A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part II: Inflection: VI. Conjugation: B. Second Conjugation: Verbs in -μι: 1. Verbs in -μι with reduplication in the present stem

1. Verbs in -μι with reduplication in the present stem

The Paradigms of the four verbs:

• τίθημι — put; present stems τιθη-, τιθε-; verb stems θη-, θε-.
• ἵημι — send; present stems ἱη-, ἱε-; verb stems ἡ-, ἑ-.
• δίδωμι — give; present stems διδω-, διδο-; verb stems δω-, δο-.
• ἵστημι — place, set; present stems ἱστη-, ἱστα-; verb stems στη-, στα-.

Note 1. — Occasional secondary forms are the indicative forms τιθεῖς, τιθεῖ — ἱεῖς, ἱεῖ — and the plural forms with -κα: ἔθηκαν, ἐδώκαμεν (99, 3).

Note 2. — σ in ‑σαι and ‑σο remains in the present and impf. (except subj.); hence τίθεσαι, ἐτίθεσο, τίθεσο — δίδοσαι, ἐδίδοσο, δίδοσο.

Note 3. — Rare collat. forms are optatives with οι: τίθοιτο, συνθοῖτο, etc., and subjunctives / optatives with irregular accentuation: τίθηται, πρόσθηται, opt.), but ι disappears in all forms of the aorist except in the indicative εἷσο. δίδοσο — but ἔθου, θοῦ — οὗ — ἔδου, δοῦ. ἐπιθοίμεθα, συνεπιθοῖντο, ἐφιοῖμεν, παριοῖτε, προσιοῖεν, προοῖτο, προοῖντο. πρόηται, ἐπίθωνται, τίθοιτο, σύνθοιτο, πρόοιντο, ἀφίοιεν (against 99, 4).

1. In the present, imperfect and II aorist, the mood suffixes and personal endings are applied to the stem directly (i.e. without thematic vowel).

2. The stem vowel in the sing. of the indic. act. of the three tenses is long.

3. The sing. of the aor. ind. act. is always supplied by ἔθηκα, ἧκα, ἔδωκα (for ἔθην, ἦν, ἔδων). The respective plural forms (as ἔθηκαν, ἔδωκαμεν, ἦκαντο) are less frequent; for ἔστην see 102.

4. The accent recedes here too (72, 11. 12), in both the simple and the compound verbs, as far back as possible (recessive accent!), but never beyond the augment. Subjunctives always accent the contracted syllable, optatives accent the syllable containing the modal suffix.

5. Accents of the aor. imper.: ἄφες, ἀντίθες, ἐπίθες, παράθες, ἀπόδος — ἀφού, προσθοῦ (or πρόσθου), ὑπόδου.

1. Their formation is regular, except that in a few forms the stem vowel is short: δέδομαι, ἐδόθην, στατός; in others the stem vowel is long (irreg. formation): εἷ-μαι (from ἕε-μαι).

2. Ἵστημι has, besides the intransitive second aor. ἔστην placed myself, stepped, stood, a transitive first aor. ἔστησα set, placed. The other tenses are partly transitive, partly intransitive. The following is a synopsis of

The meanings of ἵστημι make stand, set, place.

Note 1. — The intransitive forms supply the respective forms of the passive.

Note 2. — Note that the Engl. “stand, stood” etc. are used in two different senses!

The following six verbs (the last three of which are deponents without reduplication in the present stem) inflect their presents and imperfects like ἵστημι.

Note 1. — The aorist ἐπριάμην bought is inflected like the imperfect and present of the above deponents; inf. πρίασθαι (present: ὠνοῦμαι 112, 18).

Note 2. — Unlike ἵστημι, these deponents (also ἐπριάμην) have the recessive accent in the subjunctive and optative; hence

subj. δύνωμαι, ἐπίστωμαι, πρίωμαι,

opt. δύναιο, ἐπίστατο, πρίασθε, ἄγαιντο.

1. Ἔστην and the aorists of some other verbs in -ω are formed directly from the verb stem (the root). They all have

a long vowel in the ind., imper. (except 3. p. pl.) and inf.,

a short vowel before vowels and before -ντ.

2. The following verbs are the most important:

a) Stems with final A-sound (ā, η: ᾱ).

b) Stems with final E-sound (η: ε).

c) Stems with final O-sound (ω: ο).

d) Stems with final Y-sound (ῡ: ῠ).

3. Paradigm.

¹ or σταίη-μεν etc.

² or ῥυείη-μεν etc.

³ or γνοίη-μεν etc.

4. There is a middle future and a I perfect to all these aorists;

e.g. a) βήσομαι, ἔβην, βέβηκα have gone,

b) ῥυήσεται, ἔρρυην, ἐρρύηκε(ν) has flowed,

c) γνώσομαι, ἔγνων, ἔγνωκα have known,

d) φύσομαι; ἔφυν, πέφυκα am by nature.

1. Besides ἕστηκα stand, there are forms without a -κα, directly derived from the reduplicated verb stem ἑ-στά; thus especially

perf. ind. ἑστά-μεν, ἑστά-τε, ἑστάσι(ν); plupf. ἑστά-σαν.

inf. ἑστά-ναι; part. ἑστώς, ἑστῶσα, ἑστώς,

ἑστῶτος, ἑστώσης, ἑστῶτος.

2. Likewise τέθνηκα am dead (pres. 110, 7):

perf. ind. τέθνα-μεν, τέθνα-τε, τεθνᾱσι(ν); plupf. ἐτεθνα-σαν.

inf. τεθνά-ναι; part. τεθνεώς, τεθνεῶσα, τεθνεός,

τεθνεῶτος, τεθνεώσης, τεθνεῶτος.

3. Moreover, δέδοικα fear (stem δει-, δι-, aor. ἔδεισα):

perf. ind. δέδια, -ας, -ε(ν), δεδί-μεν, δεδί-τε, δεδί-ασι(ν).

plupf. ἐδεδί-σαν; inf. δεδιέναι; part. δεδιώς, -υῖα, -ός,

-ότος, -υίας.

4. Finally, a defective perfect with present meaning:

οἶδα know, novi

(= have seen, of εἶδ-, ἰδ- (ϝἰδ-), vid-eo; aor. εἶδον saw, 112, 6).

Pres. and aor. are supplied by γιγνώσκω (110, 11) nosco.

Future εἰ-σομαι shall know (noverō) and shall know (learn, cognōscam).