheless) before the principal verb: Κἂν σύ, καίπερ οὕτω σοφὸς ὤν, εἴ τις σε διδάξειεν, ὃ μὴ τυγχάνεις ἐπιστάμενος, βελτίων ἂν γένοιο (Pl. Prot. 318). Sometimes ὅμως in connexion with καί attaches itself more nearly to the participle, although in strictness it belongs to the principal verb (like ἅμα and μεταξύ, see under b): Τῇ ὑστεραίᾳ οἱ τετρακόσιοι ἐς τὸ βουλευτήριον ὅμως καὶ τεθορυβημένοι ξυνελέγοντο (Thuc. 8, 93). (Ὢν with καίπερ omitted: Γιγνώσκω σαφῶς, καίπερ σκοτεινός, τήν γε σὴν αὐδὴν ὅμως, Soph. Œd. R. 1326.) [1]

[1]: Rarer constructions: a) Οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἐξεῦρον ὀρθῶς τὰ μετέωρα πράγματα, εἰ μὴ τὴν φροντίδα λεπτὴν καταμίξας εἰς τὸν ὅμοιον ἀέρα (Arist. Nub. 229. The participle to denote a negative condition with εἰ prefixed); b) Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι τῆς γῆς ἐκράτουν, ὅσα μὴ προϊόντες πολὺ ἐκ τῶν ὅπλων (Thuc. 1, 111; so far as not --, = yet without advancing far from the camp: ὅσον μή and ὅσα μή); c) Ταῦτά σοι ἕνεκα τοῦδε ἐμήκυνα, ὑποπτεύων, σέ, ὥςπερ καὶ αὐτὸς οἴει, ὠδίνειν τι κύοντα ἔνδον (Pl. Theæt. 151; because I suspected).

Of the manner in which a defining circumstance is annexed by means of the participle, it is to be observed further:

a) A participle denoting the way and manner, the ground or reason, &c. may govern, or have with it, a relative or interrogative pronoun (or pronominal adjective or adverb): Ἆρ᾽ οὖν τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ εἰλήφαμεν, ὃ πάλαι καὶ πολλοὶ ζητοῦντες πρὶν εὑρεῖν κατεγήρασαν; (Pl. Theæt. 202.) Τί, ἔφη ὁ Ξενοφῶν, ἰδὼν τὸν Κριτόβουλον ποιοῦντα τοιαῦτα κατέγνωκας αὐτοῦ; (Xen. Mem. 1, 3, 10.)

b) The Greeks often use a participle to denote the manner in which, the means whereby, or generally the circumstances under which something takes place, where in other languages this statement of the manner, means, or circumstance is put as the principal proposition, and that which in Greek is the principal proposition becomes the accessory definition (dependent sentence or expression with a preposition); this happens especially where the statement of the circumstance is interrogative or relative in form: Τί δεδιότες σφόδρα οὕτως ἐπείγεσθε; (Xen. Hell. 1, 7, 26.) Τί ἂν εἰπών σέ τις ὀρθῶς προςείποι; (Dem. 18, 22.) Οἶδα, ὅποι χρὴ ἐλθόντα λαβεῖν ἕκαστα (Xen. Œcon. 8, 22; whither I must go to take --). Οἱ λίαν φιλοσοφοῦντες τῶν λόγων ἄπειροι γίγνονται, οἷς χρὴ χρώμενον ὁμιλεῖν τοῖς ἀνθρώποις (Pl. Gorg. 484; which one must use in converse with men). Ξυνελέγη Δημοσθένει τὸ στράτευμα, ὃ ἔδει ἔχοντα εἰς τὴν Σικελίαν βοηθεῖν (Thuc. 7, 26). Οὐ διελογίσασθε, ὑπὲρ οἷα πεποιηκότων ἀνθρώπων κινδυνεύσετε (Dem. 18, 98). -- Τὸν τοιοῦτον ἔξεστιν ἐπὶ κόῤῥης τύπτοντα μὴ διδόναι δίκην (Pl. Gorg. 486; one can smite such a man on the cheek without being punished for it). Οἱ Ἀργεῖοι πολλάκις Ἀθηναίους ἐκέλευον σχόντας μόνον σὺν ὅπλοις ἐς τὴν Λακωνικὴν καὶ τὸ ἐλάχιστον μετὰ σφῶν δῃώσαντας ἀπελθεῖν (Thuc. 6, 105).

REM. Especially we may note the expressions τί (ὅ,τι) παθών and τί μαθών, where, with surprise and disapprobation, one asks (directly or indirectly) why a person did this or that (most commonly παθών, denoting affection by some external circumstance, or impulse generally [what possessed him to --], μαθών, some notion which the person has taken into his head [what induced him to --]): Λέξον δή μοι, τί παθοῦσαι, εἴπερ νεφέλαι γ᾽ εἰσὶν ἀληθῶς, θνηταῖς εἴξασι (ἐοίκασι) γυναιξίν; (Arist. Nub. 341, what has come to them, what ails them, that they --.) (Dependently, without express question, merely attached to the expression of surprise or vexation implied in the principal sentence: Τί ἄξιός εἰμι παθεῖν ἢ ἀποτῖσαι, ὅ, τι μαθὼν ἐν τῷ βίῳ οὐχ ἡσυχίαν ἦγον; Pl. Apol. 36, what do I deserve to suffer because (God knows why --, or, for some crotchet or other that I had got into my head --) I did not keep quiet. (Τί δῆτα ἔχων στρέφει; Pl. Phæd. 236.)

c) The participle, (put as apposition to the subject of a preceding sentence,) gives the character of an action or expression of some other person, mentioned in that sentence, or asks what was the ground or cause of it: Σοί, ὦ Σώκρατες, ἔφη ὁ Θρασύμαχος, χαρίζομαι. Εὐ γε σὺ ποιῶν (Pl. Rep. 1, 351; it is well done of thee). Ἀπορῶ, τί χρή ποτε εἰπεῖν ὄντως εἶναι τὸν σοφιστήν. Εἰκότως γε σὺ ἀπορῶν (Pl. Soph. 231; no wonder thou art at a loss). Ὁ ἐμὸς πατὴρ τὸν ἄνδρα ἀπέκτεινεν. Τί λαβὼν ἀδικοῦντα; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 37; what wrong had he found him doing?) Ἐρωτῶ, εἰ δοκῶ ἂν ὑμῖν περὶ πλείονος τὴν Φιλίππου φιλίαν τῆς τῶν παίδων σωτηρίας ποιήσασθαι; ποίων κρατηθεὶς ἡδονῶν; ἢ τί πώποτε ἄσχημον ἕνεκα χρημάτων πράξας; (Æsch. 2, 152.) The speaker himself interposes a parenthetical εὐ ποιῶν, καλῶς ποιῶν in the sense, with good reason, happily: Τοῦτο τοίνυν, εὐ ποιοῦν, οὐ συνέβη (Dem. 23, 143). (A remark parenthetically interposed in a report of what some person has said: Παρελθὼν Αἰσχίνης, Ἀγνοεῖτ᾽, ἔφη, ὦ βουλή, τὸ πρᾶγμα; καὶ τὸν αὐτόχειρα ἔχοντες (λέγων τὸν Ἀρίσταρχον) μέλλετε καὶ ζητεῖτε; Dem. 21, 116. Apposition to the subject of ἔφη.)

REM. Certain participles are attached to the subject, to characterize the action in respect of its circumstances or manner, almost with an adverbial signification, especially ἀρχόμενος, at the beginning (ὅπερ ἀρχόμενος ἔλεγον, Pl. Theæt. 174), ἀρξάμενος in the construction ἀρξάμενοι ἀπό τινος (Σωκράτους), first S. and then the rest, beginning with S., τελευτῶν, at last. (Οἱ Ἕλληνες κινηθῆναι οὐκ ἐδύναντο ἐκ τοῦ χωρίου, ἀλλὰ τελευτῶντες καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος εἶργον αὐτοὺς οἱ Θρᾷκες, Xen. An. 6, 1, 8.) (In the language of common life: ἀνύσας ἄνοιγε, make haste and open! Φλυαρεῖς ἔχων. See the Lexicon.)

d) Sometimes several participles stand together, either attached, without connexion among themselves, to the same leading verb in order to define the action on several sides of it (by nearer and more remote circumstances), or so that one participle attaches itself to another as its leading verb, especially participles put according to the rules in § 177 and 178: Ἄδικοι ὄντες κερδανοῦμέν τε καὶ λισσόμενοι (by praying) ὑπερβαίνοντες καὶ ἁμαρτάνοντες (when we transgress and sin) πείθοντες τοὺς θεοὺς ἀζήμιοι ἀπαλλάξομεν (Pl. Rep. 2, 366). Φανήσεται ὁ θεσμοθέτης, πεισθεὶς ὁποσῳδήποτε ἀργυρίῳ, καθυφεὶς τὸν ἀγῶνα (Dem. 21, 39; that he has given up the suit, induced by --). (In the genitive absolute: Οἱ Θηβαῖοι ὕστερον παρεγένοντο, ἤδη τῶν ἀνδρῶν τῶν μὲν διεφθαρμένων, τῶν δὲ ζώντων ἐχομένων, Thuc. 2, 5; being alive in prison. Τοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων κήρυκος, οὐδὲν ἐπισταμένου τῶν γεγενημένων, ἐλθόντος οὐ πολὺ ὕστερον αὖθις περὶ τῶν νεκρῶν, ἀπέδοσαν οἱ Βοιωτοί, Thuc. 4, 101; without knowing what had happened.)

e) Sometimes a participle of circumstance is, less accurately (where one would have rather expected a dependent sentence or a double genitive, § 181) attached in the nominative to the subject of the principal sentence, although this cannot, quite unchanged, be the subject of the participle. Namely, either (1) the passage begins with the participle in the plural referred to a plural term (especially one that has been the subject of discourse so far) or to several individuals, and then is carried on in the principal sentence in reference to a part of the plural term or some of the individuals (sometimes even with an extended reference to a larger plural than the one just mentioned), or also (2) after a general statement concerning a plural, a participle follows with an annexed partitive or less comprehensive subject. (1) Ὡς κραυγὴ καὶ κτύπος ἐγίγνετο, αἰσθόμενοι οἱ ἔνδον τοῦ θορύβου, κελεύσαντος τοῦ βασιλέως σκέψασθαι, τί εἴη τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἐκθέουσί τινες ἀνοίξαντες τὰς πύλας (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 28). Ἐνθαῦτα μαχόμενοι καὶ βασιλεὺς καὶ Κῦρος καὶ οἱ ἀμφ᾽ αὐτοὺς ὑπὲρ ἑκατέρων, ὁπόσοι μὲν τῶν ἀμφὶ βασιλέα ἀπέθνησκον, Κτησίας λέγει, Κῦρος δὲ αὐτός τε ἀπέθανε καὶ ὀκτὼ οἱ ἄριστοι τῶν περὶ αὐτόν (Xen. An. 1, 8, 27). Καὶ πείσαντες [οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι] τοὺς ξυμμάχους εὐθὺς ἐχώρουν ἐπὶ Ὀρχομενὸν τὸν Ἀρκαδικὸν πάντες πλὴν Ἀργείων (Thuc. 5, 61; all, viz. the allies as well as the Athenians). (2) Πίστεις ἔδοσαν ἀλλήλοις οἱ Ἑλένην μνηστεύοντες, ἢ μὴν βοηθήσειν, εἴ τις ἀποστεροίη τὸν ἀξιωθέντα λαβεῖν αὐτήν, νομίζων ἕκαστος τὴν ἐπικουρίαν ταύτην αὑτῷ παρασκευάζειν (Isocr. Laud. Hel. 40). [1]

[1]: Αἱ Ἀττικαὶ νῆες παραγιγνόμεναι τοῖς Κερκυραίοις, εἴ πῃ πιέζοιντο, φόβον μὲν παρεῖχον τοῖς ἐναντίοις, μάχης δὲ οὐκ ἦρχον, δεδιότες οἱ στρατηγοὶ τὴν πρόῤῥησιν τῶν Ἀθηναίων, Thuc. 1, 49 (4, 73).

REM. Sometimes an irregularity in the case results, where the sentence begins with a participle in the nominative, and then the construction is altered so that a different case is required. See Anacoluthia, § 216. (Of a different irregularity in the case of the participle, see ibid. R. 2.)

a) With sundry verbs, mostly intransitive, a participle is (by way of apposition) so constructed with the subject, that it belongs at the same time to the verb which is predicated of the subject in relation to the action (or state) expressed by the participle; the leading verb being in itself incomplete or undefined, and the participle serving to complete it into an entire and definite predicate, in the same manner as an infinitive is used as complement of the predicate. Such verbs are those which denote continuance and perseverance, or weariness and cessation, satisfaction or dissatisfaction (shame), superiority or its opposite, the being early or late, also being right or wrong (διατελῶ, διάγω, διαγίγνομαι, ἀνέχομαι, καρτερῶ, κάμνω, ἀπείρηκα, παύομαι, ἐκλείπω, λήγω, χαίρω, ἀγαπῶ, ἥδομαι, poet. τέρπομαι, ἀγανακτῶ, αἰσχύνομαι, ἄχθομαι, μεταμέλομαι, χαλεπῶς φέρω, νικῶ, ἡττῶμαι, ἐλλείπομαι, ἄρχω, ὑπάρχω, φθάνω, ἀδικῶ, ἁμαρτάνω, εὖ, καλῶς ποιῶ). Σωκράτης οὐδὲν ἄλλο ποιῶν διαγεγένηται ἢ διασκοπῶν τά τε δίκαια καὶ τὰ ἄδικα (Xen. Mem. 4, 8, 4). Ἀπείρηκα τρέχων (Xen. An. 5, 1, 2). Οὐδὲν παυόμεθα εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ περιφερόμενοι (Pl. Gorg. 517). Τοῖς καλῶς ἐρωτῶσιν ἀποκρινόμενος χαίρω (Pl. Prot. 318). Φαρνάβαζος τῆς Αἰολίδος χαλεπῶς ἔφερεν ἀπεστερημένος (Xen. Hell. 3, 3, 13). Οὐδὲ τὸν ἀδελφὸν ἠσχύνετο τὸν ἔτι ζῶντα οὕτως ὀλίγον φροντίζουσα τοῦ τεθνεῶτος (Isocr. Ægin. 40). Ἐάν τις ἡμᾶς εὖ ποιῶν ὑπάρχῃ (first confers benefits upon us), τούτου εἴς γε δύναμιν οὐχ ἡττησόμεθα εὖ ποιοῦντες (Xen. An. 2, 3, 23). Τὰ τῆς πόλεως οὕτως ὑπῆρχεν ἔχοντα (Dem. 18, 235; were in this posture). Οἱ Ἕλληνες φθάνουσιν ἐπὶ τῷ ἄκρῳ γενόμενοι τοὺς πολεμίους (Xen. An. 3, 4, 49). Ὁ πεζὸς στρατὸς τῶν Ἀθηναίων φθάνει ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐπιπολὰς πρὶν τοὺς Συρακουσίους παραγενέσθαι (Thuc. 6, 97). Ἀδικεῖτε πολέμου ἄρχοντες καὶ σπονδὰς λύοντες (Thuc. 1, 53). Ἀθηναῖοι τοὺς ἐκ τῆς νήσου δεσμώτας μετεμέλοντο ἀποδεδωκότες Λακεδαιμονίοις (Thuc. 5, 35).

b) In the same manner the participle stands with the verbs and phrases τυγχάνω, λανθάνω (τινά), δῆλός εἰμι, φανερός εἰμι, φαίνομαι (show myself, am seen to --), which are used personally of the person who accidentally, privately, or openly does or is something: Ἔτυχον ὁπλῖται ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ καθεύδοντες ὡς πεντήκοντα (Thuc. 4, 113; so it was that they were asleep --). Ἔλαθεν ἁφθέντα πάντα καὶ καταφλεχθέντα (Thuc. 4, 133). Λέληθα ἐμαυτὸν φίλτρον τι εἰδώς (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 11; without being myself aware of it, I have the knowledge of --). Δῆλος εἶ καταφρονῶν μου (Pl. Theæt. 189). Κήδεταί τις μάλιστα τούτου, ὃ τυγχάνει φιλῶν (Pl. Rep. 3, 412). Οἱ Θηβαῖοι φανεροὶ πᾶσιν ἦσαν ἀναγκασθησόμενοι καταφεύγειν ἐφ᾽ ὑμᾶς (Dem. 18, 19). Ἡ ψυχὴ ἀθάνατος φαίνεται οὖσα (Pl. Phæd. 107; it appears that the soul --).

REM. 1. When ὤν with an adjective is the participle, it is sometimes omitted, especially with verbs denoting continuance, and with τυγχάνω: Σωκράτης ἀνυπόδητος καὶ ἀχίτων διετέλει (Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 2). Γίγνεται πόλις, ἐπειδὴ τυγχάνει ἡμῶν ἕκαστος οὐκ αὐτάρκης ἀλλὰ πολλῶν ἐνδεής (Pl. Rep. 2, 369). [1] (Poetically: ἐν ἀγροῖς τυγχάνω, with a preposition, or with local dative, ἀγροῖς, Soph. El. 313.) With φαίνομαι, the omission of ὤν is the usual practice. Ψευδὴς φαίνεται ὁ Γωβρύας (Xen. Cyr. 5, 2, 4).

[1]: Ὅ, τι, ὅπου, ὅπῃ, ὁπότε τυγχάνω, τυγχάνεις, &c., what (as it) may chance (with me, thee, &c.): Περιέτρεχον, ὅπῃ τύχοιμι (Pl. Conv. 173).

REM. 2. With λανθάνω, δῆλος, and φανερός εἰμι, sometimes a sentence with ὅτι follows: Οἱ πολέμιοι δῆλοι ἦσαν, ὅτι ἐπικείσονται ἐν τῇ καταβάσει (Xen. An. 5, 2, 26). Also λανθάνει (τινά), δηλόν ἐστι, φανερόν ἐ. are put impersonally with ὅτι: Πᾶσιν ἦν φανερόν, ὅτι μᾶλλον ἡσθήσεσθε τοῖς παρακαλοῦσιν ὑμᾶς ἐπὶ τὸν πόλεμον ἢ τοῖς περὶ εἰρήνης συμβουλεύουσιν (Isocr. de Pac. 5 = φανεροὶ ἦτε ἡσθησόμενοι).

REM. 3. Αἰσχύνομαι λέγων, I am ashamed of saying it, (even) while I say it, αἰσχύνομαι λέγειν, I am ashamed to say (and therefore forbear to say). Φαίνομαι has the infinitive in the sense seem (seem to myself): Ἔγωγέ μοι φαίνομαι δύο καθορᾶν εἴδη τῆς μαντικῆς (Pl. Soph. 235). (Ἀποκάμνω ποιεῖν τι, I give over doing something.) Ἄρχομαι (middle) has usually the infinitive, rarely the participle. Some other verbs and phrases of kindred meaning occur now and then constructed thus with the participle, e.g. πειρῶμαι βασανίζων τι (Pl. Phil. 21; make an attempt at testing something), κύριός εἰμι ποιῶν τι (Thuc. 5, 34; have a right to do something), συμβαίνει τι γιγνόμενον (and, without ὤν, μέγιστον κακὸν συμβαίνει ἡ ἀδικία, Pl. Gorg. 479), μεστός εἰμι θυμούμενος (Soph. Œd. C. 768 = κάμνω, am tired out and sated).

REM. 4. As δῆλός εἰμι, so, in the poets, and sometimes in prose, ἀρκῶ, ἱκανός, κρείττων, βελτίων εἰμί are used personally with a participle instead of an impersonal expression with acc. with inf. (ἀρκεῖ ἐμέ --): Ἀρκέσω θνήσκουσ᾽ ἐγώ (Soph. Ant. 547). Κρείττων ἦν ὁ πατήρ σου μὴ λειτουργήσας ἢ τοσαῦτα τῶν ἑαυτοῦ ἀναλώσας (Lys. 26, 4).

REM. 5. With some impersonal verbs and expressions, which denote the consequence and advantage of an action, sometimes, instead of the infinitive, a participle stands as apposition to the dative, so that the use or advantage during (after) the action is denoted: Ἀθηναῖοι πέμψαντες ἐς Δελφοὺς ἐπηρώτων τὸν θεόν, εἰ πολεμοῦσιν ἄμεινον ἔσται (Thuc. 1, 118; also λυσιτελήσει, συνοίσει). Ἡμεῖς ἠγανακτοῦμεν μὲν ἐπὶ τοῖς λεγομένοις, πλέον δ᾽ οὐδὲν ἦν ἀγανακτοῦσιν ἡμῖν (Dem. 35, 31). In the same manner: Μεταμέλει μοι οὕτως ποιήσαντι, to have so acted; of having so acted. [1]

[1]: Ἔοικας τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν οἰομένῳ τρυφὴν καὶ πολυτέλειαν εἶναι (Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 10; thou art like one who thinks; thou seemest to think).

REM. 6. The verb φθάνω in negative, dubitative expressions is used of that which, when it takes place, will not take place too soon; and, in the second person, (οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις, φθάνοιτε) expresses a challenge or summons to do something immediately: Οὐκ ἂν φθάνοις λέγων, εἴ τι ᾔσθησαί με φίλτρον ἐπιστάμενον (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 11). [2] (More rarely in the third person, of that which, since it must be done, may as well be done at once: Εἰ μὴ τιμωρήσεσθε τούτους, οὐκ ἂν φθάνοι τὸ πλῆθος τούτοις δουλεῦον, Dem. 24, 143.)

[2]: In the editions often incorrectly pointed as a question.

a) A participle is likewise attached to the object of certain verbs, to denote that the proper complete (logical) object of the verbs is not the grammatical object, in itself, but that state or action of it which the participle expresses; so that the object and participle together have the same meaning as the accusative with the infinitive after verba declarandi: Δείκνυμί τινα ποιοῦντά τι. If the subject of the leading verb should also be its object, the participle is put in the nominative and referred to the subject: Δείκνυμι ποιήσας τι (that I have done something). With the passive, or the forms used intransitively, the participle is referred to the subject: Δειχθήσομαι ποιήσας τι. Such verbs are those which denote to see, mark, know, experience, remember, show, prove, find (find oneself), signify (verbs of knowledge and experience): (ὁρῶ, αἰσθάνομαι, ἀκούω, πυνθάνομαι, μανθάνω, καταμ., οἶδα, ἐπίσταμαι, γιγνώσκω, μέμνημαι, ἐπιλανθάνομαι, δηλῶ, δείκνυμι, ἐπιδ., ἀποδ., ἀποφαίνω, ἐξελέγχω, ἀγγέλλω, εὑρίσκω). Ὁρῶ τὸν πόλεμον ὑμῖν πολλῶν κακῶν αἴτιον γεγενημένον (Isocr. Phil. 2). Ἐπέδειξα Αἰσχίνην οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπηγγελκότα ἀλλὰ φενακίσανθ᾽ ὑμᾶς (Dem. 19, 177). Οἱ Ἕλληνες οὐκ ᾔδεσαν Κῦρον τεθνηκότα (Xen. An. 1, 10, 16). Ἄνθρωποι καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ ἐπειδὰν γνῶσιν ἀπιστούμενοι, οὐ φιλοῦσι τοὺς ἀπιστοῦντας (Xen. Cyr. 7, 2, 17). Φίλιππος πάνθ᾽ ἕνεκα ἑαυτοῦ ποιῶν ἐξελήλεγκται (Dem. 2, 8). Οἱ τῶν Ἀθηναίων στρατηγοὶ τοῖς τε ἐπιχειρήμασιν ἑώρων οὐ κατορθοῦντες καὶ τοὺς στρατιώτας ἀχθομένους τῇ μονῇ (Thuc. 7, 47). Κλέαρχος ἤκουε Κύρου ἔξω ὄντα τοῦ Ἑλληνικοῦ εὐωνύμου βασιλέα (Xen. An. 1, 8, 13). [1] Ἀπεφάνην συμφορᾶς μὲν οὐδεμιᾶς αἴτιος γεγενημένος, πολλὰ δὲ κἀγαθὰ εἰργασμένος τὴν πόλιν (Lys. 25, 4). Μέμνημαι ἔγωγε καὶ παῖς ὢν (even from my childhood) Κριτίᾳ τῷδε ξυνόντα σε (Pl. Charm. 153). Ἴσθι ἀνόητος ὤν (Xen. An. 2, 1, 13). Σκοπούμενος εὕρισκον οὐδαμῶς ἂν ἄλλως, ὃ ἠβουλόμην, διαπραξάμενος, πλὴν εἰ γραφείη λόγος ὥςπερ εἰκὼν τῆς ἐμῆς διανοίας (Isocr. Antid. 7). Πρῶτος βασιλεῖ Κῦρον ἐπιβουλεύοντα ἤγγειλα (Xen. An. 2, 3, 19).

[1]: Ἀκούω τινὰ ἥκοντα, I hear (learn, am told) that some one is come, ἀκούω τινὸς διαλεγομένου, I hear some one speak (hear him speaking), § 58 a. R. 3. Ἀριαῖος ᾔσθετο Κῦρον πεπτωκότα (Xen. An. 1, 9, 31), A. perceived, became aware, that C. was fallen; ᾔσθησαι πώποτέ μου συκοφαντοῦντος; (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 11), hast thou (thyself as present) ever perceived me acting the part of a sycophant (practising chicane)? This distinction, however, in the use of αἰσθάνομαι is not always observed.

REM. 1. But instead of the nominative referred to the principal subject, occasionally a reflexive pronoun stands with the participle in the accusative (cf. acc. with inf. for the nominative, § 160): Ἢ δεῖξον οὐ πεποιηκότα ταῦτα σαυτὸν ἢ δίκην ὕπεχε (Dem. 22, 29). From αἰσθάνομαι ἐμαυτὸν πεπρακώς comes the construction συνέβη μοι αἰσθέσθαι ἐμαυτὸν πεπρακότι (Dem. 18, 46), by § 157, b.

REM. 2. Instead of an object with participle attached, the participle of an impersonal verb or expression may also stand alone: Ὁρῶ καὶ σοὶ τούτων δεῆσον (Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 29). Εἶδον οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι ἀδύνατον ὂν τιμωρεῖν τοῖς ἀνδράσιν (Thuc. 4, 15). (Τοῖς ξυμμάχοις παράδειγμα σαφὲς καταστήσατε, ὃς ἂν ἀφιστῆται, θανάτῳ ζημιωσόμενον, Thuc. 3, 40, = δείξατε.)

REM. 3. Rarely (for the most part poetically) ὡς is prefixed to this participle: Ὡς μηδὲν εἰδότ᾽ ἴσθι μ᾽ ὧν ἀνιστορεῖς (Soph. Phil. 253).

REM. 4. With these verbs also (cf. § 177, R. 1) the participle ὤν is sometimes omitted, e.g. with ἀποφαίνω, οἶδα: Εἴ τις ἔχει ψευδῆ ἀποφῆναι, ἃ εἰρήκαμεν, λεγέτω (Pl. Rep. 2, 366).

REM. 5. The verbs mentioned have also, some more frequently, e.g. οἶδα, others less frequently, a sentence with ὅτι (or ὡς mostly after a negation, see § 159, R. 3) with no difference in point of meaning, but only as the convenience of the general form of the sentence may require: Τοὺς χειροτέχνας ᾔδη, ὅτι εὑρήσοιμι πολλὰ καὶ καλὰ ἐπισταμένους (Pl. Apol. 22). ᾜσθοντο οἱ Ἕλληνες, ὅτι βασιλεὺς σὺν τῷ στρατεύματι ἐν τοῖς σκευοφόροις εἴη (Xen. An. 1, 10, 5). Οὐδ᾽ ἐκεῖνο δύναμαι ἰδεῖν, ὡς οὐχὶ πάντες ἄνθρωποι τούτων τυχεῖν ἀξιώσουσιν (Dem. 23, 123). Ὡς οὐ πεποίηκε Μειδίας, ἃ κατηγόρηκα, τοῦτο δεικνύτω (Dem. 21, 28. A challenge which Demosthenes assumes will not be accepted). Ῥᾳδίως αἰσθήσεσθε τούτους, ὅτι εἰσὶ βίαιοι καὶ ἀσελγεῖς ἄνθρωποι (Dem. 43, 23; on τούτους, ὅτι, see § 191). (Blending of two constructions: Γνοὺς δὲ ὁ Κλέων καὶ Δημοσθένης, ὅτι, εἰ καὶ ὁποσονοῦν μᾶλλον ἐνδώσουσιν οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι, διαφθαρησομένους αὐτοὺς ὑπὸ τῆς σφετέρας στρατιᾶς, ἔπαυσαν τὴν μάχην. Thuc. 4, 37. Cf. § 159, R. 4.) [1]

[1]: Μέμνημαι, οἶδα, ὅτε (ἡνίκα) --, I remember the time when --.

REM. 6. The verbs signifying to remark, learn, hear (also ἀγγέλλω), have also often the accus. with inf., rarely those signifying to know: Ἀκούω καὶ ἄλλα ἔθνη πολλὰ τοιαῦτα εἶναι (Xen. An. 2, 5, 13). Πυνθάνομαι μέλλειν Δημοσθένην καταριθμεῖσθαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὅσα πεπολίτευται (Æsch. 3, 54). (Εὖ νυν ἐπίστω τῶνδέ μ᾽ αἰσχύνην ἔχειν. Soph. El. 616.) Γιγνώσκω has the acc. with inf. (not the participle) in the sense perceive, assume, consider. Κῦρος ἀγῶνας κατέστησεν ἁπάντων, ὁπόσα ἐγίγνωσκεν ἀσκεῖσθαι ἀγαθὸν εἶναι ὑπὸ στρατιωτῶν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 22). (Γιγνώσκω, give sentence that something shall be done, -- see § 164.) Ἀποφαίνω, ἀποφαίνομαι, declare (that something is; not to prove), has the acc. with inf. [2]: ἀπέφηναν τοῦτο δίκαιον τοῖς ἀρχομένοις εἶναι (Pl. Rep. 338, E).

[2]: Μανθάνω ὀρχεῖσθαι, ἐπίσταμαι λέγειν, μέμνησο ἀπιστεῖν, &c., by § 145, do not come under this head.

REM. 7. Σύνοιδά τινι ἠδικημένῳ (Dem. 21, 2) and (the meaning of σύν almost disappearing) Συνίσασι τοὺς πρὸ αὑτῶν τετυραννευκότας τοὺς μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν γονέων ἀνῃρημένους, τοὺς δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν παίδων, τοὺς δὲ ὑπ᾽ ἀδελφῶν (Isocr. de Pac. 113). Σύνοιδα ἐμαυτῷ ἐψευσμένος and ἐψευσμένῳ.

b) So likewise a participle is attached to the object, to complete the predicate, with the verbs παύω, cause a person to have done with something, περιορῶ, overlook (allow something to be done before one's eyes), and (more for the purpose of merely denoting a circumstance) with εὑρίσκω, καταλαμβάνω, φωρῶ, find, catch a person doing something (passive ἁλίσκομαι), ποιῶ, represent in a poem, ἐγγράφω, lay an information: Τὴν φιλοσοφίαν παῦσον ταῦτα λέγουσαν (Pl. Gorg. 482). Ἅμα διψῶν τε πέπαυμαι καὶ ἅμα ἡδόμενος διὰ τοῦ πίνειν (Pl. Gorg. 497). Μὴ περιίδωμεν ὑβρισθεῖσαν τὴν Λακεδαίμονα καὶ καταφρονηθεῖσαν (Isocr. Archid. 108). (Ὢν with εὑρίσκω omitted: Ἐμὲ εὑρήσετε οὐ κακὸν οὐδ᾽ ἄχρηστον, Isæ. 7, 41.) (Περιορῶ τι γίγνεσθαι, τοὺς Μαντινεῖς ἄρχειν τῆς Ἀρκαδίας, Thuc. 5, 29, = ἐῶ.)

In a special manner (mostly, however, in the poets) a participle of the aorist is joined to the verb ἔχω as apposition to the subject, to denote at once the preceding action and the present state, almost as a mere periphrasis of the perfect: Σοῦ δ᾽ ἔγωγε θαυμάσας ἔχω τόδε (Soph. Phil. 1362). Τὸν λόγον σου πάλαι θαυμάσας ἔχω, ὅσῳ καλλίω τοῦ προτέρου ἀπειργάσω (Pl. Phæd. 257).

a) A participle stands, with or without the article, and with or without defining accessories, as attributive to a substantive, with the sense of an adjective or of a relative periphrasis: Πόλις κάλλει διαφέρουσα. Ἀνὴρ καλῶς πεπαιδευμένος. Οἱ πρέσβεις οἱ παρὰ Φιλίππου πεμφθέντες. Ἡ Μυσῶν λεία λεγομένη (the so-called booty of the Mysians; the proverbial Mysian booty). Αἱ Αἰόλου νῆσοι καλούμεναι (Thuc. 3, 88). Ἐν τῇ Μεσσηνίᾳ ποτὲ οὔσῃ γῇ (Thuc. 4, 3; in the land which was once Messenian). Αἱ ἄρισται δοκοῦσαι εἶναι φύσεις (Xen. Mem. 4, 1, 3). (On the position of the words when the participle, as attributive with the article, has accessory definitions, see § 9, R. 1.)

REM. It should be remarked, however, that the participle perfect in Greek, much more rarely than in Latin (doctus, eruditus, rectus), assumes the signification of a pure adjective, merely denoting the property in general without reference to the action by which it was produced. (Ἐῤῥωμένος.) On the other hand, the participial constructions, instead of the relative periphrases used in Latin, are rendered very frequent by the use of ὤν and δοκῶν.

b) A participle with the article (with addition of case and other definitions) can likewise stand substantively instead of a relative periphrasis of a person or thing (cf. § 14): Οἱ κρατοῦντες. Ἦν δὲ ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπὼν Πείσανδρος (Thuc. 8, 68). Ἔδει τὴν πολιτικὴν σοφοὺς ποιεῖν τοὺς πολίτας καὶ ἐπιστήμης μεταδιδόναι, εἴπερ ἔμελλεν αὕτη εἶναι ἡ ὠφελοῦσά τε καὶ εὐδαίμονας ποιοῦσα (Pl. Euthyd. 292). Ἀφεκτέον τῶν τοιούτων τῷ σωφρονεῖν δυνησομένῳ (Xen. Conv. 4, 26). [1] Παρὰ τοῖς ἀρίστοις δοκοῦσιν εἶναι (Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 6). Τοῖς Ἀρκάδων σφετέροις οὖσι ξυμμάχοις (Thuc. 5, 64; those of the Arcadians who were --, partitively, see § 50 a). Τοὺς πῶς διακειμένους λάβοιεν ἂν οἱ τοιοῦτοι μαθητάς; (Isocr. Antid. 222; see 176 a, and 198 a.)

[1]: Τίνας καλεῖν ἔδει ἑτέρους; τούς, ὅτ᾽ ἐγώ, γεγονυίας ἤδη τῆς εἰρήνης, ἀπὸ τῆς ὑστέρας ἥκων πρεσβείας, αἰσθόμενος φενακιζομένην τὴν πόλιν, προὔλεγον καὶ διεμαρτυρύμην καὶ οὐκ εἴων προέσθαι Πύλας οὐδὲ Φωκέας, λέγοντας, ὡς ἐγὼ δύσκολός εἰμί τις ἄνθρωπος (Dem. 6, 29).

REM. 1. On the other hand, it is more rare for a participle without the article to be put substantively, to denote indefinitely persons of a certain kind, or who do something (cf. § 87 a): Πλέομεν ἐπὶ πολλὰς ναῦς κεκτημένους (Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 19). Νόμος ἐστίν, ὅταν πολεμούντων πόλις ἁλῷ, τῶν ἑλόντων εἶναι τὰ χρήματα τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 73). Μετὰ ταῦτα ἀφικνοῦνται ἀγγέλλοντες (with the intelligence), ὅτι ὁ πατὴρ ἀφεῖται (is released; Isocr. Trap. 11: so frequently, Ἥκουσιν, ἧκον λέγοντες). (Ὅταν τις θεῶν βλάπτῃ, δύναιτ᾽ ἂν οὐδ᾽ ἂν ἰσχύων φυγεῖν, Soph. El. 697. Elsewhere almost exclusively in the plural.) To denote a person as one who can, shall, will do something, the article is usually put to the participle (of the future, rarely of the present: persons who do), both adjectively, and especially substantively: Οὐδὲ τοὺς δούλους ὑβρίζειν οἱ Ἕλληνες ἀξιοῦσιν, ἀλλὰ νόμον δημοσίᾳ τὸν ταῦτα κωλύσοντα τέθεινται (Dem. 21, 49). Ἡ χώρα πολλὴ καὶ ἀγαθὴ ἦν καὶ ἐνῆσαν οἱ ἐργασόμενοι (Xen. An. 2, 4, 22; people to till it). Ὁ ἡγησόμενος οὐδεὶς (οὐκ) ἔσται (Xen. An. 2, 4, 5). (Πολλοὺς ἕξομεν τοὺς ἑτοίμως καὶ προθύμως συναγωνιζομένους ἡμῖν. Isocr. de Pac. 139.)

REM. 2. The poets sometimes make a genitive case depend on a participle with the article, as if it were a substantive, e.g. ὁ ἐκείνου τεκών (Eur. El. 335). In prose οἱ προςήκοντες, relations, and τὸ συμφέρον, advantage, interest, are used quite as substantives (τὸ τῆς νεὼς καὶ τῶν ναυτῶν συμφέρον, Pl. Pol. 296; τὰ μικρὰ συμφέροντα τῆς πόλεως, Dem. 18, 28). The poets and Thucydides sometimes use a present participle in the neuter, instead of an abstract verbal substantive, e.g. τὸ νοσοῦν = ἡ νόσος. Ἐν τῷ μὴ μελετῶντι ἀξυνετώτεροι ἔσονται (Thuc. 1, 142; by want, or omission, of practice); μετὰ τοῦ δρωμένου (Thuc. 5, 102; with action, when there is doing). (Otherwise: τὸ δοξάζον τῆς ψυχῆς, that (part) of the mind which represents (images); τὸ κρατοῦν τῆς πόλεως. Partitive genitive, § 50.)

c) Some few present participles, viz. διαφέρων, ἔχων with an adverb (e.g. κάλλιστ᾽ ἔχων), προςήκων, πρέπων, δέον, ἐξόν, συμφέρον, sometimes occur, as adjective predicate-nouns, with εἰμί or γίγνομαι, occasionally also others in connexion with an actual adjective: Τί ποτ᾽ ἐστὶν οὗτος ὁ βίος ἐκείνου διαφέρων; (Pl. Gorg. 500.) Τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους οὐ διὰ τὴν ἀρετὴν αὐτῶν ἐσώσατε, ἀλλ᾽ ὅτι συμφέρον ἦν τῇ πόλει σῶς εἶναι (Dem. 19, 75). Δεῖ πολὺ μὲν τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἐπιμελεστέρους γενέσθαι τοὺς νῦν τῶν πρόσθεν, πολὺ δὲ τοὺς ἀρχομένους εὐτακτοτέρους καὶ πειθομένους μᾶλλον τοῖς ἄρχουσι νῦν ἢ πρόσθεν (Xen. An. 2, 2, 30).

d) A participle of the present or aorist with εἰμί, as a periphrasis of the simple tense of the verb (in like manner as the participle perf., under certain circumstances, is joined with εἰμί) is a poetical licence of not very frequent occurrence; in the prose passages where it does occur, there is apt to be a certain emphasis in the several and distinct expression of the action (the participle) and its existence (εἰμί). Ἂν ᾖ θέλουσα (ἡ γυνή), πάντ᾽ ἐμοῦ κομίζεται (Soph. Œd. R. 580). Οὐκ εἰς ὄλεθρον; οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει; (ibid. 1146.) Παντάπασι θαυμάσαιμ᾽ ἄν, εἴ τί με τούτων διαπέφευγεν. Ἦν μὲν οὖν μετὰ πολλῆς ἡδονῆς καὶ παιδιᾶς τότε ἀκουόμενα (Pl. Tim. 26). Ἢ τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι γιγνόμενον παρ᾽ ἡμῖν; (Pl. Phil. 39; or, is not this a thing that takes place --?) Ἦν γὰρ ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς βεβαιότατα φύσεως ἰσχὺν δηλώσας καὶ διαφερόντως τι ἐς αὐτὸ μᾶλλον ἑτέρου ἄξιος θαυμάσαι (Thuc. 1, 138; a man who, in a pre-eminent degree, manifested --). (With γίγνομαι in command and prohibition: Μή, ὦ ξένε, ἡμῖν τὴν γε πρώτην αἰτησάντων χάριν ἀπαρνηθεὶς γένῃ. Pl. Soph. 217.)

A subject with a participle, conceived as one notion, and put in the genitive (genitivi consequentiæ, double-genitive [usually, in English, ‘genitive absolute’]) is (in the manner assigned in § 66, b) attached to a sentence, where a simple participle could not be annexed, to denote the relation of time of the principal action, its way and manner, circumstances, ground or cause, &c., as the simple participle would do: Τῶν σωμάτων θηλυνομένων καὶ αἱ ψυχαὶ πολὺ ἀῤῥωστότεραι γίγνονται (Xen. Œcon. 4, 2; if --). Οὐκ ἂν ἦλθον δεῦρο, ὑμῶν μὴ κελευσάντων. Ὅλης τῆς πόλεως ἐν τοῖς πολεμικοῖς κινδύνοις ἐπιτρεπομένης τῷ στρατηγῷ, μεγάλα τά τ᾽ ἀγαθὰ κατορθοῦντος αὑτοῦ καὶ τὰ κακὰ διαμαρτάνοντος εἰκὸς γίγνεσθαι (Xen. Mem. 3, 1, 3; where the whole city is made over --, if he succeeds, &c.). Οἱ Θηβαῖοι ἠβούλοντο τὴν Πλάταιαν ἔτι ἐν εἰρήνῃ τε καὶ τοῦ πολέμου μήπω φανεροῦ καθεστῶτος (= γεγενημένου) προκαταλαβεῖν (Thuc. 2, 2). (Ἀφίκετο δεῦρο τὸ πλοῖον, γνόντων τῶν Κεφαλλήνων, ἀντιπράττοντος Ζηνοθέμιδος, ὅθεν ἐξέπλευσε τὸ πλοῖον, ἐνταῦθα καὶ καταπλεῖν αὐτό. Dem. 32, 14; when the Ceph. had determined, in spite of Z.'s resistance, --. A double-genitive attached to another. Τί τῶν Φωκέων ἢ ἄλλου τινὸς ἀνθρώπων μετὰ τοὺς παρ᾽ Αἰσχίνου λόγους ἐξαμαρτόντος οὐκ ἀπέβη τὰ ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ τότε ῥηθέντα; Dem. 19, 75; for what offence of the Phocians – ? See § 176, a.)

REM. 1. The learner must observe, that as the Greek has the whole series of active participles, the use of the passive double-genitive (as in Latin) is hereby excluded, when the action spoken of is that of the subject of the principal sentence: Ταῦτα εἰπόντες ἀπῇμεν, not τούτων λεχθέντων, which signifies, after this was said by others.

REM. 2. The relation between the principal sentence and the participial sentence is more specifically marked, as is the case with the simple participle, by certain adverbs: see § 175. Πόθεν, ὦ Σώκρατες, αἱ διαβολαί σοι αὗται γεγόνασιν; οὐ γὰρ δή που, σοῦ γε οὐδὲν τῶν ἄλλων περιττότερον πραγματευομένου, ἔπειτα τοσαύτη φήμη τε καὶ λόγος γέγονεν (Pl. Apol. 20). Ψήφισμα ἔγραψα πλεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς τόπους, ἐν οἷς εἴη Φίλιππος, καὶ τοὺς ὅρκους τὴν ταχίστην ἀπολαμβάνειν, ἵν᾽ ἐχόντων τῶν Θρακῶν τῶν ὑμετέρων συμμάχων τὰ χωρία ταῦτα, τὸ Σέῤῥιον καὶ τὸ Μύρτιον καὶ τὴν Ἐργίσκην, οὕτω γίγνοινθ᾽ οἱ ὅρκοι (Dem. 18, 27). Διονυσοδώρου μεταξὺ ταῦτα λέγοντος ὁ Κλεινίας ἔτυχεν ἀποκρινάμενος (Pl. Euthyd. 275). Especially frequent is the double-genitive with ὡς, to express the thought and supposition or pretext under which something is spoken or done (because, as though): Φυλλίδας καὶ Μέλλων ἐκήρυττον ἐξιέναι πάντας Θηβαίους, ὡς τῶν τυράννων τεθνεώτων (Xen. Hell. 5, 4, 9). Οὐχ ὡς τοῖς Ἕλλησι πολεμησόντων ἡμῶν εἶπον, ἃ εἶπον (Xen. An. 5, 6, 3). Cf. § 175 d. Especially note the use of the double-genitive with ὡς in connexion with verbs or phrases denoting an opinion or utterance, to assign the purport of the opinion or utterance (to be of opinion, as though, i.e. that something should be done), usually with the imperative, or at least in speaking of that which is to be thought or spoken (often with emphatic οὕτως before the principal verb, after the genitive): Ὡς ἐμοῦ γε καὶ ἀγωνιουμένου καί, ὁποῖος ἄν τις ὦ, κατὰ τὴν ἀξίαν τιμᾶσθαι ἀξιώσοντος, οὕτως, ὦ Κῦρε, γίγνωσκε (Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 15). Ὡς ἐμοῦ ἰόντος, ὅπῃ ἂν καὶ ὑμεῖς, οὕτω τὴν γνώμην ἔχετε (Xen. An. 1, 3, 6). Ἄλλο τι ὡς οὕτω σου νομίζοντος διανοώμεθα; (Pl. Gorg. 472; are we not to assume that this is your opinion? On ἄλλο τι, see § 199 c.) Εἴπατε καὶ περὶ τούτου, πότερα μενεῖτε καὶ σπονδαί εἰσιν ἢ ὡς πολέμου ὄντος παρ᾽ ὑμῶν ἀπαγγελῶ (Xen. An. 2, 1, 21; or, whether I shall report --). (Ὄψεσθε, ὥςπερ δούλων ἀποδιδρασκόντων εὑρημένων, τοὺς μὲν ἱκετεύοντας τῶν πολεμίων, τοὺς δὲ φεύγοντας. Xen. Cyr. 4, 2, 21; just as when --.) [1]

[1]: Ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἐᾷ περὶ τῶν ἀτίμων λέγειν, ἐὰν μὴ τῆς ἀδείας δοθείσης (Dem. 24, 46). See § 175 e, foot-note 1 (a).

REM. 3. Sometimes a double-genitive and a simple participle referred to a case (most frequently the subject) in the principal sentence, are connected by and, or by μέν and δέ as co-ordinate definitions (e.g. of time, cause, thought, &c.): Κλέων πάντα διαπραξάμενος ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ καὶ ψηφισαμένων Ἀθηναίων αὐτῷ τὸν πλοῦν τῶν τε ἐν Πύλῳ στρατηγῶν ἕνα προςελόμενος Δημοσθένην τὴν ἀναγωγὴν διὰ τάχους ἐποιεῖτο (Thuc. 4, 29). Οἱ Ἕλληνες στραφέντες παρεσκευάζοντο ὡς ταύτῃ προςιόντος βασιλέως καὶ δεξόμενοι (Xen. An. 1, 10, 6).

REM. 4. a) The subject-genitive in a double-genitive is sometimes omitted, when it is a pronoun easy to be understood from the context and the preceding mention of the same subject, and with no emphasis on it: Εἵποντο δὲ τοῖς Μοσσυνοίκοις τῶν Ἑλλήνων τινές, οὐ ταχθέντες ὑπὸ τῶν στρατηγῶν ἀλλ᾽ ἁρπαγῆς ἕνεκεν. Οἱ δὲ πολέμιοι, προςιόντων, τέως μὲν ἡσύχαζον, ἐπεὶ δ᾽ ἐγγὺς ἐγένοντο τοῦ χωρίου, ἐκδραμόντες τρέπονται αὐτούς (Xen. An. 5, 4, 16). (The pronoun of the first person omitted in an assurance by the speaker himself attached to what goes before: Ἐρώτα, ἔφη, ὦ Κῦρε, ὡς τἀληθῆ ἐροῦντος, Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 9.)

b) Sometimes the double-genitive is a participle plural with an indefinite subject of the third person understood (the people; one) (cf. § 6 b): Οὐκ ἐξαιτούμενος, οὐκ Ἀμφικτυονικὰς δίκας ἐπαγόντων, οὐκ ἀπειλούντων, οὐκ ἐπαγγελλομένων, οὐδαμῶς ἐγὼ προδέδωκα τὴν εἰς ὑμᾶς εὔνοιαν (Dem. 18, 322; not when I was demanded to be given up, not when they were for bringing me to trial before the Amphictyons).

c) A double-genitive of participle without a subject is formed from impersonal expressions with adjectives in the plural (ἕτοιμά ἐστιν, § 7 b. R. 2), or from a verb put impersonally to which some general notion of things can be understood as its subject (e.g. ἔχει, ἐπράχθη), usually in the plural, and from the verbs denoting the state of the weather (§ 7, a 1). (Comp. the double-accusative, § 182): Ἔτι ὄντων ἀκρίτων διαλλαγῶμεν (Thuc. 1, 7). Οὕτως ἐχόντων (under such circumstances, such being the case, more rarely οὕτως ἔχοντος), εἰκὸς τοῖς μὲν πολεμίοις ἐναντίους εἶναι τοὺς θεούς, ἡμῖν δὲ συμμάχους (Xen. An. 3, 2, 10). Τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον πραχθέντων, τῆς πόλεως γίγνεται τὰ χρήματα (Dem. 24, 12; such being the facts of the case). Ἀλκιβιάδης ἀνηγάγετο ἐπὶ τὴν Κύζικον, ὕοντος πολλοῦ (Xen. Hell. 1, 1, 16).

d) A passive participle neuter (usually plural, cf. c) of a verbum declarandi is sometimes put in the double-genitive, with a sentence with ὅτι added: Περικλῆς ᾤχετο κατὰ τάχος ἐπὶ Καύνου καὶ Καρίας, ἐςαγγελθέντων, ὅτι Φοίνισσαι νῆες ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἀθηναίους πλέουσιν (Thuc. 1, 116; but δηλωθέντος, ὅτι --, 1, 74).

REM. 5. The omission of the participle ὤν in the double-genitive is very rare: Πᾶν ἐν ἡσύχῳ, πάτερ, ἔξεστι φωνεῖν, ὡς ἐμοῦ μόνης πέλας (Soph. Œd. C. 83). (Νικίαν καὶ Δημοσθένην οἱ Συρακούσιοι ἄκοντος Γυλίππου ἀπέσφαξαν, Thuc. 7, 86, and ἐμοῦ οὐχ ἑκόντος, Soph. Aj. 455, as if ἑκών, ἄκων were participles.)

REM. 6. The double-genitive is usually put only where the subject of the participle does not stand in the principal sentence in some other case to which the participle might attach itself. Sometimes, however, although the subject of the participle does so occur, the double-genitive is nevertheless used, in order to give more prominence to the participial sentence as a special circumstance: Διαβεβηκότος ἤδη Περικλέους στρατιᾷ ἐς Εὔβοιαν, ἠγγέλθη αὐτῷ, ὅτι Μέγαρα ἀφέστηκεν (Thuc. 1, 114). Τριῶν θυρῶν οὐσῶν, ὡς ἔδει με διελθεῖν, ἅπασαι ἀνεῳγμέναι ἔτυχον (Lys. 12, 16). Σὺ μὲν ὡς φάσκοντος εἰδέναι περὶ ὧν ἐρωτῶ, προςφέρῃ πρὸς ἐμέ (Pl. Charm. 165; ἐμοῦ omitted agreeably with the concluding remark in R. 4, a).

REM. 7. Sometimes a substantive takes a participle as apposition, and then, by means of a preposition, especially ἅμα or σύν, is attached to a sentence as a definition of time: Ἅμα ἡλίῳ ἀνίσχοντι ἦλθε Προκλῆς, ὁ Τευθρανίας ἄρχων (Xen. An. 2, 1, 3). Ἅμα τῷ ἦρι εὐθὺς ἀρχομένῳ τοῦ ἐπιγιγνομένου θέρους οἱ ἐν τῇ Σικελίᾳ Ἀθηναῖοι ἄραντες ἐκ τῆς Κατάνης παρέπλευσαν ἐπὶ Μεγάρων (Thuc. 6, 94). Ἡ ὀργὴ αὕτη ὑπό τε τῶν ἀγαθῶν (the advantages) πεπανθήσεται καὶ σὺν τῷ φόβῳ λήγοντι ἄπεισι (Xen. Cyr. 4, 5, 21). (Πρὸ ἡλίου δύνοντος, Æsch. 1, 12. Ἔτει πέμπτῳ μετὰ Συρακούσας οἰκισθείσας, Thuc. 6, 3. Ἐπὶ Κύδρου βασιλεύοντος, Lyc. 84. Ἐπὶ χιόνι πεσούσῃ, Hdt. 2, 22, after the falling of snow, after it has snowed.)

Instead of the double-genitive, the accusative (double-accusative [accusative absolute]) of impersonal verbs is used (e.g. δέον, ἐξόν, προςήκον, παρέχον, μέλον, μεταμέλον, also δοκοῦν, δόξαν, as [when, since] it is, was, decreed) or of passive verbs used impersonally (with an infinitive added, e.g. προςταχθέν, εἰρημένον, γενόμενον ἐπ᾽ ἐμοί, as it was in my power, &c.), or of impersonal expressions of εἰμί and an adjective (e.g. ἀδύνατον ὄν). The double-accusative is also used of impersonal expressions (ἐμὲ ποιήσοντα) after ὡς and ὥςπερ, in the opinion, supposition, belief that, or, as though: Ὅταν ἀναγκασθῇ τις δυοῖν κακοῖν τὸ ἕτερον αἱρεῖσθαι, οὐδεὶς τὸ μεῖζον αἱρήσεται, ἐξὸν τὸ ἔλαττον (viz. αἱρεῖσθαι. Pl. Prot. 358). Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι μετεμέλοντο, ὅτι μετὰ τὰ ἐν Πύλῳ, καλῶς παρασχόν, οὐ ξυνέβησαν (Thuc. 5, 14; a favourable opportunity having offered). Ὡς Κῦρος ἐγένετο ἐν Μήδοις, συνδόξαν τῷ πατρὶ καὶ τῇ μητρί, γαμεῖ τὴν Κυαξάρου θυγατέρα (Xen. Cyr. 8, 5, 28). Προςταχθέν μοι ὑπὸ τοῦ δήμου Μένωνα τὸν στρατηγὸν ἄγειν εἰς Ἑλλήσποντον, ᾠχόμην ἀναγόμενος διὰ τάχους (Dem. 50, 12; I put to sea with speed). Οἱ Συρακούσιοι παρεκελεύοντο κραυγῇ οὐκ ὀλίγῃ χρώμενοι, ἀδύνατον ὂν ἐν νυκτὶ ἄλλῳ τῳ σημῆναι (Thuc. 7, 44). Κῦρος ἀντιπαρεσκευάζετο ἐῤῥωμένως, ὡς μάχης ἔτι δεῆσον (Xen. Cyr. 6, 1, 26). Οἶμαι τὸ πλῆθος ψηφιεῖσθαι, ἃ βουλόμεθα, ἅμα μὲν ὑμῶν συναγορευόντων, ἅμα δὲ καὶ αἰσχρὸν ὂν ἀντιλέγειν (Xen. Cyr. 2, 2, 20). Οἱ πατέρες τοὺς υἱεῖς ἀπὸ τῶν πονηρῶν ἀνθρώπων εἴργουσιν, ὡς τὴν μὲν τῶν χρηστῶν ὁμιλίαν ἄσκησιν οὖσαν τῆς ἀρετῆς, τὴν δὲ τῶν πονηρῶν κατάλυσιν (Xen. Mem. 1, 2, 20). Ἀπεβλέψατε πρὸς ἀλλήλους ὡς αὐτὸς μὲν ἕκαστος οὐ ποιήσων τὸ δόξαν, τὸν δὲ πλησίον πράξοντα (Dem. 14, 15). Ἔνιοι φίλους μὲν κτῶνται ὡς βοηθῶν δεόμενοι, τῶν δ᾽ ἀδελφῶν ἀμελοῦσιν, ὥςπερ ἐκ πολιτῶν μὲν γιγνομένους φίλους, ἐξ ἀδελφῶν δ᾽ οὐ γιγνομένους (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 3). [1]

[1]: Hence τυχόν, properly, it having chanced, as it happened, is used quite as an adverb, perchance, mayhap.

REM. 1. After verbs that themselves express opinion, the double-accusative with ὡς of personal verbs is very rarely put instead of the double-genitive with ὡς (§ 181, R. 2); but where the notion of thinking is merely implied in the ὡς, the double-accusative is even more usual than the double-genitive.

REM. 2. It is very rare to meet with the double-accusative of a personal expression without ὡς (with ὄν or a participle which is commonly used impersonally, or with the neuter of a pronominal word as subject), e.g. προςῆκον ἐμοὶ τοῦ κλήρου μέρος (Isæ. 5, 12). Ἤδη ἀμφοτέροις μὲν δοκοῦν ἀναχωρεῖν, κυρωθὲν δὲ οὐδέν, ὁπηνίκα χρὴ ὁρμᾶσθαι, οἱ Μακεδόνες καταστάντες ἐς αἰφνίδιον φυγὴν ἐχώρουν ἐπ᾽ οἴκου (Thuc. 4, 125). [1]

[1]: From δόξαν we have also δόξαν ταῦτα (Xen. An. 4, 1, 13) for τούτων δοξάντων (Xen. Hell. 5, 2, 24).

REM. 3. Now and then in this construction the participle ὤν is omitted: Ἆρα τὴν δίαιτάν μου φαυλίζεις ὡς ἧττον μὲν ὑγιεινὰ ἐσθίοντος ἐμοῦ ἢ σοῦ, ἧττον δὲ ἰσχὺν παρέχοντα, ἢ ὡς χαλεπώτερα (viz. ὄντα) πορίσασθαι τὰ ἐμὰ διαιτήματα τῶν σῶν διὰ τὸ πολυτελέστερα εἶναι; (Xen. Mem. 1, 6, 5.)

The Tenses of the Participle, present, perfect, and aorist, correspond with the same tenses of the indicative (so that the aorist is a præteritum): Ἢν μηδὲν φαίνωμαι κακόν σε πεποιηκὼς μηδὲ βουληθείς, οὐ καὶ σὺ αὖ ὁμολογήσεις ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ μηδὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι; (Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 13; that I have done thee no evil, neither wished I to do thee any.) Usually δείκνυμι πεποιηκώς, δ. τινὰ πεποιηκότα, corresponding with πεποίηκα or πεποίηκεν as judgment on the completed relation. For examples of the tenses generally, see the preceding paragraphs. Hence after a verb of past time (since the participle denotes the time in reference to the principal action) the participle of the present answers to the imperfect, that of the perfect to the plusquamperfect, that of the aorist to a more remote past (as aorist, not as perfect): Ταῦτα εἰπόντες ἀπῆλθον (= ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα εἶπον). Ἐπέδειξα Αἰσχίνην οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπηγγελκότα ἀλλὰ φενακίσανθ᾽ ὑμᾶς (Dem. 19, 177. = Οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπήγγελκεν ἀλλ᾽ ἐφενάκισεν ὑμᾶς. The former said in general, the latter of a particular matter of fact). (Ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπὼν Πείσανδρος ἦν, Thuc. 8, 68, as a circumlocution = εἶπεν. Τίς ἦν ὁ βοηθήσας τοὺς Βυζαντίους καὶ σώσας αὐτούς; τίς δ᾽ ὁ τῇ πόλει λέγων καὶ γράφων καὶ πράττων; Dem. 18, 88 = ἐβοήθησεν - ἔλεγεν - ἔγραφεν - ἔπραττεν.)

REM. 1. Sometimes, even after a verb of present time, the participle present has the sense of the imperfect, where an anterior time is either plainly denoted by the context or by the addition of τότε: Πρὸς μὲν τοὺς φίλους τε καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας ταῦτα ὑμᾶς παῖδας ὄντας ἐδιδάσκομεν· ὅπως δὲ πολεμίους δύναισθε κακῶς ποιεῖν, οὐκ οἶσθα μανθάνοντας ὑμᾶς πολλὰς κακουργίας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 28.) Ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι καὶ τότε μὲν (viz. ὅτε νέοι ἦσαν) εὖ ζῶντες, νῦν δὲ οὐδὲ ζῶντες (Pl. Rep. 1, 329). Οἱ τε ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ τότε δικάζοντες καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν παρόντων πολλοὶ ταῦτα συνίσασιν (Dem. 30, 32). [2]

[2]: Οἱ οἰχόμενοι, the departed, dead, from οἴχομαι (see § 110 a, R. 2), ὁ φεύγων, the banished. Poetically, οἱ θνήσκοντες, ἡ τίκτουσα, for οἱ θανόντες, ἡ τεκοῦσα.

REM. 2. Sometimes, after a verb in the aorist or historical present, an aorist participle stands as apposition to the subject, not to denote an earlier but a contemporary (single and momentary) action (in that, by --, and), so that the past is specially denoted in the action of the participle, just as it would be in a verbum finitum with and, &c.: Εὖ ἐποίησας ἀναμνήσας με (Pl. Phæd. 60; you did well to remind me; in that thou didst remind me). Ἤδη πώποτε ἡ μήτηρ ἢ δακοῦσα κακόν τί σοι ἔδωκεν ἢ λακτίσασα; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 7.) Κίρων ἐκδίδωσι τὴν θυγατέρα Ναυσιμένει πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι μνᾶς ἐπιδούς (Isæ. 8, 8). Ὁ Φρύνιχος πέμπει ὡς τὸν Ἀστύοχον, τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναύαρχον, κρύφα ἐπιστείλας, ὅτι Ἀλκιβιάδης αὐτῶν τὰ πράγματα φθείρει (Thuc. 8, 50; and gave him to understand. Shortly afterwards: Ὁ Ἀλκιβιάδης πέμπει εὐθὺς κατὰ Φρυνίχου γράμματα ἐς τὴν Σάμον ἀξιῶν αὐτὸν ἀποθνήσκειν). Especially note, that with the aorists ἔλαθον and ἔφθην (or λανθάνω and φθάνω as historical present) the participle annexed (by § 177) for a single, transient action, is always put in the aorist, and only where an abiding condition (property) is denoted, stands in the present. This aorist of the participle remains, even where the principal verb is aorist without preterite signification (subjunctive, imperative, optative, or infinitive), and with the future indicative. Also with the aorist of περιορᾶν (§ 178 b) and sometimes of ἐφορᾶν, in all the moods (περιίδω, &c.) the participle stands in the aorist for a transient action: Ἔλαθεν ἁφθέντα πάντα καὶ καταφλεχθέντα (Thuc. 4, 133). Σμικρὸν ἔφθης με ἐρόμενος (Pl. Pol. 293). Ὁ πεζὸς στρατὸς τῶν Ἀθηναίων φθάνει ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐπιπολὰς πρὶν τοὺς Συρακουσίους παραγενέσθαι (Thuc. 6, 97). Φοβούμεθα περὶ Κλεινίᾳ, μή τις φθῇ ἡμᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἄλλο τι ἐπιτήδευμα τρέψας αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν (Pl. Euthyd. 275). Βουλοίμην ἄν, ἄκοντος ἀπιὼν Κύρου, λαθεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθών (Xen. An. 1, 3, 17). Εὐλαβεῖσθε, ὅπως μὴ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος σοφώτεροι γενόμενοι λήσετε διαφθαρέντες (Pl. Gorg. 487). Τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λήσομεν ἐπιπεσόντες (Xen. An. 7, 3, 43). Δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, βοηθεῖν ἡμῖν καὶ μὴ περιιδεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀναιρεθέντας (Lys. 19, 64; not to allow us to be destroyed, ruined, transient action). -- Ἐλάθομεν ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς παίδων οὐδὲν διαφέροντες (Pl. Crit. 49). Οἶμαί σε πολλὰ μεριμνᾶν ὅπως μὴ λάθῃς σαυτὸν ἀγνοῶν τι τῶν εἰς στρατηγίαν ὠφελίμων (Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 23). Αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν, εἰ περιίδοιμι τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἡμῖν οἱ πατέρες κατέλιπον, ταύτην τοὺς οἰκέτας τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἔχοντας (Isocr. Archid. 8). (After ἔφθην an occasion for the present can rarely happen.) [1]

[1]: Λελήθαμεν ἀμφοτέρων εἰς τὸ μέσον πεπτωκότες (Pl. Theæt. 180). Κατατείνας (συντείνας) λέγω, ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 2, 358), as forcibly as I can; i.e. with exertion of all my powers (after collecting them and bending them to the task).

REM. 3. With the article, the participle of the aorist sometimes approximates to that of the perfect: Οἱ θανόντες. Ὁ τὰ ἔργα παρεσχηκώς, περὶ ὧν εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι, δικαιότατ᾽ ἂν ταύτην ἔχοι τὴν αἰτίαν, οὐχ ὁ ἐσκεμμένος οὐδ᾽ ὁ μεριμνήσας τὰ δίκαια λέγειν νῦν (Dem. 21, 192).

(The Participle with ἄν.) The participle of the present and aorist with ἄν is used in a hypothetical and potential signification, so that it corresponds partly with the imperfect and aorist of the indicative with ἄν, partly, and that more frequently, with the present and aorist of the optative with ἄν. (The aor. as in the opt. or inf. with the signification of a dubitative future.) In this manner the participle may stand both to denote a circumstance (§ 174), and also after the verbs mentioned in §§ 177, 178, in circumlocutions with the article, and in the double-genitive or double-accusative. (By this means, the Greek has often a brevity and flexibility of expression unattainable by languages in which such a hypothetical statement must necessarily be expressed by a finite verb.) a) (Corresponding with indicat. with ἄν): Ἡμεῖς ἐπεὶ ἠκούσαμεν, ὅτι ἐστί τι λοιπὸν ἔργον, ὃ δεῖ ἐξεργάσασθαι, συνεσκυθρωπάσαμεν, οὐ φοβούμενοι, ἀλλὰ πεποιῆσθαι ἂν ἤδη καὶ τοῦτο βουλόμενοι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 21, = ὅτι ἠβουλόμεθ᾽ ἂν καὶ τ. π.). Φίλιππος Ποτίδαιαν ἑλὼν καὶ δυνηθεὶς ἂν αὐτὸς ἔχειν, εἰ ἐβουλήθη, Ὀλυνθίοις παρέδωκεν (Dem. 23, 107, = ἠδυνήθη ἄν). Εὖ ἴσθι μηδὲν ἄν με τούτων ἐπιχειρήσαντά σε πείθειν, εἰ δυναστείαν μόνον καὶ πλοῦτον ἑώρων ἐξ αὐτῶν γενησόμενον (Isocr. Phil. 133). -- b) (Answering to the optative with ἄν): Οἱ Ἡρακλέους παῖδες τὰς μὲν ἄλλας πόλεις ὑπερεώρων ὡς οὐκ ἂν δυναμένας βοηθῆσαι ταῖς ἑαυτῶν συμφοραῖς, τὴν δ᾽ ἡμετέραν ἱκανὴν ἐνόμιζον εἶναι μόνην (Isocr. Paneg. 56, = οἰόμενοι οὐκ ἂν δύνασθαι = οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο). Ὁ Ἀρίστιππος ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθὸν ὡς οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 10). Εὑρίσκω ταύτην μόνην ἂν γενομένην τῶν παρόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν, ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν ἐκείνην τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀναλαβεῖν, ἣν Σόλων ἐνομοθέτησεν (Isocr. Areop. 16. On ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν in the condition, see § 135, R. 1, a). Διακεκρίμεθα χωρὶς τάς τε καθαρὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς σχεδὸν ἀκαθάρτους ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθείσας (Pl. Phil. 52 = αἳ ἀκάθαρτοι ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθεῖεν). Ἐγώ εἰμι (belong to; am one of those) τῶν ἡδέως μὲν ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων, εἴ τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγω, ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγξάντων, εἴ τίς τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγοι, οὐκ ἀηδέστερον μέντ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων ἢ ἐλεγξάντων (Pl. Gorg. 458). Ξενοφῶν διαβὰς τὴν χαράδραν σὺν τοῖς λοχαγοῖς ἐσκοπεῖτο, πότερον εἴη κρεῖττον ἀπαγαγεῖν καὶ τοὺς διαβεβηκότας ἢ καὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας διαβιβάζειν, ὡς ἁλόντος ἂν τοῦ χωρίου (Xen. An. 5, 2, 8; in the hope that the place might be taken). Ἐλπίζω τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καταπλαγέντας τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ καταλῦσαι ἂν τὸν πλοῦν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ ἐμπειροτάτου τῶν στρατηγῶν ἄκοντος ἡγουμένου καὶ ἀσμένου ἂν πρόφασιν λαβόντος, εἴ τι ἀξιόχρεων ἀφ᾽ ἡμῶν ὀφθείη (Thuc. 6, 34; especially as the most experienced of their generals takes the command against his will, and might, or would, gladly catch at a pretext --). (Χρώμεθα τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ εἰδότες καὶ ὑμᾶς ἂν καὶ ἄλλους, ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάμει ἡμῖν γενομένους, δρῶντας ἂν αὐτό. Thuc. 5, 105; double ἄν as with the infinitive, see § 173, R. 1.) [1]

[1]: Οὐδὲ ταῦτα Τιμοκράτης ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀδόλως φανήσεται γεγραφώς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν μάλιστά τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατῆσαι βουλόμενος (Dem. 24, 79. Elliptical ἄν, as § 139 c). (Εἶναι τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι, Pl. Rep. 9, 577, one of those who might be able; ἄν belonging to the omitted ὄντων.)

REM. The participle of the future with ἄν rests (in the Attic style) on passages in which the reading is corrupt (λυπήσων or λυπήσας ἄν, not λυπήσων ἄν). [2]

[2]: [Krüger defends this construction. - ED.]

§ 183

§ 183

The Tenses of the Participle, present, perfect, and aorist, correspond with the same tenses of the indicative (so that the aorist is a præteritum): Ἢν μηδὲν φαίνωμαι κακόν σε πεποιηκὼς μηδὲ βουληθείς, οὐ καὶ σὺ αὖ ὁμολογήσεις ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ μηδὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι; (Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 13; that I have done thee no evil, neither wished I to do thee any.) Usually δείκνυμι πεποιηκώς, δ. τινὰ πεποιηκότα, corresponding with πεποίηκα or πεποίηκεν as judgment on the completed relation. For examples of the tenses generally, see the preceding paragraphs. Hence after a verb of past time (since the participle denotes the time in reference to the principal action) the participle of the present answers to the imperfect, that of the perfect to the plusquamperfect, that of the aorist to a more remote past (as aorist, not as perfect): Ταῦτα εἰπόντες ἀπῆλθον (= ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα εἶπον). Ἐπέδειξα Αἰσχίνην οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπηγγελκότα ἀλλὰ φενακίσανθ᾽ ὑμᾶς (Dem. 19, 177. = Οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπήγγελκεν ἀλλ᾽ ἐφενάκισεν ὑμᾶς. The former said in general, the latter of a particular matter of fact). (Ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπὼν Πείσανδρος ἦν, Thuc. 8, 68, as a circumlocution = εἶπεν. Τίς ἦν ὁ βοηθήσας τοὺς Βυζαντίους καὶ σώσας αὐτούς; τίς δ᾽ ὁ τῇ πόλει λέγων καὶ γράφων καὶ πράττων; Dem. 18, 88 = ἐβοήθησεν - ἔλεγεν - ἔγραφεν - ἔπραττεν.)

REM. 1. Sometimes, even after a verb of present time, the participle present has the sense of the imperfect, where an anterior time is either plainly denoted by the context or by the addition of τότε: Πρὸς μὲν τοὺς φίλους τε καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας ταῦτα ὑμᾶς παῖδας ὄντας ἐδιδάσκομεν· ὅπως δὲ πολεμίους δύναισθε κακῶς ποιεῖν, οὐκ οἶσθα μανθάνοντας ὑμᾶς πολλὰς κακουργίας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 28.) Ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι καὶ τότε μὲν (viz. ὅτε νέοι ἦσαν) εὖ ζῶντες, νῦν δὲ οὐδὲ ζῶντες (Pl. Rep. 1, 329). Οἱ τε ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ τότε δικάζοντες καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν παρόντων πολλοὶ ταῦτα συνίσασιν (Dem. 30, 32). [2]

[2]: Οἱ οἰχόμενοι, the departed, dead, from οἴχομαι (see § 110 a, R. 2), ὁ φεύγων, the banished. Poetically, οἱ θνήσκοντες, ἡ τίκτουσα, for οἱ θανόντες, ἡ τεκοῦσα.

REM. 2. Sometimes, after a verb in the aorist or historical present, an aorist participle stands as apposition to the subject, not to denote an earlier but a contemporary (single and momentary) action (in that, by --, and), so that the past is specially denoted in the action of the participle, just as it would be in a verbum finitum with and, &c.: Εὖ ἐποίησας ἀναμνήσας με (Pl. Phæd. 60; you did well to remind me; in that thou didst remind me). Ἤδη πώποτε ἡ μήτηρ ἢ δακοῦσα κακόν τί σοι ἔδωκεν ἢ λακτίσασα; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 7.) Κίρων ἐκδίδωσι τὴν θυγατέρα Ναυσιμένει πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι μνᾶς ἐπιδούς (Isæ. 8, 8). Ὁ Φρύνιχος πέμπει ὡς τὸν Ἀστύοχον, τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναύαρχον, κρύφα ἐπιστείλας, ὅτι Ἀλκιβιάδης αὐτῶν τὰ πράγματα φθείρει (Thuc. 8, 50; and gave him to understand. Shortly afterwards: Ὁ Ἀλκιβιάδης πέμπει εὐθὺς κατὰ Φρυνίχου γράμματα ἐς τὴν Σάμον ἀξιῶν αὐτὸν ἀποθνήσκειν). Especially note, that with the aorists ἔλαθον and ἔφθην (or λανθάνω and φθάνω as historical present) the participle annexed (by § 177) for a single, transient action, is always put in the aorist, and only where an abiding condition (property) is denoted, stands in the present. This aorist of the participle remains, even where the principal verb is aorist without preterite signification (subjunctive, imperative, optative, or infinitive), and with the future indicative. Also with the aorist of περιορᾶν (§ 178 b) and sometimes of ἐφορᾶν, in all the moods (περιίδω, &c.) the participle stands in the aorist for a transient action: Ἔλαθεν ἁφθέντα πάντα καὶ καταφλεχθέντα (Thuc. 4, 133). Σμικρὸν ἔφθης με ἐρόμενος (Pl. Pol. 293). Ὁ πεζὸς στρατὸς τῶν Ἀθηναίων φθάνει ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐπιπολὰς πρὶν τοὺς Συρακουσίους παραγενέσθαι (Thuc. 6, 97). Φοβούμεθα περὶ Κλεινίᾳ, μή τις φθῇ ἡμᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἄλλο τι ἐπιτήδευμα τρέψας αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν (Pl. Euthyd. 275). Βουλοίμην ἄν, ἄκοντος ἀπιὼν Κύρου, λαθεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθών (Xen. An. 1, 3, 17). Εὐλαβεῖσθε, ὅπως μὴ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος σοφώτεροι γενόμενοι λήσετε διαφθαρέντες (Pl. Gorg. 487). Τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λήσομεν ἐπιπεσόντες (Xen. An. 7, 3, 43). Δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, βοηθεῖν ἡμῖν καὶ μὴ περιιδεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀναιρεθέντας (Lys. 19, 64; not to allow us to be destroyed, ruined, transient action). -- Ἐλάθομεν ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς παίδων οὐδὲν διαφέροντες (Pl. Crit. 49). Οἶμαί σε πολλὰ μεριμνᾶν ὅπως μὴ λάθῃς σαυτὸν ἀγνοῶν τι τῶν εἰς στρατηγίαν ὠφελίμων (Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 23). Αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν, εἰ περιίδοιμι τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἡμῖν οἱ πατέρες κατέλιπον, ταύτην τοὺς οἰκέτας τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἔχοντας (Isocr. Archid. 8). (After ἔφθην an occasion for the present can rarely happen.) [1]

[1]: Λελήθαμεν ἀμφοτέρων εἰς τὸ μέσον πεπτωκότες (Pl. Theæt. 180). Κατατείνας (συντείνας) λέγω, ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 2, 358), as forcibly as I can; i.e. with exertion of all my powers (after collecting them and bending them to the task).

REM. 3. With the article, the participle of the aorist sometimes approximates to that of the perfect: Οἱ θανόντες. Ὁ τὰ ἔργα παρεσχηκώς, περὶ ὧν εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι, δικαιότατ᾽ ἂν ταύτην ἔχοι τὴν αἰτίαν, οὐχ ὁ ἐσκεμμένος οὐδ᾽ ὁ μεριμνήσας τὰ δίκαια λέγειν νῦν (Dem. 21, 192).

The Tenses of the Participle, present, perfect, and aorist, correspond with the same tenses of the indicative (so that the aorist is a præteritum): Ἢν μηδὲν φαίνωμαι κακόν σε πεποιηκὼς μηδὲ βουληθείς, οὐ καὶ σὺ αὖ ὁμολογήσεις ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ μηδὲν ἀδικεῖσθαι; (Xen. Cyr. 5, 5, 13; that I have done thee no evil, neither wished I to do thee any.) Usually δείκνυμι πεποιηκώς, δ. τινὰ πεποιηκότα, corresponding with πεποίηκα or πεποίηκεν as judgment on the completed relation. For examples of the tenses generally, see the preceding paragraphs. Hence after a verb of past time (since the participle denotes the time in reference to the principal action) the participle of the present answers to the imperfect, that of the perfect to the plusquamperfect, that of the aorist to a more remote past (as aorist, not as perfect): Ταῦτα εἰπόντες ἀπῆλθον (= ἐπειδὴ ταῦτα εἶπον). Ἐπέδειξα Αἰσχίνην οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπηγγελκότα ἀλλὰ φενακίσανθ᾽ ὑμᾶς (Dem. 19, 177. = Οὐδὲν ἀληθὲς ἀπήγγελκεν ἀλλ᾽ ἐφενάκισεν ὑμᾶς. The former said in general, the latter of a particular matter of fact). (Ὁ τὴν γνώμην ταύτην εἰπὼν Πείσανδρος ἦν, Thuc. 8, 68, as a circumlocution = εἶπεν. Τίς ἦν ὁ βοηθήσας τοὺς Βυζαντίους καὶ σώσας αὐτούς; τίς δ᾽ ὁ τῇ πόλει λέγων καὶ γράφων καὶ πράττων; Dem. 18, 88 = ἐβοήθησεν - ἔλεγεν - ἔγραφεν - ἔπραττεν.)

REM. 1. Sometimes, even after a verb of present time, the participle present has the sense of the imperfect, where an anterior time is either plainly denoted by the context or by the addition of τότε: Πρὸς μὲν τοὺς φίλους τε καὶ πρὸς τοὺς πολίτας ταῦτα ὑμᾶς παῖδας ὄντας ἐδιδάσκομεν· ὅπως δὲ πολεμίους δύναισθε κακῶς ποιεῖν, οὐκ οἶσθα μανθάνοντας ὑμᾶς πολλὰς κακουργίας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 28.) Ἀγανακτοῦσιν ὡς μεγάλων τινῶν ἀπεστερημένοι καὶ τότε μὲν (viz. ὅτε νέοι ἦσαν) εὖ ζῶντες, νῦν δὲ οὐδὲ ζῶντες (Pl. Rep. 1, 329). Οἱ τε ἐν τῷ δικαστηρίῳ τότε δικάζοντες καὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν παρόντων πολλοὶ ταῦτα συνίσασιν (Dem. 30, 32). [2]

[2]: Οἱ οἰχόμενοι, the departed, dead, from οἴχομαι (see § 110 a, R. 2), ὁ φεύγων, the banished. Poetically, οἱ θνήσκοντες, ἡ τίκτουσα, for οἱ θανόντες, ἡ τεκοῦσα.

REM. 2. Sometimes, after a verb in the aorist or historical present, an aorist participle stands as apposition to the subject, not to denote an earlier but a contemporary (single and momentary) action (in that, by --, and), so that the past is specially denoted in the action of the participle, just as it would be in a verbum finitum with and, &c.: Εὖ ἐποίησας ἀναμνήσας με (Pl. Phæd. 60; you did well to remind me; in that thou didst remind me). Ἤδη πώποτε ἡ μήτηρ ἢ δακοῦσα κακόν τί σοι ἔδωκεν ἢ λακτίσασα; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 7.) Κίρων ἐκδίδωσι τὴν θυγατέρα Ναυσιμένει πέντε καὶ εἴκοσι μνᾶς ἐπιδούς (Isæ. 8, 8). Ὁ Φρύνιχος πέμπει ὡς τὸν Ἀστύοχον, τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων ναύαρχον, κρύφα ἐπιστείλας, ὅτι Ἀλκιβιάδης αὐτῶν τὰ πράγματα φθείρει (Thuc. 8, 50; and gave him to understand. Shortly afterwards: Ὁ Ἀλκιβιάδης πέμπει εὐθὺς κατὰ Φρυνίχου γράμματα ἐς τὴν Σάμον ἀξιῶν αὐτὸν ἀποθνήσκειν). Especially note, that with the aorists ἔλαθον and ἔφθην (or λανθάνω and φθάνω as historical present) the participle annexed (by § 177) for a single, transient action, is always put in the aorist, and only where an abiding condition (property) is denoted, stands in the present. This aorist of the participle remains, even where the principal verb is aorist without preterite signification (subjunctive, imperative, optative, or infinitive), and with the future indicative. Also with the aorist of περιορᾶν (§ 178 b) and sometimes of ἐφορᾶν, in all the moods (περιίδω, &c.) the participle stands in the aorist for a transient action: Ἔλαθεν ἁφθέντα πάντα καὶ καταφλεχθέντα (Thuc. 4, 133). Σμικρὸν ἔφθης με ἐρόμενος (Pl. Pol. 293). Ὁ πεζὸς στρατὸς τῶν Ἀθηναίων φθάνει ἀναβὰς ἐπὶ τὰς Ἐπιπολὰς πρὶν τοὺς Συρακουσίους παραγενέσθαι (Thuc. 6, 97). Φοβούμεθα περὶ Κλεινίᾳ, μή τις φθῇ ἡμᾶς ἐπ᾽ ἄλλο τι ἐπιτήδευμα τρέψας αὐτοῦ τὴν διάνοιαν (Pl. Euthyd. 275). Βουλοίμην ἄν, ἄκοντος ἀπιὼν Κύρου, λαθεῖν αὐτὸν ἀπελθών (Xen. An. 1, 3, 17). Εὐλαβεῖσθε, ὅπως μὴ πέρα τοῦ δέοντος σοφώτεροι γενόμενοι λήσετε διαφθαρέντες (Pl. Gorg. 487). Τοὺς ἀνθρώπους λήσομεν ἐπιπεσόντες (Xen. An. 7, 3, 43). Δέομαι ὑμῶν, ὦ ἄνδρες δικασταί, βοηθεῖν ἡμῖν καὶ μὴ περιιδεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ἀναιρεθέντας (Lys. 19, 64; not to allow us to be destroyed, ruined, transient action). -- Ἐλάθομεν ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς παίδων οὐδὲν διαφέροντες (Pl. Crit. 49). Οἶμαί σε πολλὰ μεριμνᾶν ὅπως μὴ λάθῃς σαυτὸν ἀγνοῶν τι τῶν εἰς στρατηγίαν ὠφελίμων (Xen. Mem. 3, 5, 23). Αἰσχυνοίμην ἄν, εἰ περιίδοιμι τὴν χώραν, ἣν ἡμῖν οἱ πατέρες κατέλιπον, ταύτην τοὺς οἰκέτας τοὺς ἡμετέρους ἔχοντας (Isocr. Archid. 8). (After ἔφθην an occasion for the present can rarely happen.) [1]

[1]: Λελήθαμεν ἀμφοτέρων εἰς τὸ μέσον πεπτωκότες (Pl. Theæt. 180). Κατατείνας (συντείνας) λέγω, ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 2, 358), as forcibly as I can; i.e. with exertion of all my powers (after collecting them and bending them to the task).

REM. 3. With the article, the participle of the aorist sometimes approximates to that of the perfect: Οἱ θανόντες. Ὁ τὰ ἔργα παρεσχηκώς, περὶ ὧν εἰσὶν οἱ λόγοι, δικαιότατ᾽ ἂν ταύτην ἔχοι τὴν αἰτίαν, οὐχ ὁ ἐσκεμμένος οὐδ᾽ ὁ μεριμνήσας τὰ δίκαια λέγειν νῦν (Dem. 21, 192).

§ 184

§ 184

(The Participle with ἄν.) The participle of the present and aorist with ἄν is used in a hypothetical and potential signification, so that it corresponds partly with the imperfect and aorist of the indicative with ἄν, partly, and that more frequently, with the present and aorist of the optative with ἄν. (The aor. as in the opt. or inf. with the signification of a dubitative future.) In this manner the participle may stand both to denote a circumstance (§ 174), and also after the verbs mentioned in §§ 177, 178, in circumlocutions with the article, and in the double-genitive or double-accusative. (By this means, the Greek has often a brevity and flexibility of expression unattainable by languages in which such a hypothetical statement must necessarily be expressed by a finite verb.) a) (Corresponding with indicat. with ἄν): Ἡμεῖς ἐπεὶ ἠκούσαμεν, ὅτι ἐστί τι λοιπὸν ἔργον, ὃ δεῖ ἐξεργάσασθαι, συνεσκυθρωπάσαμεν, οὐ φοβούμενοι, ἀλλὰ πεποιῆσθαι ἂν ἤδη καὶ τοῦτο βουλόμενοι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 21, = ὅτι ἠβουλόμεθ᾽ ἂν καὶ τ. π.). Φίλιππος Ποτίδαιαν ἑλὼν καὶ δυνηθεὶς ἂν αὐτὸς ἔχειν, εἰ ἐβουλήθη, Ὀλυνθίοις παρέδωκεν (Dem. 23, 107, = ἠδυνήθη ἄν). Εὖ ἴσθι μηδὲν ἄν με τούτων ἐπιχειρήσαντά σε πείθειν, εἰ δυναστείαν μόνον καὶ πλοῦτον ἑώρων ἐξ αὐτῶν γενησόμενον (Isocr. Phil. 133). -- b) (Answering to the optative with ἄν): Οἱ Ἡρακλέους παῖδες τὰς μὲν ἄλλας πόλεις ὑπερεώρων ὡς οὐκ ἂν δυναμένας βοηθῆσαι ταῖς ἑαυτῶν συμφοραῖς, τὴν δ᾽ ἡμετέραν ἱκανὴν ἐνόμιζον εἶναι μόνην (Isocr. Paneg. 56, = οἰόμενοι οὐκ ἂν δύνασθαι = οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο). Ὁ Ἀρίστιππος ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθὸν ὡς οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 10). Εὑρίσκω ταύτην μόνην ἂν γενομένην τῶν παρόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν, ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν ἐκείνην τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀναλαβεῖν, ἣν Σόλων ἐνομοθέτησεν (Isocr. Areop. 16. On ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν in the condition, see § 135, R. 1, a). Διακεκρίμεθα χωρὶς τάς τε καθαρὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς σχεδὸν ἀκαθάρτους ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθείσας (Pl. Phil. 52 = αἳ ἀκάθαρτοι ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθεῖεν). Ἐγώ εἰμι (belong to; am one of those) τῶν ἡδέως μὲν ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων, εἴ τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγω, ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγξάντων, εἴ τίς τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγοι, οὐκ ἀηδέστερον μέντ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων ἢ ἐλεγξάντων (Pl. Gorg. 458). Ξενοφῶν διαβὰς τὴν χαράδραν σὺν τοῖς λοχαγοῖς ἐσκοπεῖτο, πότερον εἴη κρεῖττον ἀπαγαγεῖν καὶ τοὺς διαβεβηκότας ἢ καὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας διαβιβάζειν, ὡς ἁλόντος ἂν τοῦ χωρίου (Xen. An. 5, 2, 8; in the hope that the place might be taken). Ἐλπίζω τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καταπλαγέντας τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ καταλῦσαι ἂν τὸν πλοῦν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ ἐμπειροτάτου τῶν στρατηγῶν ἄκοντος ἡγουμένου καὶ ἀσμένου ἂν πρόφασιν λαβόντος, εἴ τι ἀξιόχρεων ἀφ᾽ ἡμῶν ὀφθείη (Thuc. 6, 34; especially as the most experienced of their generals takes the command against his will, and might, or would, gladly catch at a pretext --). (Χρώμεθα τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ εἰδότες καὶ ὑμᾶς ἂν καὶ ἄλλους, ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάμει ἡμῖν γενομένους, δρῶντας ἂν αὐτό. Thuc. 5, 105; double ἄν as with the infinitive, see § 173, R. 1.) [1]

[1]: Οὐδὲ ταῦτα Τιμοκράτης ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀδόλως φανήσεται γεγραφώς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν μάλιστά τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατῆσαι βουλόμενος (Dem. 24, 79. Elliptical ἄν, as § 139 c). (Εἶναι τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι, Pl. Rep. 9, 577, one of those who might be able; ἄν belonging to the omitted ὄντων.)

REM. The participle of the future with ἄν rests (in the Attic style) on passages in which the reading is corrupt (λυπήσων or λυπήσας ἄν, not λυπήσων ἄν). [2]

[2]: [Krüger defends this construction. - ED.]

(The Participle with ἄν.) The participle of the present and aorist with ἄν is used in a hypothetical and potential signification, so that it corresponds partly with the imperfect and aorist of the indicative with ἄν, partly, and that more frequently, with the present and aorist of the optative with ἄν. (The aor. as in the opt. or inf. with the signification of a dubitative future.) In this manner the participle may stand both to denote a circumstance (§ 174), and also after the verbs mentioned in §§ 177, 178, in circumlocutions with the article, and in the double-genitive or double-accusative. (By this means, the Greek has often a brevity and flexibility of expression unattainable by languages in which such a hypothetical statement must necessarily be expressed by a finite verb.) a) (Corresponding with indicat. with ἄν): Ἡμεῖς ἐπεὶ ἠκούσαμεν, ὅτι ἐστί τι λοιπὸν ἔργον, ὃ δεῖ ἐξεργάσασθαι, συνεσκυθρωπάσαμεν, οὐ φοβούμενοι, ἀλλὰ πεποιῆσθαι ἂν ἤδη καὶ τοῦτο βουλόμενοι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 21, = ὅτι ἠβουλόμεθ᾽ ἂν καὶ τ. π.). Φίλιππος Ποτίδαιαν ἑλὼν καὶ δυνηθεὶς ἂν αὐτὸς ἔχειν, εἰ ἐβουλήθη, Ὀλυνθίοις παρέδωκεν (Dem. 23, 107, = ἠδυνήθη ἄν). Εὖ ἴσθι μηδὲν ἄν με τούτων ἐπιχειρήσαντά σε πείθειν, εἰ δυναστείαν μόνον καὶ πλοῦτον ἑώρων ἐξ αὐτῶν γενησόμενον (Isocr. Phil. 133). -- b) (Answering to the optative with ἄν): Οἱ Ἡρακλέους παῖδες τὰς μὲν ἄλλας πόλεις ὑπερεώρων ὡς οὐκ ἂν δυναμένας βοηθῆσαι ταῖς ἑαυτῶν συμφοραῖς, τὴν δ᾽ ἡμετέραν ἱκανὴν ἐνόμιζον εἶναι μόνην (Isocr. Paneg. 56, = οἰόμενοι οὐκ ἂν δύνασθαι = οὐκ ἂν δύναιντο). Ὁ Ἀρίστιππος ἔρχεται πρὸς τὸν Κῦρον καὶ αἰτεῖ αὐτὸν εἰς δισχιλίους ξένους καὶ τριῶν μηνῶν μισθὸν ὡς οὕτως περιγενόμενος ἂν τῶν ἀντιστασιωτῶν (Xen. An. 1, 1, 10). Εὑρίσκω ταύτην μόνην ἂν γενομένην τῶν παρόντων κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν, ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν ἐκείνην τὴν δημοκρατίαν ἀναλαβεῖν, ἣν Σόλων ἐνομοθέτησεν (Isocr. Areop. 16. On ἣν ἐθελήσωμεν in the condition, see § 135, R. 1, a). Διακεκρίμεθα χωρὶς τάς τε καθαρὰς ἡδονὰς καὶ τὰς σχεδὸν ἀκαθάρτους ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθείσας (Pl. Phil. 52 = αἳ ἀκάθαρτοι ὀρθῶς ἂν λεχθεῖεν). Ἐγώ εἰμι (belong to; am one of those) τῶν ἡδέως μὲν ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων, εἴ τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγω, ἡδέως δ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγξάντων, εἴ τίς τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγοι, οὐκ ἀηδέστερον μέντ᾽ ἂν ἐλεγχθέντων ἢ ἐλεγξάντων (Pl. Gorg. 458). Ξενοφῶν διαβὰς τὴν χαράδραν σὺν τοῖς λοχαγοῖς ἐσκοπεῖτο, πότερον εἴη κρεῖττον ἀπαγαγεῖν καὶ τοὺς διαβεβηκότας ἢ καὶ τοὺς ὁπλίτας διαβιβάζειν, ὡς ἁλόντος ἂν τοῦ χωρίου (Xen. An. 5, 2, 8; in the hope that the place might be taken). Ἐλπίζω τοὺς Ἀθηναίους καταπλαγέντας τῷ ἀδοκήτῳ καταλῦσαι ἂν τὸν πλοῦν, ἄλλως τε καὶ τοῦ ἐμπειροτάτου τῶν στρατηγῶν ἄκοντος ἡγουμένου καὶ ἀσμένου ἂν πρόφασιν λαβόντος, εἴ τι ἀξιόχρεων ἀφ᾽ ἡμῶν ὀφθείη (Thuc. 6, 34; especially as the most experienced of their generals takes the command against his will, and might, or would, gladly catch at a pretext --). (Χρώμεθα τῷ νόμῳ τούτῳ εἰδότες καὶ ὑμᾶς ἂν καὶ ἄλλους, ἐν τῇ αὐτῇ δυνάμει ἡμῖν γενομένους, δρῶντας ἂν αὐτό. Thuc. 5, 105; double ἄν as with the infinitive, see § 173, R. 1.) [1]

[1]: Οὐδὲ ταῦτα Τιμοκράτης ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀδόλως φανήσεται γεγραφώς, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν μάλιστά τις ὑμᾶς ἐξαπατῆσαι βουλόμενος (Dem. 24, 79. Elliptical ἄν, as § 139 c). (Εἶναι τῶν δυνατῶν ἂν κρῖναι, Pl. Rep. 9, 577, one of those who might be able; ἄν belonging to the omitted ὄντων.)

REM. The participle of the future with ἄν rests (in the Attic style) on passages in which the reading is corrupt (λυπήσων or λυπήσας ἄν, not λυπήσων ἄν). [2]

[2]: [Krüger defends this construction. - ED.]