Greek · Grammars

J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Chapter VI, Prepositions

Syntax of The Greek Language, especially of the Attic dialect, for the use of schools, Dr. J. N. Madvig, professor in the university of Copenhagen. Translated from the German by the rev. Henry Browne, M. A and edited by the rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M. A, late rector of Lyndon, and formerly fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Together with an Appendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. 2nd edition. Rivingstons: London, Oxford, and Cambridge, 1873.

English Grammar Advanced 19th century J. N. Madvig

Pages 57–66 of the book.

Chapter VI.

Appendix to the Doctrine of Cases: Of the Prepositions, especially such as govern several cases.

The prepositions which govern more than one case, are partial to the accusative (a case in itself not conveying the notion of any particular relation), when they denote a motion to, along, or over any thing; or when they have a figurative meaning derived from this (of a relation which is neither local nor corporeal); sometimes even (e. g. διά and κατά), when the thought of a local relation altogether disappears in the figurative meaning. The dative they take in the signification on, at, by: the genitive, when they call forth the notion either of a going out from, or of a connexion with, or of an entering into (e. g. μετά, διά), or of a part (a point) of the whole (e. g. ἐπί, upon).

REM. The different construction, and the difference of meaning therewith connected, results—apart from the consideration of the way in which it is influenced by the notion of rest or of motion involved in the relation—from the circumstance, that some prepositions in themselves originally denote an undefined relation capable of being put in various ways; which relation is specifically determined by the verb and the governing word, e. g. ἐπί, by and upon, but especially παρά and πρός of a relation beside, and in the direction from something. In the figurative usage of the prepositions, the original signification, from which that usage is derived, is in many instances not so easy to discover. The particulars of these figurative senses in the several constructions must be learnt from the Lexicon; here, only the primary distinctions are assigned, together with some examples of the manner in which the more special and less proper applications are deduced from the primary senses. In some instances, the senses of two constructions border closely upon one another, and the construction varies in different authors. From the Lexicon and by practice it must also be learnt, how, even in prepositions governing only one case, the Greeks apprehended this or that operation or condition under a different view of the relation in space from that which lies at the foundation of our constructions: e. g. μάχεσθαι, θηρεύειν ἀφ’ ἵππου, from a horse, i. e. on horse-back.

1. With the accusative: by reason of (through, of the cause and the author): διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν (διὰ τοῦτο). Διὰ τὸ κάλλος καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν φιλεῖσθαι. Διὰ τοὺς ἐπανορθοῦντας ἀεί τι τῶν μὴ καλῶς ἐχόντων αἱ ἐπιδόσεις γίγνονται ταῖς πόλεσιν (Isocr. Evag. 7). Δικαιοσύνη αὐτὴ δι’ ἑαυτὴν τὸν ἔχοντα ὀνίνησιν (Pl. Rep. 2, 367). (In the poets, but rarely in the Attic poets, through, along: διὰ πόντον βαίνειν, Pind., διὰ στόμα ἱεὶς λιγνὺν μέλαιναν, Æschyl., διὰ στόμα ἔχειν, Arist.)

2. With the genitive:

a) through (local): διὰ Συρίας πορεύεσθαι, διὰ τῆς ἀγορᾶς ἕλκειν τινά. (Διὰ χειρὸς ἔχειν τι, διὰ στόματος ἔχειν τινά, διὰ φόβου εἶναι, διὰ φιλίας ἰέναι τινί—δι’ ὀλίγου, within a little of, at a short distance from, διὰ δεκάτου ἔτους, with an interval of ten years, διὰ δέκα ἐπάλξεων, Thuc. 3, 21, at every tenth battlement.)

b) by means of, through (of the means): δι’ ἀγγέλων διαπράττεσθαί τι, δι’ ἑρμηνέως διαλέγεσθαί τινι, διὰ γραμμάτων χρηματίζειν τινί. Δι’ ὧν ἐκ χρηστῶν φαῦλα τὰ πράγματα τῆς πόλεως γέγονε, διὰ τούτων ἐλπίζετε τῶν αὐτῶν πράξεων ἐκ φαύλων αὐτὰ χρηστὰ γενήσεσθαι; (Dem. 2, 26.)

1. With the accusative:

a) over along something (of diffusion or expansion over, or of abiding somewhere in), in, upon, at, over against: Μέγα πένθος ἦν κατὰ τὸ Λακωνικὸν στράτευμα (Xen. Hell. 4, 5, 10). Οὐκ ἦν κατὰ πόλιν (Pl. Theæt. 142; in town). Κατὰ Μαλέαν, directly over against. Οἱ κατὰ ταῦτα οἰκοῦντες (Xen. An. 7, 5, 13; here-abouts, in these parts). Κατὰ γῆν, κατὰ θάλασσαν. Of time: Κατὰ τοὺς Ἡρακλείδας, οἱ καθ’ ἡμᾶς, κατ’ εἰρήνην, in time of peace.

b) according to, agreeably with, after—in proportion or relation to, and concerning (of that which belongs to something and points to it), — after the manner of, answering to, — wise (of the sort or manner denoted by the substantive, especially in distribution, where a certain number recurs continually): Κατὰ τοὺς νόμους ζῆν (Pl. Prot. 326). Κατὰ νοῦν ἐμοὶ τὰ πράγματα γέγονεν. Κατὰ Θουκυδίδην, κατὰ τὸν σὸν λόγον. Πλείω ἢ κατὰ τὸ ἡμέτερον πλῆθος. Κατὰ τὴν χρείαν καλὰ ταῦτα λέγω (Pl. Gorg. 474). Τὰ κατὰ Παυσανίαν (the affair of P., the account concerning him). Κατὰ τὸ σῶμα, as to or in the body. Οὐ κατὰ τούτους ῥήτωρ εἰμί (Pl. Apol. 17, in their manner, after their measure).—Κατὰ πόλεις, city-wise, city by city, each city by itself, καθ’ ἕνα (καθ’ ἕνα τῶν Ἑλλήνων, Dem., the Greeks, man by man), κατ’ ὀλίγους.

c) on account of, for (of cause and purpose): Οἱ πρόγονοι ἡμῶν τὴν προξενίαν ὑμῶν κατά τι ἔγκλημα ἀπεῖπον (Thuc. 6, 89). Ἀφιγμένοι κατὰ χρημάτων πόρον (Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 7, with intent to get,—for). Ἀναβαίνειν κατὰ θέαν τοῦ χωρίου (Thuc. 5, 7, to get a view of—; for a view of—).

2. With the genitive:

a) down upon or over, also under: κατὰ τῆς πέτρας, κατὰ τῆς κεφαλῆς, μυρίας κατὰ γῆς ὀργυίας γενέσθαι (Xen. An. 7, 1, 30).

b) against, upon, of (in expressions denoting a complaint against or a sentence upon, or generally something said of a person). Μηνύειν κατά τινος (Thuc. 6, 60). Λέγω οὐ καθ’ ἁπάντων, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τῶν ἐνόχων τοῖς εἰρημένοις ὄντων (Isocr. ad Nic. 47). Μέγιστον ἐγκώμιον κατὰ τῶν Ἀθηναίων. Ὥσπερ λέγεται κατὰ τῶν μεμυημένων (Pl. Phæd. 81, in the case of).

1. With the accusative: over, above (of exceeding and surpassing): ὑπὲρ τριάκοντα ἔτη, μεγέθει καὶ ῥώμῃ ὑπὲρ τοὺς ἐν τῇ νηὶ πάντας εἶναι (Pl. Rep. 6, 488), ὑπὲρ ἄνθρωπον φρονεῖν. (Rarely beyond, to denote distance: πεζῇ βαδίζειν ὑπὲρ τὰς Πύλας καὶ Φωκέας (Dem. 6, 36; to beyond).) Poetically and in Herodotus, over, so that the goal lies on the farther side: ῥιπτεῖν τι ὑπὲρ τὸν δόμον, over the house, to the other side of it.

2. With the genitive:

a) over, above (denoting the where): Ὁ ὑπὲρ τῆς κώμης γήλοφος. Ἥλιος ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν καὶ τῶν στεγῶν πορεύεται (Xen. Mem. 3, 8, 9). Οἱ ὑπὲρ Χεῤῥονήσου Θρᾷκες (Xen. An. 2, 6, 2).

b) for (in defence of, for the good of): Λέγειν, μάχεσθαι ὑπέρ τινος, for, instead of. Ἐγὼ ὑπὲρ σοῦ ἀποκρινοῦμαι.

1. With the accusative:

a) about, of motion, tarrying and surrounding; mostly poetical; in prose οἱ ἀμφί τινα, those about, the train or suit of, a person (οἱ ἀμφὶ Κῦρον), the person himself with his companions or those like him (οἱ ἀμφὶ Ἄνυτον); ἀμφί τι ἔχειν (εἶναι), to be busied about a thing.

b) about, towards (of time, or magnitude): ἀμφὶ δείλην, ἀμφὶ τὰ ἑκκαίδεκα ἔτη γεγονώς.

2. With the dative:

a) on, with, or in a thing about me (ἀμφὶ κλάδοις ἔζεσθαι, with boughs about me), merely poetical.

b) about, for, of: φοβεῖσθαι ἀμφὶ γυναικί, poetical, and in Herodotus.

3. With the genitive: about, around (rare), of, poetical. (Ἡ δίκη ἡ ἀμφὶ τοῦ πατρός, Xen. Cyr. iii. 1, 8.)

1. With the accusative:

a) upon (Lat. in with accusative): ἀναβαίνειν ἀνὰ ἵππον.

b) to (towards, to fetch something), against (persons): ἰέναι ἐπὶ τὰς τῶν πλουσίων θύρας, καταφεύγειν ἐπὶ λόφον (ἐπὶ δεξιὰ κεῖσθαι), καλεῖσθαι ἐπὶ δεῖπνον, ἄγειν τινὰ ἐπὶ τὰ καλὰ κἀγαθά, ἰέναι ἐπὶ πῦρ, ἐφ’ ὕδωρ, ἐπὶ ξύλα τὰς ναῦς πέμπειν ποι, συνίστασθαι ἐπὶ τοὺς ἄρχειν ἐπιχειροῦντας (Xen. Cyr. 1, 1, 2). Θρασύμαχος ἧκεν ἐφ’ ἡμᾶς ὡς διαρπασόμενος (Pl. Rep. 1, 336). Μηχανᾶσθαί τι ἐπί τινα. (Πεφυκέναι ἐπί τι, to be made for something.)

c) over (of expansion in space and time): ἐπὶ τεσσαράκοντα στάδια διήκειν, ἐπὶ πᾶσαν Εὐρώπην καὶ Ἀσίαν ἐλλόγιμος. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐδῄουν τὴν γῆν ἐπὶ δύο ἡμέρας, Thuc. 2, 25, for two days, for the space of. (Ἐπὶ δέκα ἔτη ἀπομισθοῦν τι, Thuc. 3, 68, to let for ten years.) (Ἐπὶ πλέον, ἐπὶ μεῖζον, adverbially, in greater extent; ἐπὶ πᾶν, Thuc. 5, 68, on the whole, on the average.)

2. With the dative:

a) on, by, beside (of place and of things): οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ τῇ θαλάττῃ, εἶναι ἐπὶ ταῖς πύλαις, μένειν ἐπὶ τῷ ἀληθεῖ, οἱ ἐπὶ ταῖς μηχαναῖς (Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 28, the people with the engines).

b) (more rarely in prose) on (Lat. in with abl.): κείμενος ἐπὶ τῇ πυρᾷ (Pl. Rep. 10, 614), ἀλωπεκίδας ἐπὶ ταῖς κεφαλαῖς φορεῖν (Xen. An. 7, 4, 4).

c) at, against: τόξα τιταίνειν ἐπί τινι, poetically and Ionic.

d) besides, in addition to, after (of accompaniment and immediate sequence): ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ ὄψον ἐσθίειν, ἀργύριον ἔχειν ἐπὶ τῇ γυναικί (Isæ. 3, 28, to get money with his wife, his wife and money besides). Ἀνέστη ἐπ’ αὐτῷ Φεραύλας (Xen. Cyr. 2, 3, 7). Ἡ ἐπὶ τῇ νυκτί, ᾗ ἐξῆλθον, ἡμέρα (Xen. Hell. 4, 4, 9). Οἱ ἐπὶ πᾶσι, the last.

e) upon, on account of, for (the occasion): θαυμάζεσθαι ἐπὶ ζωγραφίᾳ, φθονεῖν τινι ἐπί τινι, λέγειν ἐπί τινι (to speak upon a person, over his grave). Ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς τῶν φίλων ἀγαθοῖς φαιδροί, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς κακοῖς σκυθρωποὶ γιγνόμεθα (Xen. Mem. 3, 10, 4).

f) for, with a view to (the condition on account of which something is done, with a view to obtain it): ἐπὶ μισθῷ, for pay. Ἐπὶ πόσῳ ἂν ἐθέλοις τὴν γυναῖκά σου ἀκοῦσαι, ὅτι σκευοφορεῖς; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 43.) Ἐπὶ τούτῳ πέφυκεν (παρεσκεύασται) ἡ τέχνη. Ἄγειν τὴν βασιλέως θυγατέρα ἐπὶ γάμῳ (Xen. An. 2, 4, 8). Ἐπὶ τῷ ἡμετέρῳ ἀγαθῷ Ἀράσπας ἐκινδύνευσεν (Xen. Cyr. 6, 3, 16). Δέομαι ἄγειν σχολὴν ἐπὶ τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ παρακελεύσει (Pl. Apol. 36, in order to exhorting you.)

g) in the power, at the command (of a person): Ὁπόταν βούλῃ εἰσιέναι ὡς ἐμέ, ἐπὶ σοὶ ἔσται (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 14). Τὰ ἐφ’ ἡμῖν, what we have in our own power, what rests with us.

3. With the genitive:

a) upon (in answer to the question where?): καθῆσθαι ἐπὶ δίφρου, ὀχεῖσθαι ἐφ’ ἁμάξης, περιάγειν τινὰ ἐφ’ ἵππου, ἐπὶ τοῦ αἰγιαλοῦ αὐλίζεσθαι, ἐπ’ ἀγκύρας ὁρμεῖν, ἐπὶ τεττάρων τετάχθαι (by fours, i. e. four men deep). Hence

b) (close) beside: μένειν ἐπὶ τοῦ ποταμοῦ (Xen. An. 4, 3, 28). Τὰ ἐπὶ Θράκης.

c) before, by (in presence of): ἐπὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν, ἐπὶ μαρτύρων (ἐφ’ ἑαυτοῦ, by themselves alone).

d) by, upon (i. e. in the case, or, in the matter of): ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῶν δούλων λέγομεν. Ἃ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄλλων ὁρᾶτε, ἐφ’ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν ἀγνοεῖτε (Isocr.). Ταῦτα τοιαῦτα ὄντα ἐπ’ αὐτῆς τῆς ἀληθείας δείκνυται (Dem. 18, 22, in truth itself).

e) with (so that one has and uses something): Ἐπ’ ἐξουσίας, ὁπόσης ἠβούλοντο, ἔπραττον, ὅπως ἡ πόλις ληφθήσεται (Dem. 9, 61). Ἐπὶ τοῦ ὀνόματος τούτου πάντα τὸν χρόνον ἦν (Dem. 39, 21, have always gone by this name). (Ἐπὶ τῆς τοιαύτης γίγνεσθαι γνώμης, Dem. 4, 6, to keep to this opinion.)

f) in the time of: ἐπὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων προγόνων (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 31). Ἐπὶ τοῦ Δεκελεικοῦ πολέμου (Dem. 22, 15). Οἱ ἐφ’ ἡμῶν.

g) (set) over (of office and business): οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν πραγμάτων (Dem. 18, 247).

h) towards (in the direction of): ἀποπλεῖν ἐπ’ Αἰγύπτου, ἐπὶ Σαρδέων φεύγειν, ἀποχωρεῖν ἐπ’ οἴκου (homewards).

1. With the accusative:

a) after (of time and order): μετὰ ταῦτα, thereupon; μετὰ τοὺς θεούς, next to the gods.

b) after (to go after a thing and fetch it): πλεῖν μετὰ χαλκόν, poetical, whence μετέρχομαι, μεταπέμπομαι.

c) Μεθ’ ἡμέραν, by day; μετὰ χεῖρας ἔχειν, to have in hand.

2. With the dative: among, amid, poetical: μετ’ Ἀργείοις, μετὰ φρεσίν.

3. With the genitive: with (following and connected with): ἰέναι μετά τινος, καθῆσθαι μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων, οἰκεῖν μετὰ θεῶν (among), μετὰ τοῦ δικαίου (μετ’ ἀδικίας) κτᾶσθαί τι, μετὰ πόνων καὶ κινδύνων ἐλευθεροῦν τὴν πατρίδα. (Σύν has partly the same signification; but σύν expresses rather a union, μετά participation and companionship, e. g. in compounds, συνέχω, hold together, μετέχω, share in.)

1. With the accusative:

a) along, (past) by, beside, in course of (during, of time): παρὰ τὴν θάλατταν ἰέναι (Xen. An. 5, 10, 18). Κῶμαι πολλαὶ ἦσαν παρὰ τὸν ποταμόν (Xen. An. 3, 5, 1). Παρὰ τὰς ναῦς ἀριστοποιεῖσθαι (Thuc. 7, 39). Παρὰ τὴν ὁδὸν κρήνη ἦν (Xen. An. 1, 2, 13). Μεθύοντα ἄνδρα παρὰ νηφόντων λόγους παραβάλλειν (Pl. Conv. 214; to place them side by side with, for comparison). (Seldom precisely with, εἶναι παρά τινα.) Παρὰ τὸν νεὼν ποταμὸς παραῤῥεῖ. Παρὰ τὴν Βαβυλῶνα παριέναι. Παρὰ τὸν πότον, παρὰ πάντα τὸν βίον, παρ’ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, παρὰ τὴν ἀρχήν τινος. (Παρ’ αὐτὰ τὰ ἀδικήματα, Dem. 37, 2, immediately upon, after.)

b) to (mostly of persons): ἡ παρ’ ἐμὲ εἴσοδος (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 14), ἀπιέναι παρὰ τὸν θεόν (Pl. Phæd. 85).

c) In comparison with (in preference to): Ἀχιλλεὺς τοῦ κινδύνου κατεφρόνησε παρὰ τὸ αἰσχρόν τι ὑπομεῖναι (Pl. Apol. 28). Διάδηλος ἦν παρὰ τοὺς ἄλλους εὐτακτῶν (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 2).

d) beside, except: ἄλλο τι παρὰ ταῦτα (Pl. Apol. 6, 406).

e) against (not in accordance with: otherwise than): παρὰ φύσιν, παρὰ δόξαν (γνώμην), παρὰ τοὺς νόμους, παρὰ τὰ σημαινόμενα (contrary to the orders).

f) by, with the distinction of (of the thing which turns the scale, of the magnitude or amount of the difference, properly, past so much): παρὰ μικρόν, παρ’ ὀλίγον ἀποφεύγειν (barely to escape, with but a little between that and destruction), παρὰ πολὺ νικᾶν. Οὐκ ᾤμην οὕτω παρ’ ὀλίγον ἔσεσθαι, ἀλλὰ παρὰ πολύ (Pl. Apol. 36). Παρ’ ὀλίγας ψήφους Φίλιππον ἠτιμώσατε (Dem. 24, 138; by a small majority). Παρὰ μικρὸν ἦλθον ἀποθανεῖν (Isocr. Æg. 22; *was within a little of — *).

g) through, by means of (of that which turns the scale, and on which the result critically depends): Οὐ παρ’ ἓν οὐδὲ δύο εἰς τοῦτο τὰ πράγματα ἀφῖκται (Dem. 9, 2). Ὑπὸ πάντων ὁμολογεῖται, παρὰ τοῦτον γενέσθαι τὴν σωτηρίαν τοῖς πολιορκουμένοις (Isocr. Archid. 52). Ἕκαστος οὐ παρὰ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ἀμέλειαν οἴεται βλάψειν, μέλειν δέ τινι καὶ ἄλλῳ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ τι προϊδεῖν (Thuc. 1, 141; for him, instead of his taking care for himself).

h) παρ’ οὐδὲν ποιεῖσθαι, παρ’ οὐδὲν εἶναι, to make of no account, to go for nothing.

2. With the dative: with (in answer to the question where? usually of persons): παρὰ τῷ βασιλεῖ τιμῆς τυγχάνειν, σιτεῖσθαι παρὰ τῇ μητρί. Παρὰ θεοῖς καὶ παρ’ ἀνθρώποις τοῖς νοῦν ἔχουσι δικαιοσύνη διαφερόντως τετίμηται (Pl. Alc. ii. 150).

3. With the genitive: from, of (a person, or a thing conceived of as a person), from beside: Ἄγγελοι ἦλθον παρὰ τοῦ βασιλέως. Παρὰ Κύρου οὐδεὶς λέγεται αὐτομολῆσαι πρὸς βασιλέα, παρὰ δὲ βασιλέως πολλαὶ μυριάδες πρὸς Κύρον (Xen. Œcon. 4, 18). Οἱ παρὰ Νικίου. Παρ’ ἑαυτοῦ διδόναι. Εὔνοια παρὰ θεῶν. Ὁμολογεῖται παρὰ πάντων. Ὀφείλεται παρὰ τοῦ ἐχθροῦ τῷ ἐχθρῷ κακόν (Pl. Rep. 1, 332). Μανθάνειν τι παρά τινος.

1. With the accusative:

a) round, about (somewhere among, in): Τὸν ἥλιον ἐνόμιζον ἰέναι περὶ τὴν γῆν. Οἱ περὶ Κῦρον. (Cf. ἀμφί.) Ὤικουν Φοίνικες περὶ πᾶσαν τὴν Σικελίαν (Thuc. 6, 2). Εἶναι περὶ Ἑλλήσποντον. Ταύτας τὰς πολιτείας εὕροι ἄν τις οὐκ ἐλάττους περὶ τοὺς βαρβάρους ἢ περὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας (Pl. Rep. 8, 544). Περὶ τούτους τοὺς χρόνους, περὶ μέσας νύκτας. Περὶ τρισχιλίους (somewhere about, more or less).

b) about, i. e. with regard to, towards (of that which one is occupied about, or bearing towards): εἶναι περὶ τὴν θήραν, διατρίβειν περὶ τὴν γεωμετρίαν, σπουδάζειν περί τι, εὐσεβεῖν, σωφρονεῖν περὶ θεούς, ἄδικος, πονηρός, ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς περί τινα, περὶ τὴν πόλιν. Αἱ νομοθεσίαι περὶ τὸ μέλλον εἰσίν. Τὰ περὶ τὴν δίκην (what belongs to the cause), τὰ περί τινα (but τὰ περὶ τῆς δίκης πυνθάνεσθαι, Pl. Phæd. 58, as in 3).

2. With the dative:

a) about, on (a part of the body): Οἱ Θρᾷκες χίτωνας φοροῦσιν οὐ μόνον περὶ τοῖς στέρνοις, ἀλλὰ καὶ περὶ τοῖς μηροῖς (Xen. An. 7, 4, 4).

b) about, for (of a care): φοβεῖσθαι περί τινι, θαῤῥεῖν περί τινι. (Poetically also of fighting for, in defence of: μάχεσθαι περὶ τοῖς σκύμνοις.)

3. With the genitive:

a) about, of (something as matter of discourse, knowledge, treatment, endeavour): διαλέγεσθαι, βουλεύεσθαι, πυνθάνεσθαι, πρέσβεις πέμπειν, μάχεσθαι περί τινος, κινδυνεύειν περὶ τῶν ἐσχάτων. Περὶ τούτων οὕτως ἔδοξεν. Περὶ μὲν δὴ βρώσεως καὶ πόσεως οὕτω Σωκράτης παρεσκευασμένος ἦν (Xen. Mem. 1, 3, 15; as regards, when one comes to speak of—). Τί οἴει ποιήσειν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς νόμους τιμῆς τε πέρι καὶ πειθαρχίας; (Pl. Rep. 7, 538; in point of—.) (Sometimes instead of with the accusative in sense b: τὰ περὶ τῆς ἀρετῆς, especially with reference to the added verb, e. g. Τὰ περὶ Εὔφρονος εἴρηται, Xen. Hell. 7, 4, 1 [which may be said to be compounded of τὰ περὶ Εὔφρονα, and εἴρηται περὶ Εὔφρονος].)

b) Περὶ πολλοῦ, παντὸς, ὀλίγου, οὐδενὸς ποιεῖσθαι, to value much, etc. (literally, to make to oneself a question about something great), to account of much importance. (Poetical: about (round, περὶ σπείους γλαφυροῖο, Od. 5, 68); before, of pre-eminence, περὶ πάντων ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, Il. 1, 287.)

1. With the accusative:

a) to, towards (of persons and things): ἀπελθεῖν πρός τινα, προσάγειν πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος, ἀποβλέπειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, παροξύνειν πρὸς τὰ καλά, σκοπεῖν πρός τι. Πρὸς ἕω, east-ward, τὰ πρὸς βορέαν. (Πρὸς ἕω also towards morning.)

b) to, against, with, of an action in relation to some person who, from the other side, takes part in the action; of a state of mind towards a person or thing: διηγεῖσθαί τι πρός τινας, διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, μάχη Περσῶν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, στασιάζειν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα, σπονδὰς ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων, αἱ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ὁμιλίαι (Dem. 6, 21), ἀγυμνάστως ἔχειν πρὸς θάλπη καὶ ψύχη (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 6), ἀθυμεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον (Xen. An. 7, 1, 9), λόγος πρὸς Λεπτίνην (against; of an impeachment: κατὰ Λεπτίνου). (Οὐδὲν πρὸς ἐμέ, it is nothing to me.)

c) in relation to; for: καλὸς πρὸς δρόμον, οὐδενὸς ἄξιος πρὸς σοφίαν. Λέγειν πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον. Βουλεύεσθαι πρὸς τὸ παρόν. Τείχη καὶ τάφροι ταῖς πόλεσι πρὸς φυλακὴν καὶ σωτηρίαν εὑρημέναι εἰσίν (Dem. 6, 23). Upon (of the occasion): Πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ἀθηναίων μεγάλην κακοπραγίαν εὐθὺς οἱ Ἕλληνες πάντες ἐπηρμένοι ἦσαν, Thuc. 8, 2. Πρὸς τοῦτο, πρὸς ταῦτα, consequently.

d) in comparison with: Φαῦλοι πρὸς ἡμᾶς. Ἀστύοχος πάντα ὕστερα ἐνόμισε πρὸς τὸ ναῦς τοσαύτας ξυμπαρακομίσαι (Thuc. 8, 41). Παρορᾶν τι πρὸς τὰ δίκαια.

e) Πρὸς βίαν, πρὸς φιλίαν, πρὸς ὀργήν, πρὸς χάριν, adverbially, violently, &c.

2. With the dative:

a) by, at: Πρὸς Βαβυλῶνι ἦν ὁ Κῦρος (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 1). Πρὸς τοῖς κριταῖς (more usually ἐπὶ τῶν κριτῶν, παρὰ τοῖς κ.). Εἶναι πρός τινι, to be at (occupied about) something, to have one’s mind directed to something.

b) besides, in addition to: Πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν καὶ πανοῦργός ἐστιν. Πρὸς τούτοις. (Πρὸς δέ, and besides.)

3. With the genitive:

a) from, and from the side of a person or thing (of that which comes from it, is viewed in reference to it): Τὰ πρὸς νότου. Τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχειν πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ (Xen. An. 2, 2, 4, on the side turned towards the river). Πρὸς πατρός, πρὸς μητρός, on the father’s, mother’s side. Πρὸς μὲν θεῶν ἀσεβές, πρὸς δὲ ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρόν (Xen. An. 2, 5, 20).

b) in favour of, on the side of a person, in accordance with: ἡ ἐν στενῷ ναυμαχία πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίων ἐστίν (Thuc. 2, 86). Ὁ θεὸς πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔσται (Thuc. 4, 92). Τὰ ὅπλα (τὴν ψῆφον) τίθεσθαι πρός τινος. Οὐκ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου, ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι (Xen. An. 1, 2, 11). Ἄτοπα λέγεις καὶ οὐδαμῶς πρὸς σοῦ (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 15).

c) from (of that which proceeds from a person through an action; poet. and in Herodot.): Κακόν τι πρὸς θεῶν ἢ ἀνθρώπων λαβεῖν (Hdt.), μανθάνειν τι πρός τινος (Soph., usually παρά). Πρὸς τοῦ διδαχθείς; (Soph. = ὑπό.) Ἀδικεῖσθαι πρός τινος (Eur. = ὑπό), τιμᾶσθαι πρός τινος (Hdt.).

d) by, in prayer and adjuration by something (on behalf of it): Πρὸς παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν ἱκετεύω καὶ ἀντιβολῶ (Lys. 4, 20). Μή, πρὸς θεῶν, ποιήσῃς. (With the accusative σέ elliptically: Μή, πρὸς σὲ γονάτων τῆς τε νεογάμου κόρης, Eur. Med. 324.)

1. With the accusative:

a) under, in answer to the question whither? ἰέναι ὑπὸ γῆν, ὑπ’ αὐτὰ τὰ τείχη ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα, ὑπὸ τειχίον ἀποστῆναι (Pl. 6, 496), and figuratively, of a higher power: ὑπάγειν τινὰ ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους, ὑπὸ τὴν ψῆφον ἔρχεσθαι. Αἴγυπτος ὑπὸ βασιλέα ἐγένετο (Thuc. 1, 110). Τάδε πάντα Ἀθηναῖοι πειράσονται ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι (Thuc. 4, 60). Also ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ).

b) towards, about, of time: ὑπὸ τὴν νύκτα, ὑπὸ τὴν ἕω. Οἱ Αἰγινῆται Λακεδαιμονίων εὐεργέται ἦσαν ὑπὸ τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τῶν Εἱλώτων τὴν ἐπανάστασιν (Thuc. 2, 27).

c) sometimes under, in answer to the question where? αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι (Xen. An. 7, 4, 5), οἱ ὑπὸ βασιλέα βάρβαροι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 11).

2. With the dative: under (of the place and situation): ὑπὸ τῇ Αἴτνῃ οἰκεῖν, ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει, ἔχειν τι ὑπὸ τῷ ἱματίῳ, πολλὰς πόλεις ἔχειν ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ (ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ), τρέφεσθαι ὑπὸ τῷ πατρί. Ἡγοῦμαι τοῦτ’ εἶναι τῶν καλῶν ὑπὸ τοιούτοις ἤθεσι τραφῆναι καὶ παιδευθῆναι (Isocr. de Big. 28; under a man of such character).

3. With the genitive:

a) from under, sometimes simply under: Ἡ πηγὴ χαριεστάτη ὑπὸ τῆς πλατάνου ῥεῖ (Pl. Phæd. 230). Τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς δικαιωτήρια (Pl. Phæd. 249).

b) by, of the acting person or efficient cause with passives: Τιτρώσκεσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι ὑπό τινος, τείχη ἀνάλωτα ὑπὸ πολεμίων. Also with neuters, and with phrases in which the subject is passive to the action, and which therefore have a signification similar to the passive: εἶναι ἐν μεγάλῳ ἀξιώματι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀστῶν (Thuc. 1, 130), δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ θεῶν, συμφορᾷ περιπίπτειν, πληγὰς λαμβάνειν ὑπό τινος, ἐκπίπτειν (to be driven into exile) ὑπὸ τῶν τυράννων. Ὅ,τι ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα· ἐγὼ δ’ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην (Pl. Apol. 17). With verbal substantives: Τὰ τοῦ Κρόνου ἔργα καὶ παθήματα ὑπὸ τοῦ υἱέος (Pl. Rep. 2, 378).

c) from, in consequence of, of cause and occasion: Καμβύσης μαινόμενος ὑπὸ μέθης τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπώλεσεν ὑπὸ Μήδων (Pl. Legg. 3, 695). Δημοσθένης ἡσύχαζεν ὑπ’ ἀπλοίας (Thuc. 4, 4). Οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν ἀποχωρεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων (Thuc. 7, 78).

d) under, to, of an accompaniment (to the sound of), cheering, quickening, or compulsion: ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος πίνειν, χωρεῖν ὑπ’ αὐλητῶν, ὑπὸ μαστίγων τοξεύειν (under the lash, compelled by it). (In later writers with the dative.)

REM. The acting person with a passive verb is sometimes denoted by παρά, when the action is to be conceived as coming from, from the side of, the person: Οἶμαί με παρὰ σοῦ πολλῆς καὶ καλῆς σοφίας πληρωθήσεσθαι (Pl. Conv. 175), in the poets and Herodotus also by πρός (see πρός, genitive, c) and by ἐξ: Τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων (Hdt. 1, 1), πεισθῆναι ἔκ τινος (Soph. El. 409). (Δημαράτῳ αὕτη ἡ χώρα δῶρον ἐκ βασιλέως ἐδόθη, Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 6, on the part of the king.) Ἀπό also is occasionally used by some (Thucydid.) in the sense of proceeding from a person, with the passive of certain verbs, e. g. do, say: Οἱ τύραννοι δι’ ἀσφαλείας ὅσον ἐδύναντο μάλιστα τὰς πόλεις ᾤκουν, ἐπράχθη τε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον ἀξιόλογον (Thuc. 1, 17).

a) Sometimes a verb, not in itself denoting any motion, is so conceived as to include the notion of an antecedent or accompanying motion, on which accordingly depends the preposition or a local adverb, especially πάρειμι: παρεῖναι ἐς ἄστυ. Ἐνταυθοῖ πάρεισιν (Pl. Apol. 33). (Καθέζεσθαι ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν, ἄλλοσέ ποι, to seat, betake, oneself thither.) Conversely, prepositions and adverbs denoting rest and continuance, stand with verbs which in themselves denote the antecedent motion, e. g. ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὗ κατέφυγεν, Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 15. Ἀνέβην ἐνθάδε, Xen. Hell. 1, 7, 16. Ἐνταῦθα ᾖα, Pl. Apol. 36.

b) The prepositions ἀπό and ἐξ, together with παρά, are sometimes (as also occasionally in English) annexed adjectively with the article to a substantive, where one should rather expect ἐν or παρά with the dative (denoting residence in or at a place, or with some one), viz. when a motion of the person or thing to another place, or a residence at another place is denoted: Κλέανδρος, ὁ ἐκ Βυζαντίου ἁρμοστής, μέλλει ἥξειν (Xen. An. 6, 4, 18; the governor from Byzantium). Οἱ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἀδύνατοι ἦσαν ξυμβοηθεῖν (Thuc. 2, 80). Ὅστις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτως διετίθη ὥσθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ (Xen. An. 1, 1, 15). (Δημοσθένης ἔτι ἐτύγχανεν ὢν μετὰ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Αἰτωλίας περὶ Ναύπακτον, Thuc. 3, 102, was still, after the events in Ætolia, about N.) So likewise ἐνθένδε, ἐκεῖθεν. Ἄγγελοι τῶν ἔνδοθεν (Thuc. 7, 73).

a) Between a preposition and its case, besides the definitions belonging to this case (e. g. ἐκ τῶν ἔργων τῆς ἐπιμελείας, Thuc. 3, 46, for ἐκ τῆς ἐπ. τ. ἔργων, ἐπὶ πολλὰς ναῦς κεκτημένους, Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 19, against people possessed of many ships), there may stand a particle of transition or connexion (as τέ, γέ, μέν, δέ, γάρ, αὖ, οὖν, ἄρα), sometimes several of these, and enclitic cases of the pronouns, e. g. ἐν αὖ τοῖς δημοσίοις κινδύνοις (Pl. Rep. 9, 577). Πρὸς μὲν ἄρα σοι τὸν πατέρα (Pl. Crit. 50). (Ἐξ, οἶμαι, τῆς ἀκροτάτης ἐλευθερίας, Pl. Rep. 8, 564.)

REM. An adjective or participle, as apposition to the governed word, stands sometimes between this and the preposition: ἐν μόνῃ τῶν πασῶν πόλεων τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ (Dem. 8, 64). Διὰ φιλίας τῆς Θράκης πορεύομαι (Xen. Hell. 3, 2, 9).

b) Prepositions are often put after their case by the poets (ἀναστροφή), but in prose only περί is thus put (when the substantive has the emphasis, e. g. Εὐβοίας μὲν πέρι, sometimes after several words: ὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε μέγα οὔτε σμικρὸν πέρι ἐπαΐω, Pl. Apol. 19), and most frequently ἕνεκα. (Ὧν ἄνευ in Xenophon.)

c) The position between the adjective and its substantive is rare in prose (chiefly with pronouns: τοιᾷδε ἐν τάξει), in the poets frequent.

d) The preposition may stand between an adjective and an adverb of degree belonging to the adjective: πολὺ ἐν δεινοτέροις, ὡς διὰ βραχυτάτων.

REM. Whether the preposition with connected substantives shall be repeated with each, depends upon the consideration, whether the connected words coalesce into one notion, or whether they are separated (as with ἀλλά, οὔτε, ἤ); sometimes, however, the preposition is omitted, where we should have expected it to be repeated, e. g. with ἤ [1]. If to the governed substantive there is annexed a comparison by ὡς (ὥσπερ), in Greek the comparison is often put first, and usually is immediately followed by the preposition without repeating this with the principal substantive: Ὡς περὶ μητρὸς καὶ τροφοῦ τῆς χώρας, ἐν ᾗ τεθράμμεθα, βουλεύεσθαι δεῖ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414 = περὶ τῆς χ. ὡς περὶ μητρός). Ὡς πρὸς εὖ βουλευομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους παρασκευάζεσθαι χρή (Thuc. 1, 84).

[1]: Poetically, Δελφῶν κἀπὸ Δαυλίας for ἀπὸ Δ. καὶ ἀπὸ Δ.

Εἰς, until, for, is connected with adverbs of time: εἰς ἀεί, εἰς αὖθις, ἐς αὔριον, ἐς ἔπειτα, ἐς ὁπότ’ ἔσται (Æsch. 3, 99), μέχρι with adverbs of place: μέχρι ἐνταῦθα, μέχρι δεῦρο, βουλεύεσθαι, μέχρι ὅποι τὴν σοφίαν ἀσκητέον ἐστίν (Pl. Gorg. 487). (Also μέχρι ὀψέ, Thuc.)

§ 77 Πρός

§ 77 Πρός

1. With the accusative:

a) to, towards (of persons and things): ἀπελθεῖν πρός τινα, προσάγειν πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος, ἀποβλέπειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, παροξύνειν πρὸς τὰ καλά, σκοπεῖν πρός τι. Πρὸς ἕω, east-ward, τὰ πρὸς βορέαν. (Πρὸς ἕω also towards morning.)

b) to, against, with, of an action in relation to some person who, from the other side, takes part in the action; of a state of mind towards a person or thing: διηγεῖσθαί τι πρός τινας, διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, μάχη Περσῶν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, στασιάζειν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα, σπονδὰς ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων, αἱ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ὁμιλίαι (Dem. 6, 21), ἀγυμνάστως ἔχειν πρὸς θάλπη καὶ ψύχη (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 6), ἀθυμεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον (Xen. An. 7, 1, 9), λόγος πρὸς Λεπτίνην (against; of an impeachment: κατὰ Λεπτίνου). (Οὐδὲν πρὸς ἐμέ, it is nothing to me.)

c) in relation to; for: καλὸς πρὸς δρόμον, οὐδενὸς ἄξιος πρὸς σοφίαν. Λέγειν πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον. Βουλεύεσθαι πρὸς τὸ παρόν. Τείχη καὶ τάφροι ταῖς πόλεσι πρὸς φυλακὴν καὶ σωτηρίαν εὑρημέναι εἰσίν (Dem. 6, 23). Upon (of the occasion): Πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ἀθηναίων μεγάλην κακοπραγίαν εὐθὺς οἱ Ἕλληνες πάντες ἐπηρμένοι ἦσαν, Thuc. 8, 2. Πρὸς τοῦτο, πρὸς ταῦτα, consequently.

d) in comparison with: Φαῦλοι πρὸς ἡμᾶς. Ἀστύοχος πάντα ὕστερα ἐνόμισε πρὸς τὸ ναῦς τοσαύτας ξυμπαρακομίσαι (Thuc. 8, 41). Παρορᾶν τι πρὸς τὰ δίκαια.

e) Πρὸς βίαν, πρὸς φιλίαν, πρὸς ὀργήν, πρὸς χάριν, adverbially, violently, &c.

2. With the dative:

a) by, at: Πρὸς Βαβυλῶνι ἦν ὁ Κῦρος (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 1). Πρὸς τοῖς κριταῖς (more usually ἐπὶ τῶν κριτῶν, παρὰ τοῖς κ.). Εἶναι πρός τινι, to be at (occupied about) something, to have one’s mind directed to something.

b) besides, in addition to: Πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν καὶ πανοῦργός ἐστιν. Πρὸς τούτοις. (Πρὸς δέ, and besides.)

3. With the genitive:

a) from, and from the side of a person or thing (of that which comes from it, is viewed in reference to it): Τὰ πρὸς νότου. Τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχειν πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ (Xen. An. 2, 2, 4, on the side turned towards the river). Πρὸς πατρός, πρὸς μητρός, on the father’s, mother’s side. Πρὸς μὲν θεῶν ἀσεβές, πρὸς δὲ ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρόν (Xen. An. 2, 5, 20).

b) in favour of, on the side of a person, in accordance with: ἡ ἐν στενῷ ναυμαχία πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίων ἐστίν (Thuc. 2, 86). Ὁ θεὸς πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔσται (Thuc. 4, 92). Τὰ ὅπλα (τὴν ψῆφον) τίθεσθαι πρός τινος. Οὐκ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου, ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι (Xen. An. 1, 2, 11). Ἄτοπα λέγεις καὶ οὐδαμῶς πρὸς σοῦ (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 15).

c) from (of that which proceeds from a person through an action; poet. and in Herodot.): Κακόν τι πρὸς θεῶν ἢ ἀνθρώπων λαβεῖν (Hdt.), μανθάνειν τι πρός τινος (Soph., usually παρά). Πρὸς τοῦ διδαχθείς; (Soph. = ὑπό.) Ἀδικεῖσθαι πρός τινος (Eur. = ὑπό), τιμᾶσθαι πρός τινος (Hdt.).

d) by, in prayer and adjuration by something (on behalf of it): Πρὸς παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν ἱκετεύω καὶ ἀντιβολῶ (Lys. 4, 20). Μή, πρὸς θεῶν, ποιήσῃς. (With the accusative σέ elliptically: Μή, πρὸς σὲ γονάτων τῆς τε νεογάμου κόρης, Eur. Med. 324.)

1. With the accusative:
a) to, towards (of persons and things): ἀπελθεῖν πρός τινα, προσάγειν πρὸς τὸ τεῖχος, ἀποβλέπειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν, παροξύνειν πρὸς τὰ καλά, σκοπεῖν πρός τι. Πρὸς ἕω, east-ward, τὰ πρὸς βορέαν. (Πρὸς ἕω also towards morning.)
b) to, against, with, of an action in relation to some person who, from the other side, takes part in the action; of a state of mind towards a person or thing: διηγεῖσθαί τι πρός τινας, διαγωνίζεσθαι πρὸς τοὺς πολεμίους, μάχη Περσῶν πρὸς Ἀθηναίους, στασιάζειν πρὸς τὸν ἄρχοντα, σπονδὰς ποιεῖσθαι πρὸς τοὺς στρατηγοὺς τῶν Ἀθηναίων, αἱ πρὸς τοὺς τυράννους ὁμιλίαι (Dem. 6, 21), ἀγυμνάστως ἔχειν πρὸς θάλπη καὶ ψύχη (Xen. Mem. 2, 1, 6), ἀθυμεῖν πρὸς τὴν ἔξοδον (Xen. An. 7, 1, 9), λόγος πρὸς Λεπτίνην (against; of an impeachment: κατὰ Λεπτίνου). (Οὐδὲν πρὸς ἐμέ, it is nothing to me.)
c) in relation to; for: καλὸς πρὸς δρόμον, οὐδενὸς ἄξιος πρὸς σοφίαν. Λέγειν πρὸς τὸ βέλτιστον. Βουλεύεσθαι πρὸς τὸ παρόν. Τείχη καὶ τάφροι ταῖς πόλεσι πρὸς φυλακὴν καὶ σωτηρίαν εὑρημέναι εἰσίν (Dem. 6, 23). Upon (of the occasion): Πρὸς τὴν τῶν Ἀθηναίων μεγάλην κακοπραγίαν εὐθὺς οἱ Ἕλληνες πάντες ἐπηρμένοι ἦσαν, Thuc. 8, 2. Πρὸς τοῦτο, πρὸς ταῦτα, consequently.
d) in comparison with: Φαῦλοι πρὸς ἡμᾶς. Ἀστύοχος πάντα ὕστερα ἐνόμισε πρὸς τὸ ναῦς τοσαύτας ξυμπαρακομίσαι (Thuc. 8, 41). Παρορᾶν τι πρὸς τὰ δίκαια.
e) Πρὸς βίαν, πρὸς φιλίαν, πρὸς ὀργήν, πρὸς χάριν, adverbially, violently, &c.

2. With the dative:
a) by, at: Πρὸς Βαβυλῶνι ἦν ὁ Κῦρος (Xen. Cyr. 7, 5, 1). Πρὸς τοῖς κριταῖς (more usually ἐπὶ τῶν κριτῶν, παρὰ τοῖς κ.). Εἶναι πρός τινι, to be at (occupied about) something, to have one’s mind directed to something.
b) besides, in addition to: Πρὸς τοῖς ἄλλοις πᾶσιν καὶ πανοῦργός ἐστιν. Πρὸς τούτοις. (Πρὸς δέ, and besides.)

3. With the genitive:
a) from, and from the side of a person or thing (of that which comes from it, is viewed in reference to it): Τὰ πρὸς νότου. Τὰ ὑποζύγια ἔχειν πρὸς τοῦ ποταμοῦ (Xen. An. 2, 2, 4, on the side turned towards the river). Πρὸς πατρός, πρὸς μητρός, on the father’s, mother’s side. Πρὸς μὲν θεῶν ἀσεβές, πρὸς δὲ ἀνθρώπων αἰσχρόν (Xen. An. 2, 5, 20).
b) in favour of, on the side of a person, in accordance with: ἡ ἐν στενῷ ναυμαχία πρὸς Λακεδαιμονίων ἐστίν (Thuc. 2, 86). Ὁ θεὸς πρὸς ἡμῶν ἔσται (Thuc. 4, 92). Τὰ ὅπλα (τὴν ψῆφον) τίθεσθαι πρός τινος. Οὐκ ἦν πρὸς τοῦ Κύρου τρόπου, ἔχοντα μὴ ἀποδιδόναι (Xen. An. 1, 2, 11). Ἄτοπα λέγεις καὶ οὐδαμῶς πρὸς σοῦ (Xen. Mem. 2, 3, 15).
c) from (of that which proceeds from a person through an action; poet. and in Herodot.): Κακόν τι πρὸς θεῶν ἢ ἀνθρώπων λαβεῖν (Hdt.), μανθάνειν τι πρός τινος (Soph., usually παρά). Πρὸς τοῦ διδαχθείς; (Soph. = ὑπό.) Ἀδικεῖσθαι πρός τινος (Eur. = ὑπό), τιμᾶσθαι πρός τινος (Hdt.).
d) by, in prayer and adjuration by something (on behalf of it): Πρὸς παίδων καὶ γυναικῶν ἱκετεύω καὶ ἀντιβολῶ (Lys. 4, 20). Μή, πρὸς θεῶν, ποιήσῃς. (With the accusative σέ elliptically: Μή, πρὸς σὲ γονάτων τῆς τε νεογάμου κόρης, Eur. Med. 324.)

§ 78 Ὑπό

§ 78 Ὑπό

1. With the accusative:

a) under, in answer to the question whither? ἰέναι ὑπὸ γῆν, ὑπ’ αὐτὰ τὰ τείχη ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα, ὑπὸ τειχίον ἀποστῆναι (Pl. 6, 496), and figuratively, of a higher power: ὑπάγειν τινὰ ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους, ὑπὸ τὴν ψῆφον ἔρχεσθαι. Αἴγυπτος ὑπὸ βασιλέα ἐγένετο (Thuc. 1, 110). Τάδε πάντα Ἀθηναῖοι πειράσονται ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι (Thuc. 4, 60). Also ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ).

b) towards, about, of time: ὑπὸ τὴν νύκτα, ὑπὸ τὴν ἕω. Οἱ Αἰγινῆται Λακεδαιμονίων εὐεργέται ἦσαν ὑπὸ τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τῶν Εἱλώτων τὴν ἐπανάστασιν (Thuc. 2, 27).

c) sometimes under, in answer to the question where? αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι (Xen. An. 7, 4, 5), οἱ ὑπὸ βασιλέα βάρβαροι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 11).

2. With the dative: under (of the place and situation): ὑπὸ τῇ Αἴτνῃ οἰκεῖν, ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει, ἔχειν τι ὑπὸ τῷ ἱματίῳ, πολλὰς πόλεις ἔχειν ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ (ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ), τρέφεσθαι ὑπὸ τῷ πατρί. Ἡγοῦμαι τοῦτ’ εἶναι τῶν καλῶν ὑπὸ τοιούτοις ἤθεσι τραφῆναι καὶ παιδευθῆναι (Isocr. de Big. 28; under a man of such character).

3. With the genitive:

a) from under, sometimes simply under: Ἡ πηγὴ χαριεστάτη ὑπὸ τῆς πλατάνου ῥεῖ (Pl. Phæd. 230). Τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς δικαιωτήρια (Pl. Phæd. 249).

b) by, of the acting person or efficient cause with passives: Τιτρώσκεσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι ὑπό τινος, τείχη ἀνάλωτα ὑπὸ πολεμίων. Also with neuters, and with phrases in which the subject is passive to the action, and which therefore have a signification similar to the passive: εἶναι ἐν μεγάλῳ ἀξιώματι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀστῶν (Thuc. 1, 130), δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ θεῶν, συμφορᾷ περιπίπτειν, πληγὰς λαμβάνειν ὑπό τινος, ἐκπίπτειν (to be driven into exile) ὑπὸ τῶν τυράννων. Ὅ,τι ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα· ἐγὼ δ’ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην (Pl. Apol. 17). With verbal substantives: Τὰ τοῦ Κρόνου ἔργα καὶ παθήματα ὑπὸ τοῦ υἱέος (Pl. Rep. 2, 378).

c) from, in consequence of, of cause and occasion: Καμβύσης μαινόμενος ὑπὸ μέθης τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπώλεσεν ὑπὸ Μήδων (Pl. Legg. 3, 695). Δημοσθένης ἡσύχαζεν ὑπ’ ἀπλοίας (Thuc. 4, 4). Οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν ἀποχωρεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων (Thuc. 7, 78).

d) under, to, of an accompaniment (to the sound of), cheering, quickening, or compulsion: ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος πίνειν, χωρεῖν ὑπ’ αὐλητῶν, ὑπὸ μαστίγων τοξεύειν (under the lash, compelled by it). (In later writers with the dative.)

REM. The acting person with a passive verb is sometimes denoted by παρά, when the action is to be conceived as coming from, from the side of, the person: Οἶμαί με παρὰ σοῦ πολλῆς καὶ καλῆς σοφίας πληρωθήσεσθαι (Pl. Conv. 175), in the poets and Herodotus also by πρός (see πρός, genitive, c) and by ἐξ: Τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων (Hdt. 1, 1), πεισθῆναι ἔκ τινος (Soph. El. 409). (Δημαράτῳ αὕτη ἡ χώρα δῶρον ἐκ βασιλέως ἐδόθη, Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 6, on the part of the king.) Ἀπό also is occasionally used by some (Thucydid.) in the sense of proceeding from a person, with the passive of certain verbs, e. g. do, say: Οἱ τύραννοι δι’ ἀσφαλείας ὅσον ἐδύναντο μάλιστα τὰς πόλεις ᾤκουν, ἐπράχθη τε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον ἀξιόλογον (Thuc. 1, 17).

1. With the accusative:
a) under, in answer to the question whither? ἰέναι ὑπὸ γῆν, ὑπ’ αὐτὰ τὰ τείχη ἄγειν τὸ στράτευμα, ὑπὸ τειχίον ἀποστῆναι (Pl. 6, 496), and figuratively, of a higher power: ὑπάγειν τινὰ ὑπὸ τοὺς νόμους, ὑπὸ τὴν ψῆφον ἔρχεσθαι. Αἴγυπτος ὑπὸ βασιλέα ἐγένετο (Thuc. 1, 110). Τάδε πάντα Ἀθηναῖοι πειράσονται ὑπὸ σφᾶς ποιεῖσθαι (Thuc. 4, 60). Also ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ).
b) towards, about, of time: ὑπὸ τὴν νύκτα, ὑπὸ τὴν ἕω. Οἱ Αἰγινῆται Λακεδαιμονίων εὐεργέται ἦσαν ὑπὸ τὸν σεισμὸν καὶ τῶν Εἱλώτων τὴν ἐπανάστασιν (Thuc. 2, 27).
c) sometimes under, in answer to the question where? αἱ ὑπὸ τὸ ὄρος κῶμαι (Xen. An. 7, 4, 5), οἱ ὑπὸ βασιλέα βάρβαροι (Xen. Cyr. 6, 2, 11).

2. With the dative: under (of the place and situation): ὑπὸ τῇ Αἴτνῃ οἰκεῖν, ὑπὸ τῇ ἀκροπόλει, ἔχειν τι ὑπὸ τῷ ἱματίῳ, πολλὰς πόλεις ἔχειν ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ (ποιεῖσθαι ὑφ’ ἑαυτῷ), τρέφεσθαι ὑπὸ τῷ πατρί. Ἡγοῦμαι τοῦτ’ εἶναι τῶν καλῶν ὑπὸ τοιούτοις ἤθεσι τραφῆναι καὶ παιδευθῆναι (Isocr. de Big. 28; under a man of such character).

3. With the genitive:
a) from under, sometimes simply under: Ἡ πηγὴ χαριεστάτη ὑπὸ τῆς πλατάνου ῥεῖ (Pl. Phæd. 230). Τὰ ὑπὸ γῆς δικαιωτήρια (Pl. Phæd. 249).
b) by, of the acting person or efficient cause with passives: Τιτρώσκεσθαι, αἱρεῖσθαι ὑπό τινος, τείχη ἀνάλωτα ὑπὸ πολεμίων. Also with neuters, and with phrases in which the subject is passive to the action, and which therefore have a signification similar to the passive: εἶναι ἐν μεγάλῳ ἀξιώματι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀστῶν (Thuc. 1, 130), δίκην διδόναι ὑπὸ θεῶν, συμφορᾷ περιπίπτειν, πληγὰς λαμβάνειν ὑπό τινος, ἐκπίπτειν (to be driven into exile) ὑπὸ τῶν τυράννων. Ὅ,τι ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα· ἐγὼ δ’ οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ’ αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην (Pl. Apol. 17). With verbal substantives: Τὰ τοῦ Κρόνου ἔργα καὶ παθήματα ὑπὸ τοῦ υἱέος (Pl. Rep. 2, 378).
c) from, in consequence of, of cause and occasion: Καμβύσης μαινόμενος ὑπὸ μέθης τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀπώλεσεν ὑπὸ Μήδων (Pl. Legg. 3, 695). Δημοσθένης ἡσύχαζεν ὑπ’ ἀπλοίας (Thuc. 4, 4). Οὐχ οἷόν τε ἦν ἀποχωρεῖν ὑπὸ τῶν ἱππέων (Thuc. 7, 78).
d) under, to, of an accompaniment (to the sound of), cheering, quickening, or compulsion: ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος πίνειν, χωρεῖν ὑπ’ αὐλητῶν, ὑπὸ μαστίγων τοξεύειν (under the lash, compelled by it). (In later writers with the dative.)

REM. The acting person with a passive verb is sometimes denoted by παρά, when the action is to be conceived as coming from, from the side of, the person: Οἶμαί με παρὰ σοῦ πολλῆς καὶ καλῆς σοφίας πληρωθήσεσθαι (Pl. Conv. 175), in the poets and Herodotus also by πρός (see πρός, genitive, c) and by ἐξ: Τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων (Hdt. 1, 1), πεισθῆναι ἔκ τινος (Soph. El. 409). (Δημαράτῳ αὕτη ἡ χώρα δῶρον ἐκ βασιλέως ἐδόθη, Xen. Hell. 3, 1, 6, on the part of the king.) Ἀπό also is occasionally used by some (Thucydid.) in the sense of proceeding from a person, with the passive of certain verbs, e. g. do, say: Οἱ τύραννοι δι’ ἀσφαλείας ὅσον ἐδύναντο μάλιστα τὰς πόλεις ᾤκουν, ἐπράχθη τε ἀπ’ αὐτῶν οὐδὲν ἔργον ἀξιόλογον (Thuc. 1, 17).

§ 79

§ 79

a) Sometimes a verb, not in itself denoting any motion, is so conceived as to include the notion of an antecedent or accompanying motion, on which accordingly depends the preposition or a local adverb, especially πάρειμι: παρεῖναι ἐς ἄστυ. Ἐνταυθοῖ πάρεισιν (Pl. Apol. 33). (Καθέζεσθαι ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν, ἄλλοσέ ποι, to seat, betake, oneself thither.) Conversely, prepositions and adverbs denoting rest and continuance, stand with verbs which in themselves denote the antecedent motion, e. g. ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὗ κατέφυγεν, Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 15. Ἀνέβην ἐνθάδε, Xen. Hell. 1, 7, 16. Ἐνταῦθα ᾖα, Pl. Apol. 36.

b) The prepositions ἀπό and ἐξ, together with παρά, are sometimes (as also occasionally in English) annexed adjectively with the article to a substantive, where one should rather expect ἐν or παρά with the dative (denoting residence in or at a place, or with some one), viz. when a motion of the person or thing to another place, or a residence at another place is denoted: Κλέανδρος, ὁ ἐκ Βυζαντίου ἁρμοστής, μέλλει ἥξειν (Xen. An. 6, 4, 18; the governor from Byzantium). Οἱ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἀδύνατοι ἦσαν ξυμβοηθεῖν (Thuc. 2, 80). Ὅστις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτως διετίθη ὥσθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ (Xen. An. 1, 1, 15). (Δημοσθένης ἔτι ἐτύγχανεν ὢν μετὰ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Αἰτωλίας περὶ Ναύπακτον, Thuc. 3, 102, was still, after the events in Ætolia, about N.) So likewise ἐνθένδε, ἐκεῖθεν. Ἄγγελοι τῶν ἔνδοθεν (Thuc. 7, 73).

a) Sometimes a verb, not in itself denoting any motion, is so conceived as to include the notion of an antecedent or accompanying motion, on which accordingly depends the preposition or a local adverb, especially πάρειμι: παρεῖναι ἐς ἄστυ. Ἐνταυθοῖ πάρεισιν (Pl. Apol. 33). (Καθέζεσθαι ἐς τὸ Ἡραῖον, ἐπὶ τὴν ἑστίαν, ἄλλοσέ ποι, to seat, betake, oneself thither.) Conversely, prepositions and adverbs denoting rest and continuance, stand with verbs which in themselves denote the antecedent motion, e. g. ἐκ τῆς πόλεως, οὗ κατέφυγεν, Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 15. Ἀνέβην ἐνθάδε, Xen. Hell. 1, 7, 16. Ἐνταῦθα ᾖα, Pl. Apol. 36.

b) The prepositions ἀπό and ἐξ, together with παρά, are sometimes (as also occasionally in English) annexed adjectively with the article to a substantive, where one should rather expect ἐν or παρά with the dative (denoting residence in or at a place, or with some one), viz. when a motion of the person or thing to another place, or a residence at another place is denoted: Κλέανδρος, ὁ ἐκ Βυζαντίου ἁρμοστής, μέλλει ἥξειν (Xen. An. 6, 4, 18; the governor from Byzantium). Οἱ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης Ἀκαρνᾶνες ἀδύνατοι ἦσαν ξυμβοηθεῖν (Thuc. 2, 80). Ὅστις ἀφικνεῖτο τῶν παρὰ βασιλέως πρὸς Κῦρον, πάντας οὕτως διετίθη ὥσθ’ ἑαυτῷ μᾶλλον φίλους εἶναι ἢ βασιλεῖ (Xen. An. 1, 1, 15). (Δημοσθένης ἔτι ἐτύγχανεν ὢν μετὰ τὰ ἐκ τῆς Αἰτωλίας περὶ Ναύπακτον, Thuc. 3, 102, was still, after the events in Ætolia, about N.) So likewise ἐνθένδε, ἐκεῖθεν. Ἄγγελοι τῶν ἔνδοθεν (Thuc. 7, 73).

§ 80

§ 80

a) Between a preposition and its case, besides the definitions belonging to this case (e. g. ἐκ τῶν ἔργων τῆς ἐπιμελείας, Thuc. 3, 46, for ἐκ τῆς ἐπ. τ. ἔργων, ἐπὶ πολλὰς ναῦς κεκτημένους, Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 19, against people possessed of many ships), there may stand a particle of transition or connexion (as τέ, γέ, μέν, δέ, γάρ, αὖ, οὖν, ἄρα), sometimes several of these, and enclitic cases of the pronouns, e. g. ἐν αὖ τοῖς δημοσίοις κινδύνοις (Pl. Rep. 9, 577). Πρὸς μὲν ἄρα σοι τὸν πατέρα (Pl. Crit. 50). (Ἐξ, οἶμαι, τῆς ἀκροτάτης ἐλευθερίας, Pl. Rep. 8, 564.)

REM. An adjective or participle, as apposition to the governed word, stands sometimes between this and the preposition: ἐν μόνῃ τῶν πασῶν πόλεων τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ (Dem. 8, 64). Διὰ φιλίας τῆς Θράκης πορεύομαι (Xen. Hell. 3, 2, 9).

b) Prepositions are often put after their case by the poets (ἀναστροφή), but in prose only περί is thus put (when the substantive has the emphasis, e. g. Εὐβοίας μὲν πέρι, sometimes after several words: ὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε μέγα οὔτε σμικρὸν πέρι ἐπαΐω, Pl. Apol. 19), and most frequently ἕνεκα. (Ὧν ἄνευ in Xenophon.)

c) The position between the adjective and its substantive is rare in prose (chiefly with pronouns: τοιᾷδε ἐν τάξει), in the poets frequent.

d) The preposition may stand between an adjective and an adverb of degree belonging to the adjective: πολὺ ἐν δεινοτέροις, ὡς διὰ βραχυτάτων.

REM. Whether the preposition with connected substantives shall be repeated with each, depends upon the consideration, whether the connected words coalesce into one notion, or whether they are separated (as with ἀλλά, οὔτε, ἤ); sometimes, however, the preposition is omitted, where we should have expected it to be repeated, e. g. with ἤ [1]. If to the governed substantive there is annexed a comparison by ὡς (ὥσπερ), in Greek the comparison is often put first, and usually is immediately followed by the preposition without repeating this with the principal substantive: Ὡς περὶ μητρὸς καὶ τροφοῦ τῆς χώρας, ἐν ᾗ τεθράμμεθα, βουλεύεσθαι δεῖ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414 = περὶ τῆς χ. ὡς περὶ μητρός). Ὡς πρὸς εὖ βουλευομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους παρασκευάζεσθαι χρή (Thuc. 1, 84).

[1]: Poetically, Δελφῶν κἀπὸ Δαυλίας for ἀπὸ Δ. καὶ ἀπὸ Δ.

a) Between a preposition and its case, besides the definitions belonging to this case (e. g. ἐκ τῶν ἔργων τῆς ἐπιμελείας, Thuc. 3, 46, for ἐκ τῆς ἐπ. τ. ἔργων, ἐπὶ πολλὰς ναῦς κεκτημένους, Xen. Hell. 5, 1, 19, against people possessed of many ships), there may stand a particle of transition or connexion (as τέ, γέ, μέν, δέ, γάρ, αὖ, οὖν, ἄρα), sometimes several of these, and enclitic cases of the pronouns, e. g. ἐν αὖ τοῖς δημοσίοις κινδύνοις (Pl. Rep. 9, 577). Πρὸς μὲν ἄρα σοι τὸν πατέρα (Pl. Crit. 50). (Ἐξ, οἶμαι, τῆς ἀκροτάτης ἐλευθερίας, Pl. Rep. 8, 564.)

REM. An adjective or participle, as apposition to the governed word, stands sometimes between this and the preposition: ἐν μόνῃ τῶν πασῶν πόλεων τῇ ὑμετέρᾳ (Dem. 8, 64). Διὰ φιλίας τῆς Θράκης πορεύομαι (Xen. Hell. 3, 2, 9).

b) Prepositions are often put after their case by the poets (ἀναστροφή), but in prose only περί is thus put (when the substantive has the emphasis, e. g. Εὐβοίας μὲν πέρι, sometimes after several words: ὧν ἐγὼ οὐδὲν οὔτε μέγα οὔτε σμικρὸν πέρι ἐπαΐω, Pl. Apol. 19), and most frequently ἕνεκα. (Ὧν ἄνευ in Xenophon.)

c) The position between the adjective and its substantive is rare in prose (chiefly with pronouns: τοιᾷδε ἐν τάξει), in the poets frequent.

d) The preposition may stand between an adjective and an adverb of degree belonging to the adjective: πολὺ ἐν δεινοτέροις, ὡς διὰ βραχυτάτων.

REM. Whether the preposition with connected substantives shall be repeated with each, depends upon the consideration, whether the connected words coalesce into one notion, or whether they are separated (as with ἀλλά, οὔτε, ἤ); sometimes, however, the preposition is omitted, where we should have expected it to be repeated, e. g. with ἤ [1]. If to the governed substantive there is annexed a comparison by ὡς (ὥσπερ), in Greek the comparison is often put first, and usually is immediately followed by the preposition without repeating this with the principal substantive: Ὡς περὶ μητρὸς καὶ τροφοῦ τῆς χώρας, ἐν ᾗ τεθράμμεθα, βουλεύεσθαι δεῖ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414 = περὶ τῆς χ. ὡς περὶ μητρός). Ὡς πρὸς εὖ βουλευομένους τοὺς ἐναντίους παρασκευάζεσθαι χρή (Thuc. 1, 84).

[1]: Poetically, Δελφῶν κἀπὸ Δαυλίας for ἀπὸ Δ. καὶ ἀπὸ Δ.

§ 81

§ 81 

Εἰς, until, for, is connected with adverbs of time: εἰς ἀεί, εἰς αὖθις, ἐς αὔριον, ἐς ἔπειτα, ἐς ὁπότ’ ἔσται (Æsch. 3, 99), μέχρι with adverbs of place: μέχρι ἐνταῦθα, μέχρι δεῦρο, βουλεύεσθαι, μέχρι ὅποι τὴν σοφίαν ἀσκητέον ἐστίν (Pl. Gorg. 487). (Also μέχρι ὀψέ, Thuc.)

Εἰς, until, for, is connected with adverbs of time: εἰς ἀεί, εἰς αὖθις, ἐς αὔριον, ἐς ἔπειτα, ἐς ὁπότ’ ἔσται (Æsch. 3, 99), μέχρι with adverbs of place: μέχρι ἐνταῦθα, μέχρι δεῦρο, βουλεύεσθαι, μέχρι ὅποι τὴν σοφίαν ἀσκητέον ἐστίν (Pl. Gorg. 487). (Also μέχρι ὀψέ, Thuc.)