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A Short Grammar of Classical Greek: Part III, Syntax - VI. The Voices of the Verb

A Short Grammar of Classical Greek with Tables for Repetition, by Adolf Kaegi, professor at Zurich University. Authorized English Edition for High Schools, Academies, and Colleges, by James A. Kleist, S. J. 2nd, revised, and enlarged edition. St. Louis, Mo. Published by B. Herder: 1905.

Английский Грамматика Начальный 20 век Adolf Kaegi James A. Kleist

The voices of the verb in Greek syntax from Kaegi and Kleist's A Short Grammar of Classical Greek.

THE VOICES OF THE VERB.

VI. THE VOICES OF THE VERB.

ACTIVE VOICE.

164. 1. Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive:

Greek	Transitive	Intransitive
ἄγειν	lead	march
αἴρειν	lift up	set out, set sail
ἐλαύνειν	drive	drive, march
καταλύειν	unyoke	halt, take up quarters
ὁρμᾶν	urge on	set out
τελευτᾶν	bring to an end	die
εἰς-, ἐμβάλλειν	throw into	invade; empty
ἐξιέναι (-ιέναι)	send out	empty, have an outlet
διαφέρειν	carry across	differ
ἔχειν	have, hold	with adv.: be (in a certain condition)
πράττειν	do	be, do, fare

Note. - For transitive and intransitive tenses of the same verb, see 93.

Some active verbs serve as passives of other verbs.

Active	Passive equivalent
ἀποκτείνειν to kill	ἀποθνῄσκειν (ὑπό τινος) to be killed
ἑλεῖν or λαβεῖν take	ἁλῶναι to be taken
ἐκβάλλειν banish	ἐκπίπτειν or φεύγειν to be banished
εὖ λέγειν speak well of	εὖ ἀκούειν to enjoy a good repute
εὖ, κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat well, etc.	εὖ, κακῶς πάσχειν (ὑπό τινος) to be treated well

The active voice sometimes has a causative meaning:

Κῦρος ἐξέκοψε τὸν παράδεισον καὶ τὰ βασίλεια κατέκαυσεν Cyrus had the park cut down and the palace burnt. Comp. Caesar pontem fecit.

MIDDLE VOICE.

165. 1. The middle voice denotes that the agent is acting with reference to himself. As this reference may have either an accusative - or a dative - or a dynamic signification, there are three kinds of the middle voice:

a) the accusative middle: the agent acts on himself, being at once the subject and the direct (i.e. accusative) object of the action. The Direct (Reflexive) Middle:

Active	Middle
λούω wash	λούομαι wash myself, take a bath
γυμνάζω train	γυμνάζομαι train myself
ἐνδύω clothe	ἐνδύομαι clothe myself, etc.

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SYNTAX.

Some direct middles assume an intransitive meaning;

Active	Middle
ἵστημι place	ἵσταμαι place myself = stand
παύω stop	παύομαι stop myself = cease
φαίνω show	φαίνομαι show myself = appear

For the so-called Middle-Passives (M. P.'s), see 95, 3.

b) the dative middle: the agent acts for himself, for his own sake, his own advantage. The Indirect Middle or the Middle of Advantage. See 156.

αἱροῦμαι take for myself, make my choice, choose, ἀμύνομαι τινα ward one off to my own adv., defend myself agt., μεταπέμπομαι send for one sc. to come to me, summon to my presence, φυλάττομαι watch one sc. lest he should harm me, am on my guard agt., παρέχομαι μάρτυρας sc. to give evidence in my own favor, λυώμεθα μώνυχας ἵππους let us unyoke our horses, ἄρχω begin what others continue, ἄρχομαι begin my own work. Ὁ νομοθέτης νόμους τίθησιν, ὁ δῆμος νόμους τίθεται the people make their own laws.

c) the dynamic middle: the agent effects some result by his own means (δυνάμει). Here the action involves some exertion, activity, effort on the part of the agent.

παρέχομαι supply from my own means, furnish what is my own, σκοποῦμαι look at closely, examine, search, πολιτεύω am a citizen; πολιτεύομαι take part in the government, πόλεμον ποιῶ bring about a war, bellum moveo, but ποιοῦμαι make, wage war, bellum gero, ἐπαγγέλλομαι announce something done by myself, offer, profess.

The middle too has often a causative meaning:

δανείζομαι cause one to lend to myself, borrow, μισθοῦμαι cause to be let to myself, hire, bribe, ποιοῦμαι ὅπλα have arms made for myself, παρατίθεμαι δεῖπνον have a meal served to myself, δικάζομαι have my case tried, go to law.

Note. - One verb may, of course, at the same time express several of the relations which belong to the middle voice.

PASSIVE VOICE.

166. 1. Also intransitive verbs form a personal passive.

Active	Passive
ἄρχω τινός rule (over) one	ἄρχομαι am ruled (over)
καταφρονέω τινός despise	καταφρονοῦμαι am despised
ἐπιβουλεύω τινί plot against	ἐπιβουλεύομαι am plotted against

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THE TENSES IN GENERAL.

Active	Passive
πιστεύω τινί trust	πιστεύομαι am trusted
φθονέω τινί invideo alicui	φθονοῦμαι mihi invidetur

Note. - The only impersonal passive of an intransitive verb (compare itur, perventum est) is δέδοκται visum est, it has been agreed upon.

With the passive, the agent is put in the genitive with ὑπό = ab c. abl., 163, 30. b.

Note. - Occasionally ἀπό, ἐκ, παρά and πρός with the gen. are used instead of ὑπό. For the dative of the agent in connection with the verbal adjective or the perf. passive, see 157, 2.

THE VOICES OF THE VERB

THE VOICES OF THE VERB

VI. THE VOICES OF THE VERB.

VI. THE VOICES OF THE VERB.

§164.1-3

ACTIVE VOICE

ACTIVE VOICE

164. 1. Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive:

Greek	Transitive	Intransitive
ἄγειν	lead	march
αἴρειν	lift up	set out, set sail
ἐλαύνειν	drive	drive, march
καταλύειν	unyoke	halt, take up quarters
ὁρμᾶν	urge on	set out
τελευτᾶν	bring to an end	die
εἰς-, ἐμβάλλειν	throw into	invade; empty
ἐξιέναι (-ιέναι)	send out	empty, have an outlet
διαφέρειν	carry across	differ
ἔχειν	have, hold	with adv.: be (in a certain condition)
πράττειν	do	be, do, fare

Note. - For transitive and intransitive tenses of the same verb, see 93.

Some active verbs serve as passives of other verbs.

Active	Passive equivalent
ἀποκτείνειν to kill	ἀποθνῄσκειν (ὑπό τινος) to be killed
ἑλεῖν or λαβεῖν take	ἁλῶναι to be taken
ἐκβάλλειν banish	ἐκπίπτειν or φεύγειν to be banished
εὖ λέγειν speak well of	εὖ ἀκούειν to enjoy a good repute
εὖ, κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat well, etc.	εὖ, κακῶς πάσχειν (ὑπό τινος) to be treated well

The active voice sometimes has a causative meaning:

Κῦρος ἐξέκοψε τὸν παράδεισον καὶ τὰ βασίλεια κατέκαυσεν Cyrus had the park cut down and the palace burnt. Comp. Caesar pontem fecit.

164. 1. Some verbs are both transitive and intransitive:

Greek	Transitive	Intransitive
ἄγειν	lead	march
αἴρειν	lift up	set out, set sail
ἐλαύνειν	drive	drive, march
καταλύειν	unyoke	halt, take up quarters
ὁρμᾶν	urge on	set out
τελευτᾶν	bring to an end	die
εἰς-, ἐμβάλλειν	throw into	invade; empty
ἐξιέναι (-ιέναι)	send out	empty, have an outlet
διαφέρειν	carry across	differ
ἔχειν	have, hold	with adv.: be (in a certain condition)
πράττειν	do	be, do, fare

Note. - For transitive and intransitive tenses of the same verb, see 93.

Some active verbs serve as passives of other verbs.

Active	Passive equivalent
ἀποκτείνειν to kill	ἀποθνῄσκειν (ὑπό τινος) to be killed
ἑλεῖν or λαβεῖν take	ἁλῶναι to be taken
ἐκβάλλειν banish	ἐκπίπτειν or φεύγειν to be banished
εὖ λέγειν speak well of	εὖ ἀκούειν to enjoy a good repute
εὖ, κακῶς ποιεῖν τινα to treat well, etc.	εὖ, κακῶς πάσχειν (ὑπό τινος) to be treated well

The active voice sometimes has a causative meaning:

Κῦρος ἐξέκοψε τὸν παράδεισον καὶ τὰ βασίλεια κατέκαυσεν Cyrus had the park cut down and the palace burnt. Comp. Caesar pontem fecit.

§165.1-2

MIDDLE VOICE

MIDDLE VOICE

165. 1. The middle voice denotes that the agent is acting with reference to himself. As this reference may have either an accusative - or a dative - or a dynamic signification, there are three kinds of the middle voice:

a) the accusative middle: the agent acts on himself, being at once the subject and the direct (i.e. accusative) object of the action. The Direct (Reflexive) Middle:

Active	Middle
λούω wash	λούομαι wash myself, take a bath
γυμνάζω train	γυμνάζομαι train myself
ἐνδύω clothe	ἐνδύομαι clothe myself, etc.

Page 130

SYNTAX.

Some direct middles assume an intransitive meaning;

Active	Middle
ἵστημι place	ἵσταμαι place myself = stand
παύω stop	παύομαι stop myself = cease
φαίνω show	φαίνομαι show myself = appear

For the so-called Middle-Passives (M. P.'s), see 95, 3.

b) the dative middle: the agent acts for himself, for his own sake, his own advantage. The Indirect Middle or the Middle of Advantage. See 156.

αἱροῦμαι take for myself, make my choice, choose, ἀμύνομαι τινα ward one off to my own adv., defend myself agt., μεταπέμπομαι send for one sc. to come to me, summon to my presence, φυλάττομαι watch one sc. lest he should harm me, am on my guard agt., παρέχομαι μάρτυρας sc. to give evidence in my own favor, λυώμεθα μώνυχας ἵππους let us unyoke our horses, ἄρχω begin what others continue, ἄρχομαι begin my own work. Ὁ νομοθέτης νόμους τίθησιν, ὁ δῆμος νόμους τίθεται the people make their own laws.

c) the dynamic middle: the agent effects some result by his own means (δυνάμει). Here the action involves some exertion, activity, effort on the part of the agent.

παρέχομαι supply from my own means, furnish what is my own, σκοποῦμαι look at closely, examine, search, πολιτεύω am a citizen; πολιτεύομαι take part in the government, πόλεμον ποιῶ bring about a war, bellum moveo, but ποιοῦμαι make, wage war, bellum gero, ἐπαγγέλλομαι announce something done by myself, offer, profess.

The middle too has often a causative meaning:

δανείζομαι cause one to lend to myself, borrow, μισθοῦμαι cause to be let to myself, hire, bribe, ποιοῦμαι ὅπλα have arms made for myself, παρατίθεμαι δεῖπνον have a meal served to myself, δικάζομαι have my case tried, go to law.

Note. - One verb may, of course, at the same time express several of the relations which belong to the middle voice.

165. 1. The middle voice denotes that the agent is acting with reference to himself. As this reference may have either an accusative - or a dative - or a dynamic signification, there are three kinds of the middle voice:

a) the accusative middle: the agent acts on himself, being at once the subject and the direct (i.e. accusative) object of the action. The Direct (Reflexive) Middle:

Active	Middle
λούω wash	λούομαι wash myself, take a bath
γυμνάζω train	γυμνάζομαι train myself
ἐνδύω clothe	ἐνδύομαι clothe myself, etc.

Page 130

SYNTAX.

Some direct middles assume an intransitive meaning;

Active	Middle
ἵστημι place	ἵσταμαι place myself = stand
παύω stop	παύομαι stop myself = cease
φαίνω show	φαίνομαι show myself = appear

For the so-called Middle-Passives (M. P.'s), see 95, 3.

b) the dative middle: the agent acts for himself, for his own sake, his own advantage. The Indirect Middle or the Middle of Advantage. See 156.

αἱροῦμαι take for myself, make my choice, choose, ἀμύνομαι τινα ward one off to my own adv., defend myself agt., μεταπέμπομαι send for one sc. to come to me, summon to my presence, φυλάττομαι watch one sc. lest he should harm me, am on my guard agt., παρέχομαι μάρτυρας sc. to give evidence in my own favor, λυώμεθα μώνυχας ἵππους let us unyoke our horses, ἄρχω begin what others continue, ἄρχομαι begin my own work. Ὁ νομοθέτης νόμους τίθησιν, ὁ δῆμος νόμους τίθεται the people make their own laws.

c) the dynamic middle: the agent effects some result by his own means (δυνάμει). Here the action involves some exertion, activity, effort on the part of the agent.

παρέχομαι supply from my own means, furnish what is my own, σκοποῦμαι look at closely, examine, search, πολιτεύω am a citizen; πολιτεύομαι take part in the government, πόλεμον ποιῶ bring about a war, bellum moveo, but ποιοῦμαι make, wage war, bellum gero, ἐπαγγέλλομαι announce something done by myself, offer, profess.

The middle too has often a causative meaning:

δανείζομαι cause one to lend to myself, borrow, μισθοῦμαι cause to be let to myself, hire, bribe, ποιοῦμαι ὅπλα have arms made for myself, παρατίθεμαι δεῖπνον have a meal served to myself, δικάζομαι have my case tried, go to law.

Note. - One verb may, of course, at the same time express several of the relations which belong to the middle voice.

§166.1-2

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

166. 1. Also intransitive verbs form a personal passive.

Active	Passive
ἄρχω τινός rule (over) one	ἄρχομαι am ruled (over)
καταφρονέω τινός despise	καταφρονοῦμαι am despised
ἐπιβουλεύω τινί plot against	ἐπιβουλεύομαι am plotted against

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166. 1. Also intransitive verbs form a personal passive.

Active	Passive
ἄρχω τινός rule (over) one	ἄρχομαι am ruled (over)
καταφρονέω τινός despise	καταφρονοῦμαι am despised
ἐπιβουλεύω τινί plot against	ἐπιβουλεύομαι am plotted against

Page 131

THE TENSES IN GENERAL

THE TENSES IN GENERAL

Active	Passive
πιστεύω τινί trust	πιστεύομαι am trusted
φθονέω τινί invideo alicui	φθονοῦμαι mihi invidetur

Note. - The only impersonal passive of an intransitive verb (compare itur, perventum est) is δέδοκται visum est, it has been agreed upon.

With the passive, the agent is put in the genitive with ὑπό = ab c. abl., 163, 30. b.

Note. - Occasionally ἀπό, ἐκ, παρά and πρός with the gen. are used instead of ὑπό. For the dative of the agent in connection with the verbal adjective or the perf. passive, see 157, 2.

Active	Passive
πιστεύω τινί trust	πιστεύομαι am trusted
φθονέω τινί invideo alicui	φθονοῦμαι mihi invidetur

Note. - The only impersonal passive of an intransitive verb (compare itur, perventum est) is δέδοκται visum est, it has been agreed upon.

With the passive, the agent is put in the genitive with ὑπό = ab c. abl., 163, 30. b.

Note. - Occasionally ἀπό, ἐκ, παρά and πρός with the gen. are used instead of ὑπό. For the dative of the agent in connection with the verbal adjective or the perf. passive, see 157, 2.