Древнегреческий · Грамматики

J. N. Madvig, Syntax of the Greek Language: Part II, Chapter VII, Sentences and Interrogatives

Syntax of The Greek Language, especially of the Attic dialect, for the use of schools, Dr. J. N. Madvig, professor in the university of Copenhagen. Translated from the German by the rev. Henry Browne, M. A and edited by the rev. Thomas Kerchever Arnold, M. A, late rector of Lyndon, and formerly fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Together with an Appendix on the Greek Particles, by the Translator. 2nd edition. Rivingstons: London, Oxford, and Cambridge, 1873.

Английский Грамматика Продвинутый 19 век J. N. Madvig

Pages 171–189 of the book.

Chapter VII.

Peculiarities in the Connexion of Co-ordinate Sentences, and of Principal and Accessory Sentences. Interrogative Sentences.

a) CO-ORDINATE sentences (in prose) are connected copulatively by καί, and (τέ, and), τέ - καί, or, καί - καί, both - and, and (with negation) by οὐδέ, and also not, οὔτε - οὔτε, neither - nor. (Τέ after the connected word or the first word of the second clause = que.)

REM. 1. A single τέ for καί, by which the second member is joined to the first as an addition, is poetical, and very rarely occurs in prose: Τισίαν δὲ Γοργίαν τε ἐάσομεν εὕδειν (Pl. Phæd. 267). Thucydides uses τέ to connect a new sentence which serves to corroborate, continue, or enlarge upon the preceding one (almost in the manner of καί - δέ): Καὶ μέχρι τοῦδε πολλὰ τῆς Ἑλλάδος τῷ παλαιῷ τρόπῳ νέμεται, περί τε Λοκροὺς τοὺς Ὀζόλας καὶ Αἰτωλοὺς καὶ Ἀκαρνᾶνας καὶ τὴν ταύτῃ ἤπειρον. Τό τε σιδηροφορεῖσθαι τούτοις τοῖς ἠπειρώταις ἀπὸ τῆς παλαιᾶς λῃστείας ἐμμεμένηκεν (Thuc. 1, 5). (On τέ - οὔτε, οὔτε - τέ, see Negations.)

REM. 2. By annexing a δέ to καί (καί - δέ), the new member acquires prominence as a special corroboration and enlargement of the preceding (and - too, and also): Τὰ παρατιθέμενα ἀεὶ ἴσα αὐτῷ τε τῷ Κύρῳ καὶ τοῖς καλουμένοις ἐπὶ δεῖπνον ἦν· καὶ τοὺς ἀμφὶ τὸ στράτευμα δὲ ὑπηρέτας ἰσομοίρους πάντων ἀεὶ ἐποίει (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 31). ᾔδει Κῦρος Ἀρταξέρξην, ὅτι μέσον ἔχοι τοῦ Περσικοῦ στρατεύματος. Καὶ πάντες δ᾽ οἱ τῶν βαρβάρων ἄρχοντες μέσον ἔχοντες ἡγοῦνται (Xen. An. 1, 8, 22).

REM. 3. By καί - καί the two connected members are marked each by itself, as several and co-ordinate members, more strongly than by the usual τέ - καί, by which they are rather connected so as to form a whole: Καὶ ζῶν καὶ τελευτήσας (Pl. Rep. 3, 414). Καὶ πρῶτον καὶ μάλιστα (Pl. Rep. 3, 415). Καὶ αὐτοὶ ἐμάχοντο καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις παρεκελεύοντο (Xen. Cyr. 3, 3, 68). Κάλλιστόν τε καὶ ἄριστον (Xen. An. 2, 1, 9). Κεραυνός τε ὅτι μὲν ἄνωθεν ἀφίεται, δῆλον, ὁρᾶται δ᾽ οὔτ᾽ ἐπιὼν οὔτε κατασκήψας οὔτε ἀπιών, καὶ ἄνεμοι αὐτοὶ μὲν οὐχ ὁρῶνται, ἃ δὲ ποιοῦσι, φανερὰ ἡμῖν ἐστιν (Xen. Mem. 4, 3, 14). Τέ - τέ (= καί - καί) is frequent in the poets, rare in prose: Ἐλείποντο τῶν στρατιωτῶν οἵ τε διεφθαρμένοι ὑπὸ τῆς χιόνος τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς οἵ τε ὑπὸ τοῦ ψύχους τοὺς δακτύλους τῶν ποδῶν ἀποσεσηπότες (Xen. An. 4, 5, 12). Μετὰ τὰ Τρωϊκὰ ἡ Ἑλλὰς ἔτι μετανίστατό τε καὶ κατῳκίζετο. Βοιωτοί τε γὰρ οἱ νῦν ἑξηκοστῷ ἔτει μετὰ Ἰλίου ἅλωσιν ἐξ Ἄρνης ἀναστάντες ὑπὸ Θεσσαλῶν τὴν Καδμηΐδα γῆν καλουμένην ᾤκισαν, Δωριεῖς τε ὀγδοηκοστῷ ἔτει ξὺν Ἡρακλείδαις Πελοπόννησον ἔσχον (Thuc. 1, 12). Καί - τέ (et - que) is a poetical licence: Ἴσθι γὰρ δοκῶν ἐμοὶ καὶ ξυμφυτεῦσαι τοὔργον εἰργάσθαι θ᾽, ὅσον μὴ χερσὶ καίνων (Soph. Œd. R. 347).

REM. 4. Where τέ - καί connects two single notions which have a common article, the τέ is sometimes attached to the article instead of following the first of the connected terms: τούς τε εὐοπλοτάτους ἔχων καὶ εὐειδεστάτους (Xen. An. 2, 3, 3; having those who were both the best-armed and the best-looking); and so usually with a common preposition: ἔν τε τῷ θερμοτέρῳ καὶ ψυχροτέρῳ (Pl. Phil. 24). (Ἐν τοσαύτῃ τε ἀγρυπνίᾳ καὶ λύπῃ. Pl. Crit. 43.)

REM. 5. Sometimes τέ is followed, not by καί, but by δέ, alone or with another particle (ἔπειτα δέ, ἅμα δέ, ἅμα δὲ καί, ἔτι δὲ καί, ὡσαύτως δέ, πολὺ μᾶλλον δέ), the copulative connexion being abandoned, and an adversative put instead of it, either because the latter member is intended to be made specially prominent, or because it has become remote from τέ: Ἔπεμψεν ἡμᾶς ἡ τῶν Σινωπέων πόλις ἐπαινέσοντάς τε ὑμᾶς, ὅτι ἐνικᾶτε Ἕλληνες ὄντες βαρβάρους, ἔπειτα δὲ καὶ ξυνησθησομένους, ὅτι διὰ πολλῶν τε καὶ δεινῶν πραγμάτων σεσωσμένοι πάρεστε (Xen. An. 5, 5, 8). Τιμαῖός τε ὅδε, εὐνομωτάτης ὢν πόλεως τῆς ἐν Ἰταλίᾳ Λοκρίδος, οὐσίᾳ καὶ γένει οὐδενὸς ὕστερος ὢν τῶν ἐκεῖ, τὰς μεγίστας μὲν ἀρχάς τε καὶ τιμὰς ἐν τῇ πόλει μετακεχείρισται, φιλοσοφίας δ᾽ αὖ κατ᾽ ἐμὴν δόξαν ἐπ᾽ ἄκρον ἁπάσης ἐλήλυθε· Κριτίαν δέ που πάντες οἱ τῇδ᾽ ἴσμεν οὐδενὸς ἰδιώτην ὄντα ὧν λέγομεν (Pl. Tim. 20). Ἔν τε τῇ τῶν ἐπῶν ποιήσει πολλαχοῦ δὲ καὶ ἄλλοθι (Pl. Rep. 3, 394). (On the irregularity where two members denoted by τέ - καί, as co-ordinate, are not accurately connected, see Anacoluthia, § 216, R. 1.)

REM. 6. The copulative particle is omitted in oratorical recital, of several (short) members. (Between two members the omission is rare, and poetical, e.g. Ποῦ τὸν κρατῆρα πλήσας θῶ; Ὕδατος, μελίσσης· μηδὲ προςφέρειν μέθυ. Soph. Œd. C. 481; in prose, in certain particular set phrases of two contrasted words, e.g. ἄνω κάτω = ἄνω καὶ κάτω.) Καί is omitted before εἶτα, ἔπειτα, in the sense and then, marking continuation and further consequence (especially in conditional and object-sentences): Εἰ προησόμεθα, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, καὶ τούτους τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, εἶτ᾽ Ὄλυνθον Φίλιππος καταστρέψεται, φρασάτω τις ἐμοί, τί τὸ κωλῦον ἔτ᾽ αὐτὸν ἔσται βαδίζειν, ὅποι βούλεται; (Dem. 1, 12.) Φοβοῦμαι, μὴ πάντες περὶ τῶν ἰδίων ἕκαστος ὀργιζόμενος κοινὸν ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἀγάγωσι τὸν πόλεμον, τὰ τῶν Ἀμφικτυόνων δόγματα προστησάμενοι, εἶτ᾽ ἐπισπασθῶσιν ἕκαστοι πέρα τοῦ συμφέροντος ἑαυτοῖς ἡμῖν πολεμῆσαι (Dem. 5, 19).

b) A copulative connexion with καί (sometimes τέ - καί) is used in Greek, where in a narration it is stated at what point the matter stood, what had taken place, when a change or new event occurred: Οὕτω δύ᾽ ἢ τρεῖς δρόμους περιεληλυθότε ἤστην (Εὐθύδημος καὶ Διονυσόδωρος) καὶ εἰςέρχεται Κλεινίας (Pl. Euthyd. 273). Ἑκταῖος ἥκων ἐτύγχανον καὶ ἡ μήτηρ ἰδοῦσά με καὶ προςείπασα τὴν ψυχὴν ἀφῆκεν (Dem. 50, 60). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι οὐκ ἔφθησαν πυθόμενοι τὸν περὶ τὴν Ἀττικὴν πόλεμον καὶ πάντων τῶν ἄλλων ἀμελήσαντες ἧκον ἡμῖν ἀμυνοῦντες (Isocr. Paneg. 86. So often οὐκ ἔφθην ποιήσας - καί, I had not got the start in doing it, when = I had not done it, before --).

c) Καί also introduces the second term of a comparison with adjectives and adverbs denoting likeness: Οἱ ἄλλοι ποιηταὶ οὐχ ὁμοίως πεποιήκασι καὶ Ὅμηρος (Pl. Ion, 531; have not composed). Ὅμοιός γ᾽, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, Σόλων νομοθέτης καὶ Τιμοκράτης (Dem. 24, 106. Ironical exclamation). Παραπλήσια ἐπεπόνθεσαν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐν Συρακούσαις, καὶ ἔδρασαν αὐτοὶ ἐν Πύλῳ (Thuc. 7, 71; also οἱάπερ ἔδρασαν). Cf. § 37, R. 2. [1]

[1]: On καί in the signification also, even, and its various applications, see the Appendix.

A disjunctive connexion is denoted by ἤ, or, ἤ - ἤ, either - or (ἤτοι - ἤ). (Εἴτε - εἴτε, be it that - or that; εἴτε - εἴτε καί.)

REM. Ἤ, or else, is often used to connect a sentence which assigns what is to be assumed and will be the consequence, in case a certain condition is not realized, or a certain command is transgressed: Τί γὰρ δήποτε τῷ μὲν Φιλίππῳ πάντα τἆλλα ποιεῖν ἐξουσίαν δώσομεν, ἂν τῆς Ἀττικῆς ἀπέχηται, τῷ Διοπείθει δ᾽ οὐδὲ βοηθεῖν τοῖς Θραξὶν ἐξέσται, ἢ πόλεμον ποιεῖν αὐτὸν φήσομεν; (Dem. 8, 8; or else we shall say that he is commencing a war.) When ἤ in this manner is attached to an impersonal expression denoting necessity or duty with the infinitive, it is also followed by the infinitive (in English we should use the future indicative: or else will), although the same governing term cannot be repeated without alteration: Ξένους προςήκει σοι πολλοὺς δέχεσθαι καὶ τούτους μεγαλοπρεπῶς, ἔπειτα δὲ πολίτας δειπνίζειν καὶ εὖ ποιεῖν, ἢ ἔρημον συμμάχων εἶναι (Xen. Œcon. 2, 5).

An adversative connexion of two members contradicting each other is denoted by ἀλλά, so that either (by way of correction) an affirmative clause is joined to a negative (οὐχ ἅπαξ, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις, οὐ μόνον - ἀλλὰ καί, or merely ἀλλά, οὐχ ὅπως - ἀλλά, μὴ ὅτι - ἀλλά, see Negations), or that which is negatived is joined to the affirmative (in English, and not, only not, in questions and irony: and not rather): Πρὸς τὴν τῶν προγόνων ἀρετὴν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ πρὸς τὴν τῶν τριάκοντα πονηρίαν ἁμιλλητέον ἡμῖν ἐστιν (Isocr. Areop. 73). Ἐκ δὴ πάντων τῶν εἰρημένων τίς μηχανή, ὦ Σώκρατες, δικαιοσύνην τιμᾶν ἐθέλειν, ᾧ τις δύναμις ὑπάρχει ψυχῆς ἢ χρημάτων ἢ σώματος ἢ γένους, ἀλλὰ μὴ γελᾶν ἐπαινουμένης ἀκούοντα; (Pl. Rep. 2, 366; and not rather laugh when one hears it praised.) [1] Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἴσως μετὰ μικρᾶς διαβολῆς ἢ φαύλων κατηγόρων ἐκινδύνευον, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ διὰ τῶν ἐῤῥωμενεστάτων καὶ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν (Andoc. 4, 37).

[1]: But sometimes also καὶ οὐ (μή) and simply οὐ (μή), e.g. ἂν δὲ ποιῇ, μὴ λέγῃ (Dem. 21, 183).

REM. 1. Sometimes ἀλλά merely adds something that does not correspond with what goes before, but without setting it aside: Καὶ ὁ Ἀβραδάτας εἶπεν· Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ, ὦ Κῦρε, καλῶς ἔχειν· ἀλλὰ τὰ πλάγια λυπεῖ με (Xen. Cyr. 7, 1, 16). The use of ἀλλά (alone or with other particles), further than as serving for the grammatical connexion of the sentence, must be learnt from the Lexicon: in part the ἀλλά elliptically intimates a thought not expressed.

REM. 2. With the adversative conjunctions may be reckoned the exceptive particle πλήν: Πάντες τὴν πόλιν ἐξέλιπον πλὴν οἱ τὰ καπηλεῖα ἔχοντες, Xen. An. 1, 2, 24, except, only not --; πλὴν εἰ, πλὴν ὅτι, πλὴν ὅσον. (§ 91, R. 2.)

By δέ is denoted something which is distinguished from what goes before, but does not set it aside nor contradict it: Ξυμπονήσετε ἐν τῇ πόλει ἕκαστοι ἐν μέρει, τὸν δὲ πολὺν χρόνον μετ᾽ ἀλλήλων οἰκήσετε ἐν τῷ καθαρῷ (in freedom and rest, Pl. Rep. 7, 520). Δέῃ τι βοηθείας; ἢ μάτην ἐφοβήθης, οἱ δὲ πολέμιοι οὐκ ἔρχονται (Xen. Cyr. 2, 1, 3; and the enemy are not coming?). [2] Hence δέ serves as a particle of transition (adverb), to annex each successive term of the discourse which is not connected with the preceding by another adverb (e.g. a conclusive, οὖν, a causal, γάρ), and does not commence a new series of thoughts. Answering to a preceding μέν, it forms a partitive connexion, by which two terms or clauses (or, with δέ repeated, several) are made to stand out in opposition to each other. (Ὁ μὲν βασιλεύς --, οἱ δὲ στρατιῶται --. Λέγεις μὲν εὖ, πράττεις δ᾽ οὐδέν. Νῦν μέν - τότε δέ --. Πολλὰ μὲν καὶ ἄλλα δύο δὲ μέγιστα. Εἰ μὲν νικήσεις, - εἰ δὲ οἱ θεοὶ ἄλλως βουλεύονται, --. Opposed or contrasted accessory definitions, denoted in two independent sentences by μέν and δέ, by which particles, at the same time the two sentences are connected, have often a different grammatical form: τῷ μὲν πρώτῳ ἔτει --, ἐπεὶ δέ --. Πρὶν μὲν τὴν μάχην γενέσθαι --, νικήσας δέ --. In English, the relation is denoted sometimes more strongly by but, however, but then, sometimes more weakly by and, or by the mere position of the words and the accent.) Where μέν and δέ connect principal sentences, they are often separated to a distance from each other by a number of clauses attaching themselves to the first clause, in consequence of which the connexion becomes less apparent. See e.g. Xen. Anab. ii. 4, 2-5 (τοῖς μὲν πολλοῖς τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὐκ ἤρεσκον -- Κλέαρχος δέ, Cyr. viii. 2, 2-7). [1]

[2]: Occasionally, especially in poets, for ἀλλά: Οὐκ ἔπραξαν, ἃ ἠβούλοντο, ἀπῆλθον δὲ διὰ τάχους (Thuc. 6, 79). (But never οὐ μόνον - δέ, or the like.)

[1]: Rare constructions are: μεμνημένος, ὁρῶν δ᾽ οὔ (Pl. Theæt. 164. The first member put absolutely). (Ὦ παῖ Πηλέως, πατὴρ δ᾽ ἐμός. Eur. Hec. 534.) (Καὶ σὲ μέν γ᾽ ἤδη ἐάσω, τὸν δὲ λόγον τὸν περὶ τοῦ Ἔρωτος πειράσομαι ὑμῖν διελθεῖν. Pl. Conv. 201; μέν made more prominent by γέ. Εἰ μὲν δὴ δίκαια ποιήσω, οὐκ οἶδα· αἱρήσομαι δ᾽ οὖν ὑμᾶς καὶ σὺν ὑμῖν, ὅ, τι ἂν δέῃ, πείσομαι. Xen. An. 1, 3, 5. See likewise the Lexicon for μὲν οὖν, μέντοι, &c.) [They are given in the Appendix of this Translation.]

REM. 1. Μέν and δέ are placed after the word in which the opposition lies (which word with δέ is always at the beginning of the sentence), or, where the opposition lies in an entire dependent sentence or a relative periphrasis, after the conjunction or the relative (ἐπεὶ δέ, ἃς μέν, ὡς μέν). With a noun with the article μέν and δέ come after the article, δέ also (more rarely) after the noun: τὰ μὲν ἀνθρώπεια παρέντες, τὰ δαιμόνια δὲ σκοποῦντες (Xen. Mem. 1, 1, 12. Usually τὰ δὲ δ.). With prepositions, μέν and δέ are apt to come immediately after the preposition (πρὸς μὲν μεσημβρίαν, also with ὁ μέν - ὁ δέ), e.g. ἐν μὲν ἄρα τοῖς συμφωνοῦμεν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς οὔ (Pl. Phæd. 263). (In the poets some anomalous positions occur.) (Ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, ἦ δ᾽ ὅς, after an entire sentence.)

REM. 2. Especially note the use of μέν and δέ with the article (as demonstrative pronoun ὁ μέν - ὁ δέ, in later writers also ὃς μέν - ὃς δέ) and demonstrative adverbs of time and place (τότε μέν - τότε δέ, ἔνθα μέν - ἔνθα δέ) to denote an indefinite and general antithesis: the one - the other; this - that (also ὁ μέν τις - ὁ δέ τις), now - now, here - there. (Ὁ μέν -- οἱ δ᾽ Ἀθηναῖοι, with definite term in the second member. Ἀλγεῖ, τότε δὲ χαίρει, Pl. Phil. 35 = Τότε μὲν ἀλγεῖ, τότε δὲ χαίρει.) In Herodotus, when the opposition with μέν and δέ is between two predicates of the same subject, in the second member an ὁ referred to the subject is inserted and the δέ attached to this: Γέλων ταύτην μὲν τὴν ὁδὸν ἠμέλησε, ὁ δὲ ἄλλης εἴχετο (7, 163, = ἄλλης δ᾽ εἴχετο).

REM. 3. [Anaphora.] Often in the opposition of several members, the term (especially the verb) which is common to all is emphatically repeated with μέν and δέ, instead of a copulative connexion: Πολλὴ ἀθυμία ἦν τοῖς Ἕλλησιν, ὁρῶσι μὲν τοῦ ποταμοῦ τὴν δυςπορίαν, ὁρῶσι δὲ τοὺς διαβαίνειν κωλύσοντας, ὁρῶσι δὲ τοῖς διαβαίνουσιν ἐπικεισομένους τοὺς Καρδούχους ὄπισθεν (Xen. An. 4, 3, 7). Σὺν μὲν σοὶ πᾶσα μὲν ἡμῖν ὁδὸς εὔπορος, πᾶς δὲ ποταμὸς διαβατός, ἄνευ δὲ σοῦ πᾶσα μὲν διὰ σκότους ἡ ὁδός, πᾶς δὲ ποταμὸς δύςπορος, πᾶς δὲ ὄχλος φοβερός (Xen. An. 2, 5, 9). [1]

[1]: Βίᾳ μέν, ὅμως δ᾽ ἀπέχονται (Pl. Rep. 10, 607; they refrain perforce, but still they do refrain).

REM. 4. When the opposition denoted by μέν and δέ lies in a relative sentence, and to this a demonstrative reference is annexed (οἵ --, οὗτοι, ὅπου --, ἐνταῦθα), often μέν and δέ, or one of them, is put twice, first with the relative, then with the demonstrative: Πρωταγόρας λέγει, ὡς, οἷα μὲν ἕκαστα ἐμοὶ φαίνεται, τοιαῦτα μέν ἐστιν ἐμοί, οἷα δὲ σοί, τοιαῦτα δ᾽ αὖ σοί (Pl. Theæt. 152). Οἱ μὲν ἂν τῶν σατραπῶν τὸν ἀριθμὸν τὸν τεταγμένον τῶν μισθοφόρων ἔκπλεων ἔχοντες φαίνωνται καὶ τούτους δοκίμοις ἵπποις καὶ ὅπλοις παρεσκευασμένους παρέχωσι, τούτους μὲν τοὺς ἄρχοντας ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ τιμαῖς αὔξει καὶ δώροις μεγάλοις καταπλουτίζει, οὓς δ᾽ ἂν εὕρῃ τῶν ἀρχόντων καταμελοῦντας, τούτους χαλεπῶς κολάζει (Xen. Œcon. 4, 7; only μέν repeated). The same takes place, when to a participle with the nominative a demonstrative is afterwards annexed (by § 100 e). Isocr. Paneg. § 60.

REM. 5. Sometimes μέν is put to denote the opposition to something following, without a corresponding δέ to follow it, when either (a) this is considered superfluous because certain adverbs are used which themselves express an opposition to what goes before (ἔπειτα, εἶτα after πρῶτον μέν, τέως μέν), or (b) the opposition is more strongly marked by μήν, yet (γὲ μήν), or μέντοι, however, or (c) the second member, by a less accurate formation of the sentence, follows in a different construction, and is not expressly drawn out as opposition (anacoluthia), or (d) μέν refers to an opposition which is understood without being expressly mentioned (ἴσως μέν, εἰκὸς μέν, οἶμαι μέν, ὡς μὲν λέγουσιν, ἐγὼ μέν, in opposition to some different view or statement which is possible): (a) Ἔγωγε μάλιστα ἐθαύμασα τοῦ Σωκράτους πρῶτον μὲν τοῦτο, ὡς ἡδέως καὶ εὐμενῶς τῶν νεανίσκων τὸν λόγον ἀπεδέξατο, ἔπειτα ἡμῶν ὡς ὀξέως ᾔσθετο ὃ ἐπεπόνθειμεν ὑπὸ τῶν λόγων (Pl. Phæd. 89; remarked what impression the discourse had made upon us). (b) Οἱ μὲν παθόντες, ἄδηλον ἦν, εἰ ἀδίκως ἐτετιμώρηντο· ἡ μέντοι ἄλλη πόλις ἐν τῷ παρόντι περιφανῶς ὠφέλητο (Thuc. 6, 60). (c) Xen. Anab. 1, 10, 16. (d) Εἰκὸς μέν, ἔφη, οὓς ἂν τις ἡγῆται χρηστούς, φιλεῖν, οὓς δ᾽ ἂν πονηρούς, μισεῖν (Pl. Rep. 1, 334). Ἆρ᾽ ἂν ὀλίγα τοιαῦτα Εὔανδρον ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ διαπράξασθαι προςδοκᾶτε; ἐγὼ γὰρ μὲν οὐκ ἂν οἶμαι (Lys. 26, 7). [2] (Other irregularities in the construction of the members denoted by μέν and δέ, see under Anacoluthia, § 216, R. 1.)

[2]: Τούτους οὖν πάντας φιλοσόφους φήσομεν; Οὐδαμῶς, εἶπον, ἀλλ᾽ ὁμοίους μὲν φιλοσόφοις (Pl. Rep. 5, 475; the antithesis φιλοσόφους δ᾽ οὔ lies in what precedes).

REM. 6. The particle δέ in the more ancient poetical language (Homer) is frequently used with a certain emphasis (akin to δή) in the apodosis after relative sentences or conjunctions. In Attic this is rare (especially in prose), and occurs only where the apodosis after a conjunction or a relative adverb of comparison (ὡς, ὥςπερ) is made to stand out with special emphasis by a demonstrative word or a personal pronoun denoting an opposition to some other term, and in the same manner after a participial construction containing an opposition to the leading sentence: Εἰ οὖν ἐγὼ μὴ γιγνώσκω μήτε τὰ ὅσια μήτε τὰ δίκαια, ὑμεῖς δὲ διδάξατέ με (Xen. Hell. 4, 1, 33). Ἐπεὶ δὲ γῇ ἔκειτο τλήμων (Ἰοκάστη), δεινὰ δ᾽ ἦν τἀνθένδ᾽ ὁρᾶν (Soph. Œd. R. 1267; cf. Thuc. 5, 16). Ἐπιτιμῶ ταῖς μοναρχίαις, ὅτι, δέον τοὺς μονάρχους τὴν φρόνησιν ἀσκεῖν μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων, οἱ δὲ χεῖρον παιδεύονται τῶν ἰδιωτῶν (Isocr. Paneg. 71).

REM. 7. Especially note the use of τὸ δέ (the article as pronoun) to attach a sentence which, in opposition to some less correct statement which has just been made, says what is the true state of the case (but in truth; whereas really): Οἴονταί με ἑκάστοτε οἱ παρόντες ταῦτα αὐτὸν εἶναι σοφὸν, ἃ ἂν ἄλλον ἐξελέγξω· τὸ δὲ κινδυνεύει, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, τῷ ὄντι ὁ θεὸς σοφὸς εἶναι καὶ ἐν τῷ χρησμῷ τούτῳ τοῦτο λέγειν, ὅτι ἡ ἀνθρωπίνη σοφία ὀλίγου τινὸς ἀξία ἐστίν (Pl. Apol. 23). The expression originates in the omission of a sentence merely intimated by τό (τὸ δὲ ὧδε ἔχει κινδυνεύει κ.τ.λ., Pl. Theæt. 166).

a) The Greeks not unfrequently use two sentences connected by μέν and δέ, when the scope of the discourse does not refer to each sentence by itself, but to the connexion of the two and their conjoint matter; which relation would be more distinctly expressed by making the sentence with μέν a subordinate sentence, appended by a conjunction to that with δέ. Two sentences connected in this manner are put either interrogatively (inquiring whether both can subsist together; whether the one beside the other is probable), or negatively (so that the negation of both precedes), or they are joined in the infinitive, accusative with infinitive, or by εἰ (ὡς, ὅτι) to a statement denoting something absurd or wrong. Sometimes in this manner a clause which asserts something actual, and a hypothetical clause with ἄν are connected, it being asked whether the actual state of the case and the supposition accord and can be conceived to subsist together: Τί οὖν; οἱ μὲν ἄρα νίκης ἕνεκα πάλης καὶ δρόμου ἐτόλμησαν ἀπέχεσθαι λεγομένου πράγματος ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν εὐδαίμονος, οἱ δὲ ἡμέτεροι παῖδες ἀδυνατήσουσι καρτερεῖν πολὺ καλλίονος ἕνεκα νίκης; (Pl. Legg. 8, 840.) Ἆρ᾽ ἐξ ἴσου οἴει εἶναι σοὶ τὸ δίκαιον καὶ ἡμῖν (τοῖς νόμοις), καὶ ἅττ᾽ ἂν ἡμεῖς σε ἐπιχειρῶμεν ποιεῖν, καὶ σοὶ ταῦτα ἀντιποιεῖν οἴει δίκαιον εἶναι; ἢ πρὸς μὲν ἄρα σοι τὸν πατέρα οὐκ ἐξ ἴσου ἦν τὸ δίκαιον καὶ πρὸς τὸν δεσπότην, εἴ σοι ὢν ἐτύγχανεν, ὥςτε, ἅπερ πάσχοις, ταῦτα καὶ ἀντιποιεῖν, πρὸς δὲ τὴν πατρίδα ἄρα καὶ τοὺς νόμους ἐξέσται σοι; (Pl. Crit. 50.) (By ἄρα, then, the thing inquired about is denoted as the result of a reasoning and a consideration, sometimes in one clause, sometimes in both.) Ἔδει Αἰσχίνην, εἰ ἀδικοῦντά με ἑώρα τὴν πόλιν, ταῖς ἐκ τῶν νόμων τιμωρίαις παρ᾽ αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα χρῆσθαι, εἰ μὲν εἰςαγγελίας ἄξια πράττοντά μ᾽ ἑώρα, εἰςαγγέλλοντα, εἰ δὲ γράφοντα παράνομα, παρανόμων γραφόμενον· οὐ γὰρ δήπου Κτησιφῶντα μὲν δύναται διώκειν δι᾽ ἐμέ, ἐμὲ δέ, εἴπερ ἐξελέγξειν ἐνόμιζεν, αὐτὸν οὐκ ἂν ἐγράψατο (Dem. 18, 14. For it cannot be supposed (οὐ) that he can indeed prosecute Ctesiphon, but would not have impeached me, if --; or, that if he can prosecute Ct., he would not also have impeached me. In this way the connexion of an affirmative and a negative clause is often negatived.) [1] Οὐ δεινόν, ἄλλοις μέν τισι θεῶν ὕμνους καὶ παιᾶνας εἶναι ὑπὸ τῶν ποιητῶν πεποιημένους, τῷ δ᾽ Ἔρωτι, τηλικούτῳ ὄντι καὶ τοσούτῳ θεῷ, μηδὲ ἕνα πώποτε πεποιηκέναι μηδὲν ἐγκώμιον; (Pl. Conv. 177.) Πάνυ θαυμαστὸν Κύρῳ ἐδόκει εἶναι, εἰ οἱ μὲν βάναυσοι ἴσασι τῆς ἑαυτοῦ τέχνης ἕκαστος τῶν ἐργαλείων τὸ ὄνομα, ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς οὕτως ἠλίθιος ἔσοιτο, ὥςτε οὐκ εἴσεται τῶν ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτῷ ἡγεμόνων τὰ ὀνόματα (Xen. Cyr. 5, 3, 47. In the first member after the præteritum, the indicative retained, in the second the optative put; see § 132 a and b). Δεινὰ ἂν εἴην εἰργασμένος, εἰ, ὅτε μέν με οἱ ἄρχοντες ἔταττον, τότε μέν, οὗ ἐκεῖνοι ἔταττον, ἔμενον (fact), τοῦ δὲ θεοῦ τάττοντος, ἐνταῦθα δὲ φοβηθεὶς θάνατον λίποιμι τὴν τάξιν (should now desert, Pl. Apol. 28). On the double μέν and δέ, see § 188, R. 4.

[1]: Οὐχ ὁ μέν, ὁ δ᾽ οὐ (ἀλλ᾽ ἅπαντες). Denial of a partitive representation, because the truth demands a universal statement.

REM. 1. In the same manner is denoted the prohibition of acting in two cases so that the actions do not accord: Μὴ τοίνυν, ἂν μὲν εἴπῃ τις (brings forward, proposes) παράνομα, ὀργιζόμενοι φαίνεσθε, ἂν δὲ ποιῇ, μὴ λέγῃ, πράως διάκεισθε (Dem. 21, 183).

REM. 2. Sometimes some inaccuracy appears in the construction of the two members when they ought to be dependent (e.g. οὐ δεινόν, εἰ --), in case the first is somewhat long, and the connexion is become less perspicuous, so that e.g. the second member is added as an independent question or statement, or changed in some other way (anacoluthia). See e.g. Lysias xii. § 36. Xen. Cyrop. iv. 2, 46.

b) Sometimes, partly in an apodosis, partly (especially with ὥςτε) before that which is the main thing to be affirmed or denied, a co-ordinate member with μέν (and δέ following) is inserted, containing a remark by-the-bye of something which obtains at the same time, which should more accurately have been attached by a conjunction (while, whereas, although, as) or in a participial construction: Ἐπεὶ εἶδον οἱ Ἕλληνες τό τε Φαρναβάζου ἱππικὸν ἔτι συνεστηκὸς καὶ τοὺς Βιθυνοὺς ἱππέας πρὸς τούτους ἀθροιζομένους, ἀπειρήκεσαν μέν, ὅμως δὲ ἐδόκει καὶ ἐπὶ τούτους ἰτέον εἶναι οὕτως, ὅπως δύναιντο (Xen. An. 6, 3, 30; they thought, although they were weary, yet --). Οὕτω μοι δοκεῖς καλῶς λέγειν, ὦ Σώκρατες, ὥςτε πρόσθεν μὲν οὐ προςιέμην δανείσασθαι, εἰδώς, ὅτι, ἀναλώσας, ὅ, τι ἂν λάβω, οὐχ ἕξω ἀποδοῦναι, νῦν δέ μοι δοκῶ εἰς ἔργων ἀφορμὴν ὑπομενεῖν αὐτὸ ποιῆσαι (Xen. Mem. 2, 7, 11; that although hitherto I never took to borrowing, nevertheless I think that I --).

When the nature or quality of an action or a relation is first denoted in a merely general way by a demonstrative pronoun in the neuter (τοῦτο, τόδε, τοιόνδε, τοιοῦτον, ταὐτόν, as object or as subject to γίγνομαι), by a demonstrative adverb, by an adjective of reference (τουναντίον, τὰ ἀντίστροφα), or a similar expression, in order to be then more precisely assigned in a new sentence, the latter in Greek is attached without any connecting particle, in the same mood, even in the infinitive. (Apposition of an entire sentence.) Τί δέ; οἱ κόσμιοι αὐτῶν οὐ ταὐτὸν τοῦτο πεπόνθασιν, ἀκολασίᾳ τινὶ σώφρονές εἰσιν; (Pl. Phæd. 68.) Δέδοικα, μὴ τουναντίον, οὗ βούλομαι, ποιῶ, σφόδρα ἀκριβῶς διεκνύναι πειρώμενος διοχλῶ πάλαι τοῦτ᾽ αὐτοὺς ὑμᾶς εἰδότας (Dem. 19, 329). Ὡς οἱ τὴν δικαιοσύνην ἐπιτηδεύοντες ἄκοντες ἐπιτηδεύουσι, μάλιστ᾽ ἂν αἰσθανοίμεθα, εἰ τοιόνδε ποιήσαιμεν τῇ διανοίᾳ, δόντες ἐξουσίαν ἑκατέρῳ ποιεῖν, ὅ, τι ἂν βούληται, τῷ τε δικαίῳ καὶ τῷ ἀδίκῳ, εἶτ᾽ ἐπακολουθήσαιμεν θεώμενοι, ποῖ ἡ ἐπιθυμία ἑκάτερον ἄξει (Pl. Rep. 2, 359). Ἡ αὐλητικὴ οὐ δοκεῖ σοι τοιαύτη τις εἶναι, ὦ Καλλίκλεις, τὴν ἡδονὴν μόνον διώκειν; (Pl. Gorg. 501.) Ὁρῶμεν, ὅσοι ἂν μακρότερον τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ ἐνδιατρίψωσι, τοὺς μὲν πλείστους καὶ πάνυ ἀλλοκότους γιγνομένους, τοὺς δὲ ἐπιεικεστάτους δοκοῦντας ὅμως τοῦτό γε ὑπὸ τοῦ ἐπιτηδεύματος, οὗ σὺ ἐπαινεῖς, πάσχοντας, ἀχρήστους ταῖς πόλεσι γιγνομένους (Pl. Rep. 6, 437).

With declarative object-sentences, denoted by ὅτι or ὡς (see § 159, R. 3), as also with dependent questions, it should be remarked, that in Greek the subject of the object-sentence is often drawn (by an attraction) as object into the principal sentence, and then the accessory sentence attached, whereby the object, which till then was incomplete, is fully and properly represented. [1] This attraction often takes place although the principal verb (a verb of saying, thinking, or knowing) cannot otherwise in itself be constructed with an object-accusative of the kind denoted by the substantive, e.g. not λέγειν τινά for περί τινος. Κῦρος ᾔδει βασιλέα, ὅτι μέσον ἔχοι τοῦ Περσικοῦ στρατεύματος (Xen. An. 1, 8, 21). Γνώσῃ τὸν Ἡσίοδον, ὅτι τῷ ὄντι ἦν σοφὸς λέγων πλέον εἶναί πως ἥμισυ παντός (Pl. Rep. 5, 466). Φίλιππος ἔφη πυνθάνεσθαι τοὺς Ὠρείτας, ὡς νοσοῦσι καὶ στασιάζουσιν ἐν αὑτοῖς (Dem. 9, 12). Οἶσθα Εὐθύδημον ὁπόσους ὀδόντας ἔχει; (Pl. Euthyd. 294.) Τὰς τῶν πατέρων ἁμαρτίας ἀφίετε διὰ τοὺς παῖδας, οὓς οὔπω ἴστε εἴτε ἀγαθοὶ εἴτε κακοὶ ἡβήσαντες γενήσονται (Lys. 20, 34). (Ἀνεμνήσθην τοῦ Κόννου, ὅτι μοι κἀκεῖνος χαλεπαίνει ἑκάστοτε, ὅταν αὐτῷ μὴ ὑπείκω. Pl. Euthyd. 295.)

[1]: E.g. as in nosti Marcellum, quam tardus sit, the proper object is, not Marcellum alone, but Marcellum quam tardus sit.

REM. 1. Sometimes the subject of the accessory sentence is drawn into the principal as the subject to a passive or intransitive verb, which otherwise should stand impersonally: Περὶ τοῦ μήθ᾽ ἑαλωκότος μήτ᾽ ἐγνωσμένου, πότερον δέδρακεν ἢ οὐ καὶ πότερ᾽ ἄκων ἢ ἑκών, πάνδεινον γράφειν, ὡς ἐκδοτέον τοῖς ἐγκαλοῦσιν (Dem. 23, 79; about a man --, of whom it is not yet known whether --). (Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι σχηματίζονται ἀμαθεῖς εἶναι, ἵνα μὴ κατάδηλοι ὦσιν, ὅτι σοφίᾳ τῶν Ἑλλήνων περίεισιν, Pl. Prot. 342 = κατάδηλοι ὦσι σοφίᾳ -- περιόντες, by § 177.) As the subject of the accessory sentence becomes the accusative to the principal verb, so it may sometimes become the objective genitive to a substantive: Ἦλθε τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις εὐθὺς ἡ ἀγγελία τῶν πόλεων, ὅτι ἀφεστάσιν (Thuc. 1, 61; the tidings that the cities have revolted).

REM. 2. A somewhat similar attraction sometimes takes place in sentences with μή and ὅπως after verbs denoting fear and apprehension: Ἰσχυρῶς ἔδεισαν οἱ Ἕλληνες τὸν Ἰάσονα, μὴ τύραννος γένοιτο (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 32).

a) The particle ὅτι, which denotes a declarative object-sentence, is often also put before a person's own speech, when it is given in orat. recta and introduced by a verbum declarandi: Ἠρώτησεν ὁ Κῦρος τὸν Ὀρόντην· Ἔτι οὖν ἂν φίλος καὶ πιστός μοι γένοιο; Ὁ δὲ ἀπεκρίνατο ὅτι· Οὐδ᾽ εἰ γενοίμην, ὦ Κῦρε, σοί γ᾽ ἂν ἔτι ποτὲ δόξαιμι (Xen. An. 1, 6, 8). Τῷ ταῦτα εἰπόντι ἐγὼ ἂν δίκαιον λόγον ἀντείποιμι, ὅτι· Οὐ καλῶς λέγεις, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, εἰ οἴει κίνδυνον ὑπολογίζεσθαι τοῦ ζῆν ἢ τεθνάναι ἄνδρα, ὅτου τι καὶ σμικρὸν ὄφελος (Pl. Apol. 28). (Ἀπεκρινάμην, ὅτι οὔ, I answered, No.)

b) A report of a person's speech commenced in the oratio obliqua (in the infinitive, or with ὅτι or ὡς) often (even in a sentence dependent on the oratio obliqua) passes suddenly into the oratio recta, so that the words of the speaker are given in their own proper form: Κῦρος ἀπεκρίνατο, ὅτι ἀκούει, Ἀβροκόμαν ἐπὶ τῷ Εὐφράτῃ ποταμῷ εἶναι, ἀπέχοντα δώδεκα σταθμούς· πρὸς τοῦτον οὖν ἔφη βούλεσθαι ἐλθεῖν· κἂν μὲν ᾖ ἐκεῖ, τὴν δίκην ἔφη χρήζειν ἐπιθεῖναι αὐτῷ, ἂν δὲ φεύγῃ, ἡμεῖς ἐκεῖ πρὸς ταῦτα βουλευσόμεθα (Xen. An. 1, 3, 20). Μετὰ τοῦτον ἄλλος ἀνέστη, ἐπιδεικνὺς μὲν τὴν εὐήθειαν τοῦ τὰ πλοῖα αἰτεῖν κελεύοντος, ἐπιδεικνὺς δέ, ὡς εὔηθες εἴη ἡγεμόνα αἰτεῖν παρὰ τούτου, ᾧ λυμαινόμεθα τὴν πρᾶξιν (Xen. An. 1, 3, 16). Λέγοντος ἐμοῦ ταῦτα ἀποκρίνεταί μοι Πολυκλῆς, ὅτι ὁ συντριήραρχος αὐτῷ οὐχ ἥκοι ἐπὶ τὴν ναῦν· οὔκουν παραλήψομαι μόνος τὴν τριήρη (Dem. 50, 37; therefore [said he] I (Polycles) will not undertake the trireme by myself, i.e. therefore he would, &c.).

REM. On the use of ὅτι in the signification, that, the circumstance that, see § 170 a. R., and below, § 197. On the sense because, see the Lexicon [and Appendix]. Note also the breviloquentia, by which ὅτι and ὡς obtain the signification, for proof that, to show that: Ὅτι δὲ οὕτω ταῦτα ἔχει, λέγε μοι τὸ τοῦ Καλλισθένους ψήφισμα (Dem. 18, 37). Ὡς δ᾽ εἰκότα ποιοῦμεν, καὶ τάδ᾽ ἐννοήσατε (Xen. Hell. 2, 3, 34; consider also what follows).

The verbs δοκῶ, δοκεῖ μοι, οἶμαι are often put before a sentence or are inserted in it, without grammatical connexion, to denote the thing said as opinion or conjecture; in the same manner we have οἴει (οἴεσθε) with a question, and εὖ ἴσθι (ἴστε) with an assurance; also φημί, φασίν, εἰπέ μοι are inserted in the same way. Ἀγαθοὺς ἄρα ἄνδρας οὐκ ἐβούλετο Περικλῆς ποιῆσαι τοὺς υἱεῖς; Δοκῶ μέν, ἐβούλετο, ἀλλὰ μὴ οὐ διδακτὸν ᾖ (Pl. Menon, 94; but I fear it is not; see § 124 a. R. 2). Νεώτερος πρεσβύτερον οὔτε ἄλλο βιάζεσθαι ἐπιχειρήσει ποτὲ οὔτε τύπτειν, ὡς τὸ εἰκός· οἶμαι δέ, οὐδὲ ἄλλως ἀτιμάσει (Pl. Rep. 5, 465) [1] Ἀνόνητα δὴ πονῶν ὁ ἀνὴρ οὐκ, οἴει, ἀναγκασθήσεται τελευτῶν αὑτόν τε μισεῖν καὶ τὴν τοιαύτην πρᾶξιν; (Pl. Rep. 6, 486.)

[1]: Ὅμηρος Ὠκεανόν τε θεῶν γένεσίν φησι καὶ μητέρα Τηθύν· οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Ἡσίοδος (viz. φησίν, Pl. Crat. 402), but more frequently where the verb is omitted in this manner: οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Ἡσίοδον (viz. φάναι). Ταῦτα ἐγώ σοι οὐ πείθομαι, ὦ Μέλητε, οἶμαι δ᾽ οὐδὲ ἄλλον ἄνθρωπον οὐδένα (Pl. Apol. 25).

REM. The expression δῆλον ὅτι, which originally introduces a declarative object-sentence, is then also appended after a sentence with the sense of a mere adverb, assuredly: Ἐλάττω ἐκ τῆς πόλεως ἀπεδήμησας ἢ οἱ χωλοί τε καὶ τυφλοὶ καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι ἀνάπηροι· οὕτω σοι διαφερόντως τῶν ἄλλων Ἀθηναίων ἤρεσκεν ἡ πόλις καὶ ἡμεῖς οἱ νόμοι δῆλον ὅτι (Pl. Crit. 53, and, of course, we Laws likewise). (Δηλονότι.) The expression εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι (οἶδ᾽ ὅτι, εὖ ἴσθ᾽ ὅτι) is usually inserted in the sentence before the verb, so that the proper signification clearly appears (e.g. Εἴ τις ἔροιτο· Εἰπέ μοι, τῆς νῦν οὔσης Ἑλλάδος ταυτησὶ ἔσθ᾽ ὅ, τι ᾠκεῖτ᾽ ἂν ὑπὸ τῶν νῦν ἐχόντων Ἑλλήνων, εἰ μὴ τὰς ἀρετὰς ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἐκείνας οἱ Μαραθῶνι καὶ Σαλαμῖνι παρέσχοντο οἱ ἡμέτεροι πρόγονοι; οὐδ᾽ ἂν εἷς εὖ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι φήσειεν, Dem. 19, 312); but it remains with the infinitive and participle (with the signification of an adverb of assurance); e.g. ὥστε πάντας ὑμᾶς εἰδέναι τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ ἐλεεῖν εὐ οἶδ᾽ ὅτι τοὺς ἀτυχεῖς καὶ ταλαιπώρους ἀνθρώπους, Dem. 19, 309. (Μονώτατος γὰρ εἶ σὺ πάντων αἴτιος, καὶ τῶν κακῶν καὶ τῶν ἀγαθῶν, εὖ ἴσθ᾽ ὅτι, Arist. Pl. 183.)

a) Conditional propositions are denoted by εἰ, ἐάν (ἤν, ἄν, see § 125, R. 1); εἴπερ, ἐάνπερ, εἴγε (if that is: if at least; wenn sonst, falls dann, wenigstens wenn) [1] put the condition with a peculiar prominence. A plurality of cases in which something equally holds good, are denoted by εἴτε - εἴτε [sive - sive] (εἴτ᾽ οὖν, or be it that), ἐάν τε - ἐάν τε, more strongly by εἴτε (ἐάν τε) καί - εἴτε καί (e.g. εἴτε καλὸς εἴτε πλούσιος εἴτε καὶ γενναῖός ἐστιν εἴτε καὶ τἀναντία τούτων, Pl. Menon, 71. Ἐάν τε καὶ ἀντιφιλῆται ἐάν τε καὶ μισῆται, Pl. Lys. 212).

[1]: M. therefore rejects (I think correctly) Hermann's ‘wide difference’ between εἴγε (as assuming the truth of the condition), and εἴπερ (as leaving it doubtful). - T. K. A.

REM. 1. More rare combinations are εἴτε - ἤ, εἰ - εἴτε (the latter poetical). On εἰ and εἴτε, as interrogative particles, see § 199 b and c.

REM. 2. Especially note the use of εἰ, εἴ πως, ἐάν πως, in the sense, whether perchance (= to try whether --). Διαλύσας τὸν ξύλλογον ὁ Ἀρχίδαμος Μελήσιππον πρῶτον ἀποστέλλει εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ἄνδρα Σπαρτιάτην, εἴ τι ἄρα μᾶλλον ἔνδοιεν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὁρῶντες ἤδη σφᾶς (τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους) ἐν ὁδῷ ὄντας (Thuc. 2, 12). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προθυμίᾳ τε πάσῃ ἐχρῶντο καὶ παρακελευσμῷ, εἴ πως ὠσάμενοι τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἕλοιεν τὸ τείχισμα (Thuc. 4, 11). Βούλει οὖν δεώμεθα τοῦ ἀντιλέγοντος ἀκολουθῆσαι ἡμῖν, ἐάν πως ἡμεῖς ἐκείνῳ ἐνδειξώμεθα, ὅτι οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐπιτήδευμα ἴδιον γυναικὶ πρὸς διοίκησιν πόλεως (Pl. Rep. 5, 455).

REM. 3. In animated and concise discourse, the condition is sometimes expressed in an independent sentence, as an assumed position or as a question: Παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὁρῶ διωρισμένα καὶ τεταγμένα πως τὰ τοιαῦτα· Ἀδικεῖ τις ἑκών· ὀργὴ καὶ τιμωρία κατὰ τούτου. Ἐξήμαρτε τις ἄκων· συγγνώμη ἀντὶ τῆς τιμωρίας τούτῳ (Dem. 18, 274). Sometimes to one condition there is added another, of a more special and precise character: Εἰ ἐτύγχανόν σε ἐρωτῶν, τίς ἐστι τῶν ζωγράφων Ζεύξις, εἴ μοι εἶπες, ὅτι ὁ τὰ ζῶα γράφων, ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως σε ἠρόμην, ὁ τὰ ποῖα τῶν ζώων γράφων καὶ ποῦ; (Pl. Gorg. 453; -- and then thou shouldest say --.)

b) A negative condition is denoted by εἰ μή, which also indicates an exception: if not, except if, unless (εἰ μὴ ἄρα, unless after all, unless perchance, sometimes ironically; of a case which is possibly to be excepted also εἰ μὴ εἰ, nisi si, εἰ μὴ ἄρα εἰ: Ὁ χρηματιστικὸς τὴν τοῦ τιμᾶσθαι ἡδονὴν ἢ τὴν τοῦ μανθάνειν οὐδενὸς ἀξίαν φήσει εἶναι, εἰ μὴ εἴ τι αὐτῶν ἀργύριον ποιεῖ. Pl. Rep. 9, 581). Εἰ δὲ μή, without a verb, denotes, not only the opposite to an affirmative condition preceding (if not), but to the preceding condition and discourse generally, even if that be negative (in the opposite case) otherwise: Ἴσως οὐδεὶς οὐδέν σε κακὸν ἐρεῖ, ἂν μή τινα λυπῇς· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀκούσει πολλὰ καὶ ἀνάξια σαυτοῦ (Pl. Crit. 53, = ἂν δὲ τινα λυπῇς). Πρὸς τῶν θεῶν, ὦ Κῦρε, μὴ οὕτω λέγε· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐ θαῤῥοῦντά μ᾽ ἕξεις (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 35). Conversely, εἰ δέ especially after εἰ μὲν βούλει (βούλεσθε) for εἰ δὲ μή: Λέγω πάλιν, ἅπερ τότε, εἰ μὲν βούλεσθε, ὡς παίζων, εἰ δ᾽, ὡς σπουδάζων (Pl. Legg. 3, 688). (Εἰ μὴ διὰ τὴν Ἀρχιδάμου μέλλησιν, Thuc. 2, 18, if it had not been for A.'s delaying; but for that.)

REM. When what seems to be the natural and desirable condition, what one must expect and assume, and upon which the consequence follows as matter of course, has first been put with εἰ μέν; and then, by εἰ δὲ μή, its opposite, and what would then follow, the apodosis to the first condition is often entirely omitted (e.g. εὖ ἔχει, then is it well, or generally, well and good): Εἰ μὲν τοίνυν, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, καὶ διαγιγνώσκειν σε τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς καὶ τοὺς κακοὺς ἐδίδαξεν· εἰ δὲ μή, τί σοι ὄφελος ὧν ἔμαθες; (Xen. Mem. 3, 1, 9.) Ἐλθόντων τῶν Λακώνων ἔλεξε Χαρμῖνος· Εἰ μὲν σύ τι ἔχεις, ὦ Μηδόσαδες, πρὸς ἡμᾶς λέγειν· εἰ δὲ μή, ἡμεῖς πρὸς σὲ ἔχομεν (Xen. An. 7, 7, 15).

c) With verbs which express a feeling of approbation and joy (pride), or of disapprobation and surprise (shame), the Greeks often use a sentence with εἰ, instead of an object-sentence with ὅτι (that, for that, because), even when an actual fact is denoted, this being considered as the condition on which the feeling depends: Μὴ τοῦτο μεῖον δόξητε ἔχειν, εἰ οἱ Κυρεῖοι, πρόσθεν σὺν ἡμῖν ταττόμενοι, νῦν ἀφεστήκασιν· ἔτι γὰρ οὗτοι κακίονές εἰσι τῶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡττημένων (Xen. An. 3, 2, 17). Τηλικούτων κακῶν αἴτιος γεγενημένος Δημοσθένης οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ, εἰ μὴ δίκην δέδωκεν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ στεφανωθήσεται, ἀγανακτεῖ (Æsch. 3, 147; D. does not think himself well off to have escaped the punishment; is not satisfied with having --). Οἱ ἐπίτροποι οὐκ ἠσχύνθησαν οὐδ᾽ ἠλέησαν τὴν ἐμὴν ἀδελφήν, εἰ δυοῖν ταλάντοιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀξιωθεῖσα (accounted worthy of a dowry of two talents) μηδενὸς τεύξεται τῶν προςηκόντων (Dem. 27, 65; nothing of what she has a right to). [So often after θαυμάζω, etc.]

d) Καὶ εἰ, even if, even in the case that: Ἐὰν τοῦτο ποιήσῃς ἅπαξ ἢ δίς, ἡ λύγξ, καὶ εἰ πάνυ ἰσχυρά ἐστι, παύσεται (Pl. Conv. 185), εἰ καί (if even, wenn gleich) sometimes more inclining to the affirmation of the condition, almost = although, but often only distinguished from καὶ εἰ by its less emphatic character: Εἴ τις ἦν ἠδικημένος, εἰ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἡσυχίαν εἶχεν, οὐκ ἂν ἠμέλησε τοῦ καιροῦ τοῦ παρόντος (Isocr. de permut. 33). (Εἰ τὰ μάλιστα, if after all --.) (The concession of an opposite fact is (properly speaking) expressed by καίπερ with the participle, see § 175 e.) [1]

[1]: About sentences with conjunctions of time, there is nothing particular to be remarked; nor, again, about sentences with causal conjunctions, ὅτι, because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, as, since; (ἐπεί also with the ground or reason following, in the sense, for;) ὅτε, then, ὅπου, ὅπου γε, when that is (ὡς, in that, for, with the reason annexed). [Καίπερ (= quanquam) a verb. fin. Pl. Conv. 219 (καίπερ . . . ᾤμην) and Theoph. Char. 2.]

Relative sentences are sometimes less accurately joined to the principal sentence. On this point it should be remarked:

a) A preceding relative sentence with a relative in the neuter, occasionally assigns merely the action, opinion, or utterance, upon occasion of which something is remarked in the principal sentence, so that the relative obtains the signification, as regards this, that --: Ὃ δὲ ὑμεῖς ἐννοεῖτε, ὅτι ἧττον ἂν στάσις εἴη ἑνὸς ἄρχοντος ἢ πολλῶν, εὖ ἴστε, ὅτι ἄλλον μὲν ἑλόμενοι οὐχ εὑρήσετε ἐμὲ στασιάζοντα, ἐὰν δὲ ἐμὲ ἕλησθε, οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσαιμι, εἴ τινα εὕροιτε καὶ ὑμῖν καὶ ἐμοὶ ἀχθόμενον (Xen. An. 5, 9, 29). Ἃ δὲ ἠπείλησας, ὡς, ἣν ὑμῖν δοκῇ, Κορύλαν καὶ Παφλαγόνας ξυμμάχους ποιήσεσθε ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, ἡμεῖς δὲ, ἢν μὲν ἀνάγκη ᾖ, πολεμήσομεν ἀμφοτέροις, ἢν δὲ δοκῇ ἡμῖν, καὶ φίλον ποιήσομεν τὸν Παφλαγόνα (Xen. An. 5, 5, 22). On δέ after ἡμεῖς, see § 188, R. 6. (Cf. ὅτι, § 170 a. R.)

b) Ὅςτις, ὃς ἄν sometimes stands, (not only without an expressly corresponding demonstrative, but also without its being possible for such a one to be understood agreeably with the form of the principal sentence,) in the sense of εἴ τις, in general expressions of opinion about a certain manner of acting (where also an infinitive or acc. with inf. might be used): Παντάπασιν ἀπόρων ἐστὶ καὶ ἀνάγκῃ ἐχομένων καὶ τούτων πονηρῶν, οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι δι᾽ ἐπιορκίας τε πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ ἀπιστίας πρὸς ἀνθρώπους πράττειν τι (Xen. An. 2, 5, 21). Νόμιζε τὸ καλῶς ἄρξαι τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι, ὃς ἂν τὴν πατρίδα ὠφελήσῃ ὡς πλεῖστα ἢ ἑκὼν εἶναι οὐδὲν βλάψῃ (Thuc. 6, 14). Ἐγὼ καὶ τοῦτο ἡγοῦμαι μέγα τεκμήριον ἄρχοντος ἀρετῆς εἶναι, ᾧ ἂν ἑκόντες οἱ στρατιῶται ἕπωνται καὶ ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς παραμένειν ἐθέλωσιν (Xen. Œcon. 4, 19). (Ὅ, τι put first, whatsoever, so often as any thing: Εἰ ταῦτα ἐγὼ λέγω περὶ ὑμῶν ἄλλως γιγνώσκων, ἐμαυτὸν ἐξαπατῶ· ὅ, τι γὰρ μὴ τοιοῦτον ἀποβήσεται παρ᾽ ὑμῶν, εἰς ἐμὲ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον ἥξει, Xen. Cyr. 1, 5, 13.)

c) Sometimes a relative sentence which calls attention to a particular circumstance, is annexed to a person who, though thought of during the speech, and given in the context, is not expressly named: Πῶς οὖν ἄν τις μᾶλλον ἐλεγχθείη παράνομα εἰρηκὼς ἢ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον; ὃς (thou who) τὴν τιμωρίαν, ἣν οὐδὲ κατὰ τῶν ἐξεληλεγμένων διδόασιν οἱ νόμοι, ταύτην κατὰ τῶν ἀκρίτων ἔγραψας (Dem. 23, 36). Καλοῦμαί σε (I sue thee for) τῶν δώδεκα μνῶν, ὡς ἔλαβες ὠνούμενος τὸν ψαρὸν ἵππον. Ἵππον; οὐκ ἀκούετε; ὃν πάντες ὑμεῖς ἴστε μισοῦντα ἱππικήν (Arist. Nub. 1224; me, who, as ye all know --; I to buy a horse, I, who --?).

d) To a relative pronoun pointing in a general way to what goes before, a more particular statement of the thing meant is sometimes appended by an infinitive, or acc. with inf., as apposition to the relative, or by a conjunctional accessory sentence: Ὃ καὶ δεινότατον ἂν εἴη συμβαῖνον, τοὺς μὲν πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα ποιήσαντας ὑμᾶς ἀγαθὰ μὴ τυχεῖν ταύτης τῆς δωρεᾶς, τὸν δὲ ὑπερπλήθη ἐξημαρτηκότα φαίνεσθαι ἐξουσίαν παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τοῦ παρανομεῖν εἰληφότα (Dem. 26, 7). Οὕτω ἐξηρτήμεθα τῶν ἐλπίδων, ὥστ᾽ οὐδ᾽ οἱ κεκτημένοι τοὺς μεγίστους πλούτους μένειν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ τοῦ πλέονος ὀρεγόμενοι περὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων κινδυνεύουσιν· ὅπερ ἄξιόν ἐστι δεδιέναι, μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἔνοχοι γενώμεθα ταύταις ταῖς ἀνοίαις (Isocr. de Pac. 7).

REM. In consequence of this, and by a breviloquentia, the relative pronoun in the neuter (ὅ, ὅπερ) occasionally comes to have merely the signification of a connecting particle (while, whereas): Διαφερόντως τόδε ἔχομεν (we possess in a pre-eminent degree the characteristic property), ὥστε τολμᾶν τε οἱ αὐτοὶ μάλιστα καί, περὶ ὧν ἐπιχειρήσομεν, ἐκλογίζεσθαι· ὃ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος, λογισμὸς δὲ ὄκνον φέρει (Thuc. 2, 40; which in others is otherwise, since --, or simply, whereas, on the contrary). (In the poets ὃ καί, ἃ καί, wherefore also.)

e) The sentence annexed by the relative, has sometimes itself an accessory sentence, or an accessory definition in the participle, to which the relative also belongs, and to which it often attaches itself in point of case: Βούλου καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους μὴ τὰς εἰθισμένας ἄγειν σοι δωρεάς, ἀλλὰ τοιαύτας, αἷς κἂν σφόδρα χρῇ καὶ μηδεμίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπῃς, οὐ κατατρίψεις ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονος ἀξίας ποιήσεις (Isocr. ad Nic. 54 = ἃς, κἂν σφόδρα αὐταῖς χρῇ, οὐ --). Ἐπέπληξέ τις, ὅτι τοὺς φύλακας οὐκ εὐδαίμονας ποιοῖμεν, οἷς ἐξὸν πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν (Pl. Rep. 5, 466, = οἵ, ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν). Sometimes the relative alone belongs to the accessory sentence or participle: Οἱ Ἁλεῖς, οὓς ἵνα διαλλάττωσι, κατασχεῖν τοὺς πρέσβεις Φίλιππός φησι, τοιαύτης τετυχήκασι διαλλαγῆς, ὥστ᾽ ἐξελήλανται καὶ ἀνάστατος ἡ πόλις αὐτῶν γέγονεν (Dem. 19, 39). Ἆρα νῦν οὕτω τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ εἰλήφαμεν, ὃ πάλαι καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν σοφῶν ζητοῦντες πρὶν εὑρεῖν κατεγήρασαν; (Pl. Theæt. 202.)

REM. On relative sentences as expressions of the purpose and definition or cause, see § 105 a, c, d, and § 115 a, R.

a) The particle γάρ in an independent sentence often assigns a relation or a circumstance which has been pointed at by a preceding demonstrative pronoun (ὅδε, the following, τοσοῦτος, more rarely οὗτος) or adverb (ἐνθένδε, hence = from this; from the following circumstance, ἐκεῖθεν), and which might equally well have been annexed in an accessory sentence with ὅτι (or ὅσῳ after τοσοῦτον): Δηλοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τῶν παλαιῶν ἀσθένειαν οὐχ ἥκιστα· πρὸ γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται πρότερον κοινῇ ἐργασαμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς (Thuc. 1, 3). Ὡς οἱ περὶ τὸν Κλεόμβροτον τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεκράτουν τῇ μάχῃ, σαφεῖ τούτῳ τεκμηρίῳ γνοίη τις ἄν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἠδύναντο αὐτὸν ζῶντα ἀπενεγκεῖν, εἰ μὴ οἱ πρὸ αὐτοῦ μαχόμενοι ἐπεκράτουν ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 13). Ὅτι ἐγὼ τυγχάνω ὢν τοιοῦτος οἷος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ πόλει δεδόσθαι, ἐνθένδε ἂν κατανοήσαιτε· οὐ γὰρ ἀνθρωπίνῳ ἔοικε τὸ ἐμὲ τῶν μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ ἁπάντων ἠμεληκέναι, τὸ δὲ ὑμέτερον πράττειν ἀεὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκάστῳ προςιόντα ὥςπερ πατέρα ἢ ἀδελφὸν πρεσβύτερον (Pl. Apol. 31). (In English, namely, or omitted [or that substituted for it].)

REM. Such a sentence is often added to the elliptical expressions τεκμήριον δέ, σημεῖον δέ, μαρτύριον δέ (viz. τόδε ἐστίν), δῆλον δέ (viz. ἐκ τοῦδέ ἐστιν), sometimes also to κεφάλαιον δέ (the main thing is), τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον (the reason is): Κᾶρες καὶ Φοίνικες τὰς πλείστας τῶν νήσων ᾤκισαν. Μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν θηκῶν ἀναιρεθεισῶν, ὅσαι ἦσαν τῶν τεθνεώτων ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ Κᾶρες ἐφάνησαν (Thuc. 1, 8). Μέγιστον δὲ τεκμήριον τοῦ τρόπου τοῦ Εὐαγόρου· τῶν γὰρ Ἑλλήνων πολλοὶ καὶ καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδας ἀπολιπόντες ἦλθον εἰς Κύπρον οἰκήσοντες (Isocr. Euag. 51). Sometimes γάρ is omitted: Κατὰ τοὺς προτέρους νόμους πολλὰ καὶ δεινὰ περὶ τοὺς τριηραρχοῦντας ἐγίγνετο· τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον· ἐν τοῖς πένησιν ἦν τὸ λειτουργεῖν (Dem. 18, 108).

b) With γάρ a remark is sometimes inserted parenthetically, which introduces the principal sentence following, and serves to explain what is said in it: Καρτερᾶς γενομένης ναυμαχίας, οὐκ ἔλασσον ἔχοντες ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ οἱ Χῖοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι (ἤδη γὰρ καὶ ὀψὲ ἦν) ἀνεχώρησαν ἐς τὴν πόλιν (Thuc. 8, 61). Sometimes (especially in Herod. and Thucydid.) the principal sentence attaches itself very closely to the parenthesis, something in the parenthesis being necessary to be understood in the principal sentence: Καὶ -- ἦν γάρ τι καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι -- ἐπεκηρυκεύετο (viz. τὸ βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι, the party which --) ὡς τὸν Νικίαν καὶ οὐκ εἴα ἀφίστασθαι (Thuc. 7, 48). (Hence ἀλλὰ γάρ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ, but then, but then - not, as a transition to something new.)

A peculiar interchange and partial intermixture of different constructions takes place, where a circumstance appended to a preceding statement, is marked as the greatest, the utmost that is to be said about it, or as being, in some other respects, the most remarkable feature of the case. This may happen

(1) so that the circumstance is alleged in a sentence with ὅτι as a matter of judgment or reflection upon the case: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), ὅτι (the verb almost always omitted); or

(2) so that the characterizing adjective is put foremost, as apposition to the sentence which states the circumstance: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα. (Cf. § 19, R. 3.) Instead of the adjective in the apposition, there might, further, be a relative sentence as a premised remark: Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα; [1] but, by an interchange between this form and the first, we have

(3): Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον, ὅτι οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, where, therefore, both sentences have the form of accessory sentences and a principal sentence is wanting. Lastly, we have either

(4) the adjective alone (which is rare), or

(5) the relative sentence quite detached, as an intimation of that which is to follow, and then follows an explanatory sentence with γάρ (as in § 196, a):

Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, or Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ κ.τ.λ.

(1) Τὸ δὲ πάντων ὑπερφυέστατον, ὅτι ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἰδίοις οἱ ἀδικούμενοι δακρύουσι καὶ ἐλεεινοί εἰσιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς δημοσίοις οἱ μὲν ἀδικοῦντες ἐλεεινοί, ὑμεῖς δὲ οἱ ἀδικούμενοι ἐλεεῖτε (Lys. 27, 12).

(2) Τὸ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὑμεῖς μὲν Δημοσθένην οὐ προὔδοτε οὐδ᾽ εἰάσατε κριθῆναι ἐν τῷ τῶν Ἑλλήνων συνεδρίῳ, οὗτος δὲ ὑμᾶς νῦν προδέδωκεν (Æsch. 3, 161).

(3) Ὃ δὲ πάντων καταγελαστότατον, ὅτι τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν ταῖς ὁμολογίαις τὰ χείριστα τυγχάνομεν φυλάττοντες (Isocr. Paneg. 176).

(4) Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον καὶ περιφανέστατον πάντων· ὁ γὰρ ἀδικηθεὶς καὶ ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, ὥς φησιν, οὐκ ἐτόλμησε τεττάρων ἐτῶν ἐπισκήψασθαι εἰς ὑμᾶς (Lys. 3, 39; to make complaint to you).

(5) Ὃ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον· οὓς γὰρ ὁμολογήσαιμεν ἂν πονηροτάτους εἶναι τῶν πολιτῶν, τούτους πιστοτάτους φύλακας ἡγούμεθα τῆς πολιτείας εἶναι (Isocr. de Pac. 53). (Ὁ δὲ πάντων μάλιστα ἀγανακτῆσαι ἔφη· συντυχεῖν γὰρ ἀπιὼν Ἀτρεστίδᾳ παρὰ Φιλίππου πορευομένῳ καὶ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ γύναια καὶ παιδάρια ὡς τριάκοντα βαδίζειν. Dem. 19, 305. The character of the circumstance not expressed by a single adjective.)

[1]: ᾯ δὲ μάλιστα ἡμῶν προέχουσιν, ἵππους τε πολλοὺς κέκτηνται καὶ σίτῳ οἰκείῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐπακτῷ χρῶνται (Thuc. 6, 20).

REM. As a sentence with ὅτι (in the third form), so a sentence with εἰ or with a temporal particle may be connected with a characterizing relative sentence: Ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὅταν τις ἴδῃ τοὺς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἔχειν ἀξιοῦντας ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν στρατευομένους (Isocr. Plat. 45; but the worst of all is, when --).

a) Of interrogative sentences, it is to be remarked, that in Greek a pronominal interrogative may be referred to a participle, so that the question relates to the circumstance expressed by the participle, see Participle, § 176 a, and § 181 a. In the same way an interrogative pronoun may stand in an accessory sentence with a conjunction; or with the word which characterizes a substantive notion with the article (an adjective, a participle, or a preposition with a case), - to inquire with what accessory definitions, or for what more precisely assigned descriptions of persons or things something holds good. (In English the accessory sentence or characterizing notion must be expressed as an interrogative principal sentence.) Πότ᾽ οὖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πότε, ἃ χρή, πράξετε; ἐπειδὰν τί γένηται; (Dem. 4, 10; literally, when what takes place? = what must take place, in order that you --? [before you will --?]) Βοηθούντων ἡμῶν εἰς Ἄργος, οὐχ ἕτοιμον μάχεσθαι Λακεδαιμονίοις; ἵνα τί γένηται; (And. 3, 26; with a view to what result?) Οἶσθά τινας ἀνθρώπους ἀχαρίστους καλουμένους; Καὶ μάλα, ἔφη ὁ νεανίσκος. Καταμεμάθηκας οὖν, τοὺς τί ποιοῦντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἀποκαλοῦσιν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 1.) Τοὺς πῶς διακειμένους λάβοιεν ἂν οἱ τοιοῦτοι μαθητάς; (Isocr. Antid. 222.) [1]

[1]: Hence ἵνα τί; (viz. γένηται) wherefore? to what end? ὅτι τί; (ὁτιὴ τί;) for what reason? (lit. because what?)

REM. 1. Two interrogative pronouns may be connected in one sentence: Τίνας ὑπὸ τίνων εὕροιμεν ἂν μείζονα εὐεργετημένους ἢ παῖδας ὑπὸ γονέων; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 3.) Εἷς τρόπος ὀρθὸς παντὸς ἐπαίνου, λόγῳ διελθεῖν, οἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει περὶ οὗ ἂν ὁ λόγος ᾖ (Pl. Conv. 195).

REM. 2. On the construction of a demonstrative pronoun with the interrogative, see § 100 b.

REM. 3. A sentence with οἷος, ὡς is added to expressions of praise, blame, or wonder, to assign the reference to a certain quality of the person or thing mentioned, in the sense: upon the reflection, or, considering, how, &c. (almost = ὅτι τοιοῦτος, ὅτι οὕτως): Κῦρος ἀπῄει κατοικτείρων τήν τε γυναῖκα, οἷου ἀνδρὸς στέροιτο, καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα, οἵαν γυναῖκα καταλιπὼν οὐκέτ᾽ ὄψοιτο (Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 13). Εὐδαίμων μοι Σωκράτης ἐφαίνετο καὶ τοῦ τρόπου καὶ τῶν λόγων, ὡς ἀδεῶς καὶ γενναίως ἐτελεύτα (Pl. Phæd. 58).

REM. 4. Note particularly the originally elliptic use of οἷος, and especially ὅσος, with adjectives which denote a surprising, or, generally, a strikingly and uncommonly high degree, θαυμαστὸς ὅσος (marvellous how great, surprisingly great; originally, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ θαυμάζειν δεῖ. ὅσος ἐστίν or ὅτι τοσοῦτός ἐστιν), ἄφθονος, ἀμήχανος, ὑπερφυὴς ὅσος, ἀμήχανος οἷος, ἀφόρητος οἷος. Μόγις καὶ μετὰ ἱδρῶτος θαυμαστοῦ ὅσου (Pl. Rep. 1, 350). (Ὑπερφυής τις ὡς μεγάλη βλάβη, Pl. Gorg. 477.) In the same manner adverbs of the same kind take ὡς after them: Θαυμαστῶς (ὑπερφυῶς) ὡς χαίρω.

b) For the indirectly interrogative pronoun ὅςτις (also ὅς: Θεμιστοκλῆς φράζει τῷ ναυκλήρῳ ὅςτις ἐστὶ καὶ δι᾽ ἃ φεύγει, Thuc. 1, 137. Δι᾽ ἃς αἰτίας τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν ξυμβαίνει παθήματα, λεκτέον, Pl. Tim. 67) not unfrequently the direct interrogative τίς is put in a more animated way: Αἱ γυναῖκες ἠρώτων αὐτούς, τίνες εἶεν (Xen. An. 4, 5, 10). Οὐ πάνυ ἡμῖν φροντιστέον, τί ἐροῦσιν οἱ πολλοὶ ἡμᾶς, ἀλλ᾽ ὅ, τι ὁ ἐπαΐων περὶ τῶν δικαίων καὶ ἀδίκων (Pl. Crit. 48), and in the same manner ποῖος, πόσος, πῶς, for ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, ὅπως. Οὐκ οἶδα, ὁποίᾳ τόλμῃ ἢ ποίοις λόγοις χρώμενος ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414).

REM. Ὅσος and οἷος, in exclamations of wonder, occur in the form of direct interrogation: Ὦ πάππε, ὅσα πράγματα ἔχεις ἐν τῷ δείπνῳ! (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 4.)

a) A direct question without any interrogative pronoun, or pronominal adverb, may stand in concise and animated expression, without a particle to denote the question (e.g. with a single verb in the second person), especially with an expression of doubt or wonder, or after λέγε, εἰπέ μοι. Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι ταῦτα λέγουσι μὲν πάντες, ποιεῖ δ᾽ οὐδείς; - Μὴ ἀποκρίνωμαι; (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; am I not to answer?) Ἐμὲ μόνον οὐ γιγνώσκεις, ὦ Κῦρε, τῶν συγγενῶν; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 27.) Εἶτα (and then) τούτων μὲν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι παρεσκεύασαι, τὴν δὲ μητέρα οὐκ οἴει δεῖν θεραπεύειν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 13.) Τί οὖν; ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχουμέναις πόλεσι πτωχοὺς οὐχ ὁρᾶς ἐνόντας; (Pl. Rep. 8, 552.) Often such a question is attached by ἤ, or, sometimes as an expression of the conjecture and opinion of the person asking: Τί μένομεν; ἢ οὐκ ἐπιστάμεθα, ὅτι βασιλεὺς ἡμᾶς ἀπολέσαι περὶ παντὸς ἂν ποιήσαιτο; (Xen. An. 2, 4, 3.) Σὺ δέ, ἔφη ὁ Χαρμίδης, ὦ Συρακόσιε, ἐπὶ τῷ μέγα φρονεῖς; ἢ δῆλον, ὅτι ἐπὶ τῷ παιδί; (Xen. Conv. 4, 52.) (Οὐ δή, οὐ δήποτε, οὐ δή που, οὔ τί που, surely not? see in Lexicon [Appendix].) An indirect simple interrogative sentence must always be denoted as such.

**b)

1.** A simple direct question is denoted by the particles ἦ (with emphasis, sometimes doubt), ἆρα (ἆρά γε), ἆρ᾽ οὐ (also ἆρα alone of a conjecture, especially ἆρ᾽ οὖν: perchance --?), μή (mostly expressive of doubt, or at least uncertainty), ἆρα μή (stronger), μῶν (from μὴ οὖν), μῶν οὐ, μῶν μή (strongly inclining to denial), and the elliptical expression ἄλλο τι ἤ (is it any thing else than --, is the case otherwise than --, ought not --), or, with ἤ omitted, ἄλλο τι (ἄλλο τι ἢ οὐ --, ἄλλο τι οὐ, should perhaps?), and lastly οὔκουν (not then?). (See the Rem.) -

2. A simple dependent question is most generally denoted by εἰ, if, whether (εἰ ἄρα, whether then, whether after all; whether perchance), and more emphatically by ἆρα, whether then, rarely by μή, viz. after verbs denoting look to, and consider (§ 124, R. 1); with the same verbs also ἐάν (whether, perchance, cf. § 194 a, R. 2). (For the particulars of the special meanings of these particles, see the Lexicon [and Appendix].) Ἦ καὶ σχολὴ ἔσται, ὦ πάτερ, σωμασκεῖν τοὺς στρατιώτας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 17.) Ἆρ᾽, ὦ Ἀντίσθενες, εἰσί τινες ἀξίαι φίλων ὥςπερ οἰκετῶν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2.) Ἆρά γε, ὦ παῖ, ἐν τοῖς στρατηγικοῖς καὶ οἰκονομίας τί σοι ἐπεμνήσθη ὁ διδάσκαλος; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 12.) Ἆρ᾽ οὐ (ἆρ᾽ οὖν οὐ) πάντα, ὅσα ὑπὸ μυθολόγων ἢ ποιητῶν λέγεται, διήγησις οὖσα τυγχάνει ἢ γεγονότων ἢ ὄντων ἢ μελλόντων; (Pl. Rep. 3, 392.) Εἰπέ μοι, εἰ δεοίμεθα φίλου ἀγαθοῦ, πῶς ἂν ἐπιχειροίημεν σκοπεῖν; ἆρα (ought not --?) πρῶτον μὲν ζητητέον, ὅςτις ἄρχει γαστρός τε καὶ φιλοποσίας; (Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 1.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν συμβαίνει μέγιστον κακὸν ἡ ἀδικία καὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν; (Pl. Gorg. 479. On συμβαίνει, see § 177 b, R. 3.) Μὴ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα οἴει φροντίσαι θανάτου καὶ κινδύνου; (Pl. Apol. 28.) Μὴ ἀρχιτέκτων βούλει γενέσθαι; (Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 10.) Ἆρα μὴ ἄλλο τι τὸν θάνατον εἶναι ἡγούμεθα ἢ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ἀπαλλαγήν; (Pl. Phæd. 64.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν, ἔφασαν, μὴ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται ὁ ἀνὴρ περὶ τῆς τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀπαγωγῆς; (Xen. An. 7, 6, 5.) Ἀλλὰ μῶν καὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς τοῦτο τείνει ἐν τῷ παρόντι; Παντάπασι μὲν οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ (Pl. Rep. 5, 454). Τί δέ; οἱ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν ὁριζόμενοι μῶν μὴ ἐλάττονος πλάνης ἔμπλεοι τῶν ἑτέρων; (Pl. Rep. 6, 505.) Νῦν οὖν, ἐπειδή σοι ἡ σοφία μόνη εὐδαίμονα καὶ εὐτυχῆ ποιεῖν τὸν ἄνθρωπον δοκεῖ, ἄλλο τι ἢ φαίης ἂν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν νῷ ἔχεις αὐτὸ ποιεῖν; (Pl. Euthyd. 282.) Ἄλλο τι οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, μάθημα ἀναγκαῖον πολεμικῷ ἀνδρὶ θήσομεν λογίζεσθαί τε καὶ ἀριθμεῖν δύνασθαι; (Pl. Rep. 7, 522.) Φέρε γάρ, ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιστον λέγων, ἃ ἂν λέγῃ, ἄλλο τι οὐκ εἰκῆ ἐρεῖ ἀλλ᾽ ἀποβλέπων πρός τι; (Pl. Gorg. 503.) A. Οὔκουν καὶ λῦπαι ὡσαύτως αἱ μὲν χρησταί εἰσιν, αἱ δὲ πονηραί; B. Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (Pl. Gorg. 499.) - Οὐκ οἶδα, εἰ συγχωρήσετε. Ἠρώτησα, εἰ συνεξελθεῖν βούλοιτο. Σκοποῦμαι τοῦτο, εἰ ἄρα, ὥςπερ τῶν οἰκετῶν, οὕτω καὶ τῶν φίλων εἰσὶν ἀξίαι (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2). Ἡ ψυχή μου, διὰ τὸ ὑβρίσθαι καὶ ὀργίζεσθαι, ἀεὶ τοῦτο κυοῦσα διῆγεν (brooding over the thought), ἆρά ποτε ἔσται ἀποτίσασθαι τὸν καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθρὸν καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 35). Ὁρῶμεν, μὴ Νικίας οἴεταί τι λέγειν καὶ οὐ λόγου ἕνεκα ταῦτα λέγει (Pl. Lach. 196). Εἰ τοῦτο μὴ ἱκανὸν δικαιοσύνης ἐπίδειγμα εἶναι σοι δοκεῖ, σκέψαι, ἐὰν τόδε μᾶλλον ἀρέσκῃ· φημὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ τὸ νόμιμον δίκαιον εἶναι (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 12). (Ἦ γάρ; Is it not so?) [1]

[1]: Πῶς οὐ (δεινόν, πολλὴ ἀφροσύνη, κ.τ.λ.): Is it not --? Can one deny that it is --?

REM. From οὐκ οὖν comes οὐκοῦν as one word, denoting literally, not then, or, therefore not, whence at least not, in which sense the word is not unfrequently used (in answers: no) (οὐκοῦν γε), and then the orthography is by most supposed to be οὔκουν (οὔκουν εἰκός γε). This orthography ought then to be retained in the interrogative signification likewise, which in many editions is not the case. The interrogative signification often passes almost into that of a simple affirmative inference (therefore), and then most commonly the note of interrogation is omitted, and the particle is assumed = οὖν. In this case it is always written οὐκοῦν. Ἀλλ᾽, ὦ Χειρίσοφε, ἔφη ὁ Ξενοφῶν, δοκεῖ μοι βοηθεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς καίοντας τὴν γῆν ὡς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡμετέρας. Ὁ δὲ Χειρίσοφος εἶπεν· Οὔκουν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμεῖς, ἔφη, καίωμεν, καὶ οὕτω θᾶττον παύσονται (Xen. An. 3, 5, 6). - A. Ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ μαθεῖν καὶ ἀπότισον ἀργύριον. B. Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδάν μοι γένηται, εἶπον (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; yes, when I have got any money: then shall it not be when --? but surely not till I have --?).

c)

1. A disjunctive direct question is denoted by πότερον (πότερα) - ἤ, or, in concise and pointed discourse, without any particle in the first member.

2. A disjunctive dependent question is denoted in the same way or by εἰ - ἤ, εἴτε - εἴτε. Ἢν ἄρχων τις τύχῃ σοι καὶ ἁμάρτῃ, πότερον ἐᾷς ἄρχειν ἢ ἄλλον καθίστης ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 12.) Πότερά σοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ ἀπεργαζόμενοι εἴδωλα ἄφρονά τε καὶ ἀκίνητα ἀξιοθαυμαστότεροι εἶναι ἢ οἱ ζῶα ἔμφρονά τε καὶ ἐνεργά; (Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 4.) Οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ φαμὲν ἑκόντας ἀδικητέον εἶναι ἤ τινι μὲν ἀδικητέον τρόπῳ, τινὶ δὲ οὔ; (Pl. Crito, 49.) Ἄρτι, ὦ Τερψίων, ἢ πάλαι ἐξ ἀγροῦ; (Pl. Theæt. 142.) Παυσανίας ἐβουλεύετο, πότερον μάχην ξυνάπτοι ἢ ὑπόσπονδον τόν τε Λύσανδρον καὶ τοὺς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ πεσόντας ἀναιροῖτο (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 22). Δοκεῖ μοι χρῆναι παρὰ τῶν πρεσβυτῶν πυνθάνεσθαι, ὥςπερ τινὰ ὁδὸν προεληλυθότων, ἣν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως δεήσει πορεύεσθαι, ποία τίς ἐστι, τραχεῖα καὶ χαλεπὴ ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ εὔπορος (Pl. Rep. 1, 328). Ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο, Πρόξενον καλέσας, εἰ πέμποιέν τινας ἢ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἀρήξοντες (Xen. An. 1, 10, 5). Νῦν ἔμαθον, ὃ λέγεις· εἰ δὲ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖν (Pl. Rep. 1, 339). Δίδωμι ὑμῖν σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις Χαλδαίοις βουλεύσασθαι, εἴτε βούλεσθε πολεμεῖν ἡμῖν εἴτε φίλοι εἶναι (Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 13).

REM. 1. Sometimes ἆρα - ἤ is put where the question in the first member is not yet denoted as disjunctive: Σκεψώμεθα τὸ διδόναι δίκην ἆρα μέγιστον τῶν κακῶν ἐστιν, ὡς σὺ ᾤου, ἢ μεῖζον τὸ μὴ διδόναι, ὡς αὖ ἐγὼ ὤμην (Pl. Gorg. 476). (Ἦ - ἤ for εἰ - ἤ in the Epic poets.)

REM. 2. An affirmative answer is most simply expressed by ναί, yes, more strongly by πάνυ γε (yes, certainly; to be sure), πάνυ μὲν οὖν [παντάπασι μὲν οὖν] (of course; unquestionably), πάντως δή, πάντως δή που, μάλιστα, καὶ μάλα, σφόδρα γε, ἔστι ταῦτα (it is so), φημί (I say ‘yes;’ so say I), or by repetition of the verb or another emphatic word, with the predicate (Ὁμολογεῖς; Ὁμολογῶ), often with the addition of μέντοι (Οὐ πολλὴ ἂν εἴη ἀλογία φοβεῖσθαι; Πολλὴ μέντοι) or γάρ (Ἔλεγες; Ἔλεγον γάρ) or ἀλλά (which gives emphasis to the affirmation: Ὁμολογοῦμεν ταῦτα; Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπερφυῶς ὡς ὁμολογῶ) or by ἔγωγε with the verb understood from the question (Λέγεις; Ἔγωγε. Δοκεῖ σοι; Ἔμοιγε). Sometimes the affirmation is expressed in the form of a question by Τί γάρ; ἀλλὰ τί; τί μήν; (what else? doubtless it is, must, &c.) πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (how should it be otherwise? necessarily) πῶς (τί) οὐ μέλλω; (μέλλει; with verb understood from the question: how (what) else should I (he), than --?) τί γὰρ οὐ μέλλει; (καὶ πολλά, yes, and much so; ἑώρων γάρ, yes, for I saw it.) An answer in the negative is denoted by οὔ, no, οὐ δῆτα, οὐδαμῶς (as answer to a demand, μή, μὴ γάρ, μηδαμῶς), ἥκιστα, ἥκιστά γε, πῶς; πόθεν; (whence should that come?)

§ 194

§ 194

a) Conditional propositions are denoted by εἰ, ἐάν (ἤν, ἄν, see § 125, R. 1); εἴπερ, ἐάνπερ, εἴγε (if that is: if at least; wenn sonst, falls dann, wenigstens wenn) [1] put the condition with a peculiar prominence. A plurality of cases in which something equally holds good, are denoted by εἴτε - εἴτε [sive - sive] (εἴτ᾽ οὖν, or be it that), ἐάν τε - ἐάν τε, more strongly by εἴτε (ἐάν τε) καί - εἴτε καί (e.g. εἴτε καλὸς εἴτε πλούσιος εἴτε καὶ γενναῖός ἐστιν εἴτε καὶ τἀναντία τούτων, Pl. Menon, 71. Ἐάν τε καὶ ἀντιφιλῆται ἐάν τε καὶ μισῆται, Pl. Lys. 212).

[1]: M. therefore rejects (I think correctly) Hermann's ‘wide difference’ between εἴγε (as assuming the truth of the condition), and εἴπερ (as leaving it doubtful). - T. K. A.

REM. 1. More rare combinations are εἴτε - ἤ, εἰ - εἴτε (the latter poetical). On εἰ and εἴτε, as interrogative particles, see § 199 b and c.

REM. 2. Especially note the use of εἰ, εἴ πως, ἐάν πως, in the sense, whether perchance (= to try whether --). Διαλύσας τὸν ξύλλογον ὁ Ἀρχίδαμος Μελήσιππον πρῶτον ἀποστέλλει εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ἄνδρα Σπαρτιάτην, εἴ τι ἄρα μᾶλλον ἔνδοιεν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὁρῶντες ἤδη σφᾶς (τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους) ἐν ὁδῷ ὄντας (Thuc. 2, 12). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προθυμίᾳ τε πάσῃ ἐχρῶντο καὶ παρακελευσμῷ, εἴ πως ὠσάμενοι τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἕλοιεν τὸ τείχισμα (Thuc. 4, 11). Βούλει οὖν δεώμεθα τοῦ ἀντιλέγοντος ἀκολουθῆσαι ἡμῖν, ἐάν πως ἡμεῖς ἐκείνῳ ἐνδειξώμεθα, ὅτι οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐπιτήδευμα ἴδιον γυναικὶ πρὸς διοίκησιν πόλεως (Pl. Rep. 5, 455).

REM. 3. In animated and concise discourse, the condition is sometimes expressed in an independent sentence, as an assumed position or as a question: Παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὁρῶ διωρισμένα καὶ τεταγμένα πως τὰ τοιαῦτα· Ἀδικεῖ τις ἑκών· ὀργὴ καὶ τιμωρία κατὰ τούτου. Ἐξήμαρτε τις ἄκων· συγγνώμη ἀντὶ τῆς τιμωρίας τούτῳ (Dem. 18, 274). Sometimes to one condition there is added another, of a more special and precise character: Εἰ ἐτύγχανόν σε ἐρωτῶν, τίς ἐστι τῶν ζωγράφων Ζεύξις, εἴ μοι εἶπες, ὅτι ὁ τὰ ζῶα γράφων, ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως σε ἠρόμην, ὁ τὰ ποῖα τῶν ζώων γράφων καὶ ποῦ; (Pl. Gorg. 453; -- and then thou shouldest say --.)

b) A negative condition is denoted by εἰ μή, which also indicates an exception: if not, except if, unless (εἰ μὴ ἄρα, unless after all, unless perchance, sometimes ironically; of a case which is possibly to be excepted also εἰ μὴ εἰ, nisi si, εἰ μὴ ἄρα εἰ: Ὁ χρηματιστικὸς τὴν τοῦ τιμᾶσθαι ἡδονὴν ἢ τὴν τοῦ μανθάνειν οὐδενὸς ἀξίαν φήσει εἶναι, εἰ μὴ εἴ τι αὐτῶν ἀργύριον ποιεῖ. Pl. Rep. 9, 581). Εἰ δὲ μή, without a verb, denotes, not only the opposite to an affirmative condition preceding (if not), but to the preceding condition and discourse generally, even if that be negative (in the opposite case) otherwise: Ἴσως οὐδεὶς οὐδέν σε κακὸν ἐρεῖ, ἂν μή τινα λυπῇς· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀκούσει πολλὰ καὶ ἀνάξια σαυτοῦ (Pl. Crit. 53, = ἂν δὲ τινα λυπῇς). Πρὸς τῶν θεῶν, ὦ Κῦρε, μὴ οὕτω λέγε· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐ θαῤῥοῦντά μ᾽ ἕξεις (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 35). Conversely, εἰ δέ especially after εἰ μὲν βούλει (βούλεσθε) for εἰ δὲ μή: Λέγω πάλιν, ἅπερ τότε, εἰ μὲν βούλεσθε, ὡς παίζων, εἰ δ᾽, ὡς σπουδάζων (Pl. Legg. 3, 688). (Εἰ μὴ διὰ τὴν Ἀρχιδάμου μέλλησιν, Thuc. 2, 18, if it had not been for A.'s delaying; but for that.)

REM. When what seems to be the natural and desirable condition, what one must expect and assume, and upon which the consequence follows as matter of course, has first been put with εἰ μέν; and then, by εἰ δὲ μή, its opposite, and what would then follow, the apodosis to the first condition is often entirely omitted (e.g. εὖ ἔχει, then is it well, or generally, well and good): Εἰ μὲν τοίνυν, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, καὶ διαγιγνώσκειν σε τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς καὶ τοὺς κακοὺς ἐδίδαξεν· εἰ δὲ μή, τί σοι ὄφελος ὧν ἔμαθες; (Xen. Mem. 3, 1, 9.) Ἐλθόντων τῶν Λακώνων ἔλεξε Χαρμῖνος· Εἰ μὲν σύ τι ἔχεις, ὦ Μηδόσαδες, πρὸς ἡμᾶς λέγειν· εἰ δὲ μή, ἡμεῖς πρὸς σὲ ἔχομεν (Xen. An. 7, 7, 15).

c) With verbs which express a feeling of approbation and joy (pride), or of disapprobation and surprise (shame), the Greeks often use a sentence with εἰ, instead of an object-sentence with ὅτι (that, for that, because), even when an actual fact is denoted, this being considered as the condition on which the feeling depends: Μὴ τοῦτο μεῖον δόξητε ἔχειν, εἰ οἱ Κυρεῖοι, πρόσθεν σὺν ἡμῖν ταττόμενοι, νῦν ἀφεστήκασιν· ἔτι γὰρ οὗτοι κακίονές εἰσι τῶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡττημένων (Xen. An. 3, 2, 17). Τηλικούτων κακῶν αἴτιος γεγενημένος Δημοσθένης οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ, εἰ μὴ δίκην δέδωκεν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ στεφανωθήσεται, ἀγανακτεῖ (Æsch. 3, 147; D. does not think himself well off to have escaped the punishment; is not satisfied with having --). Οἱ ἐπίτροποι οὐκ ἠσχύνθησαν οὐδ᾽ ἠλέησαν τὴν ἐμὴν ἀδελφήν, εἰ δυοῖν ταλάντοιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀξιωθεῖσα (accounted worthy of a dowry of two talents) μηδενὸς τεύξεται τῶν προςηκόντων (Dem. 27, 65; nothing of what she has a right to). [So often after θαυμάζω, etc.]

d) Καὶ εἰ, even if, even in the case that: Ἐὰν τοῦτο ποιήσῃς ἅπαξ ἢ δίς, ἡ λύγξ, καὶ εἰ πάνυ ἰσχυρά ἐστι, παύσεται (Pl. Conv. 185), εἰ καί (if even, wenn gleich) sometimes more inclining to the affirmation of the condition, almost = although, but often only distinguished from καὶ εἰ by its less emphatic character: Εἴ τις ἦν ἠδικημένος, εἰ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἡσυχίαν εἶχεν, οὐκ ἂν ἠμέλησε τοῦ καιροῦ τοῦ παρόντος (Isocr. de permut. 33). (Εἰ τὰ μάλιστα, if after all --.) (The concession of an opposite fact is (properly speaking) expressed by καίπερ with the participle, see § 175 e.) [1]

[1]: About sentences with conjunctions of time, there is nothing particular to be remarked; nor, again, about sentences with causal conjunctions, ὅτι, because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, as, since; (ἐπεί also with the ground or reason following, in the sense, for;) ὅτε, then, ὅπου, ὅπου γε, when that is (ὡς, in that, for, with the reason annexed). [Καίπερ (= quanquam) a verb. fin. Pl. Conv. 219 (καίπερ . . . ᾤμην) and Theoph. Char. 2.]

a) Conditional propositions are denoted by εἰ, ἐάν (ἤν, ἄν, see § 125, R. 1); εἴπερ, ἐάνπερ, εἴγε (if that is: if at least; wenn sonst, falls dann, wenigstens wenn) [1] put the condition with a peculiar prominence. A plurality of cases in which something equally holds good, are denoted by εἴτε - εἴτε [sive - sive] (εἴτ᾽ οὖν, or be it that), ἐάν τε - ἐάν τε, more strongly by εἴτε (ἐάν τε) καί - εἴτε καί (e.g. εἴτε καλὸς εἴτε πλούσιος εἴτε καὶ γενναῖός ἐστιν εἴτε καὶ τἀναντία τούτων, Pl. Menon, 71. Ἐάν τε καὶ ἀντιφιλῆται ἐάν τε καὶ μισῆται, Pl. Lys. 212).

[1]: M. therefore rejects (I think correctly) Hermann's ‘wide difference’ between εἴγε (as assuming the truth of the condition), and εἴπερ (as leaving it doubtful). - T. K. A.

REM. 1. More rare combinations are εἴτε - ἤ, εἰ - εἴτε (the latter poetical). On εἰ and εἴτε, as interrogative particles, see § 199 b and c.

REM. 2. Especially note the use of εἰ, εἴ πως, ἐάν πως, in the sense, whether perchance (= to try whether --). Διαλύσας τὸν ξύλλογον ὁ Ἀρχίδαμος Μελήσιππον πρῶτον ἀποστέλλει εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας, ἄνδρα Σπαρτιάτην, εἴ τι ἄρα μᾶλλον ἔνδοιεν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι, ὁρῶντες ἤδη σφᾶς (τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους) ἐν ὁδῷ ὄντας (Thuc. 2, 12). Οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προθυμίᾳ τε πάσῃ ἐχρῶντο καὶ παρακελευσμῷ, εἴ πως ὠσάμενοι τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἕλοιεν τὸ τείχισμα (Thuc. 4, 11). Βούλει οὖν δεώμεθα τοῦ ἀντιλέγοντος ἀκολουθῆσαι ἡμῖν, ἐάν πως ἡμεῖς ἐκείνῳ ἐνδειξώμεθα, ὅτι οὐδέν ἐστιν ἐπιτήδευμα ἴδιον γυναικὶ πρὸς διοίκησιν πόλεως (Pl. Rep. 5, 455).

REM. 3. In animated and concise discourse, the condition is sometimes expressed in an independent sentence, as an assumed position or as a question: Παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνθρώποις ὁρῶ διωρισμένα καὶ τεταγμένα πως τὰ τοιαῦτα· Ἀδικεῖ τις ἑκών· ὀργὴ καὶ τιμωρία κατὰ τούτου. Ἐξήμαρτε τις ἄκων· συγγνώμη ἀντὶ τῆς τιμωρίας τούτῳ (Dem. 18, 274). Sometimes to one condition there is added another, of a more special and precise character: Εἰ ἐτύγχανόν σε ἐρωτῶν, τίς ἐστι τῶν ζωγράφων Ζεύξις, εἴ μοι εἶπες, ὅτι ὁ τὰ ζῶα γράφων, ἆρ᾽ οὐκ ἂν δικαίως σε ἠρόμην, ὁ τὰ ποῖα τῶν ζώων γράφων καὶ ποῦ; (Pl. Gorg. 453; -- and then thou shouldest say --.)

b) A negative condition is denoted by εἰ μή, which also indicates an exception: if not, except if, unless (εἰ μὴ ἄρα, unless after all, unless perchance, sometimes ironically; of a case which is possibly to be excepted also εἰ μὴ εἰ, nisi si, εἰ μὴ ἄρα εἰ: Ὁ χρηματιστικὸς τὴν τοῦ τιμᾶσθαι ἡδονὴν ἢ τὴν τοῦ μανθάνειν οὐδενὸς ἀξίαν φήσει εἶναι, εἰ μὴ εἴ τι αὐτῶν ἀργύριον ποιεῖ. Pl. Rep. 9, 581). Εἰ δὲ μή, without a verb, denotes, not only the opposite to an affirmative condition preceding (if not), but to the preceding condition and discourse generally, even if that be negative (in the opposite case) otherwise: Ἴσως οὐδεὶς οὐδέν σε κακὸν ἐρεῖ, ἂν μή τινα λυπῇς· εἰ δὲ μή, ἀκούσει πολλὰ καὶ ἀνάξια σαυτοῦ (Pl. Crit. 53, = ἂν δὲ τινα λυπῇς). Πρὸς τῶν θεῶν, ὦ Κῦρε, μὴ οὕτω λέγε· εἰ δὲ μή, οὐ θαῤῥοῦντά μ᾽ ἕξεις (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 35). Conversely, εἰ δέ especially after εἰ μὲν βούλει (βούλεσθε) for εἰ δὲ μή: Λέγω πάλιν, ἅπερ τότε, εἰ μὲν βούλεσθε, ὡς παίζων, εἰ δ᾽, ὡς σπουδάζων (Pl. Legg. 3, 688). (Εἰ μὴ διὰ τὴν Ἀρχιδάμου μέλλησιν, Thuc. 2, 18, if it had not been for A.'s delaying; but for that.)

REM. When what seems to be the natural and desirable condition, what one must expect and assume, and upon which the consequence follows as matter of course, has first been put with εἰ μέν; and then, by εἰ δὲ μή, its opposite, and what would then follow, the apodosis to the first condition is often entirely omitted (e.g. εὖ ἔχει, then is it well, or generally, well and good): Εἰ μὲν τοίνυν, ἔφη ὁ Σωκράτης, καὶ διαγιγνώσκειν σε τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς καὶ τοὺς κακοὺς ἐδίδαξεν· εἰ δὲ μή, τί σοι ὄφελος ὧν ἔμαθες; (Xen. Mem. 3, 1, 9.) Ἐλθόντων τῶν Λακώνων ἔλεξε Χαρμῖνος· Εἰ μὲν σύ τι ἔχεις, ὦ Μηδόσαδες, πρὸς ἡμᾶς λέγειν· εἰ δὲ μή, ἡμεῖς πρὸς σὲ ἔχομεν (Xen. An. 7, 7, 15).

c) With verbs which express a feeling of approbation and joy (pride), or of disapprobation and surprise (shame), the Greeks often use a sentence with εἰ, instead of an object-sentence with ὅτι (that, for that, because), even when an actual fact is denoted, this being considered as the condition on which the feeling depends: Μὴ τοῦτο μεῖον δόξητε ἔχειν, εἰ οἱ Κυρεῖοι, πρόσθεν σὺν ἡμῖν ταττόμενοι, νῦν ἀφεστήκασιν· ἔτι γὰρ οὗτοι κακίονές εἰσι τῶν ὑφ᾽ ἡμῶν ἡττημένων (Xen. An. 3, 2, 17). Τηλικούτων κακῶν αἴτιος γεγενημένος Δημοσθένης οὐκ ἀγαπᾷ, εἰ μὴ δίκην δέδωκεν, ἀλλ᾽ εἰ μὴ καὶ χρυσῷ στεφάνῳ στεφανωθήσεται, ἀγανακτεῖ (Æsch. 3, 147; D. does not think himself well off to have escaped the punishment; is not satisfied with having --). Οἱ ἐπίτροποι οὐκ ἠσχύνθησαν οὐδ᾽ ἠλέησαν τὴν ἐμὴν ἀδελφήν, εἰ δυοῖν ταλάντοιν ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρὸς ἀξιωθεῖσα (accounted worthy of a dowry of two talents) μηδενὸς τεύξεται τῶν προςηκόντων (Dem. 27, 65; nothing of what she has a right to). [So often after θαυμάζω, etc.]

d) Καὶ εἰ, even if, even in the case that: Ἐὰν τοῦτο ποιήσῃς ἅπαξ ἢ δίς, ἡ λύγξ, καὶ εἰ πάνυ ἰσχυρά ἐστι, παύσεται (Pl. Conv. 185), εἰ καί (if even, wenn gleich) sometimes more inclining to the affirmation of the condition, almost = although, but often only distinguished from καὶ εἰ by its less emphatic character: Εἴ τις ἦν ἠδικημένος, εἰ καὶ τὸν ἄλλον χρόνον ἡσυχίαν εἶχεν, οὐκ ἂν ἠμέλησε τοῦ καιροῦ τοῦ παρόντος (Isocr. de permut. 33). (Εἰ τὰ μάλιστα, if after all --.) (The concession of an opposite fact is (properly speaking) expressed by καίπερ with the participle, see § 175 e.) [1]

[1]: About sentences with conjunctions of time, there is nothing particular to be remarked; nor, again, about sentences with causal conjunctions, ὅτι, because, ἐπεί, ἐπειδή, as, since; (ἐπεί also with the ground or reason following, in the sense, for;) ὅτε, then, ὅπου, ὅπου γε, when that is (ὡς, in that, for, with the reason annexed). [Καίπερ (= quanquam) a verb. fin. Pl. Conv. 219 (καίπερ . . . ᾤμην) and Theoph. Char. 2.]

§ 195

§ 195

Relative sentences are sometimes less accurately joined to the principal sentence. On this point it should be remarked:

a) A preceding relative sentence with a relative in the neuter, occasionally assigns merely the action, opinion, or utterance, upon occasion of which something is remarked in the principal sentence, so that the relative obtains the signification, as regards this, that --: Ὃ δὲ ὑμεῖς ἐννοεῖτε, ὅτι ἧττον ἂν στάσις εἴη ἑνὸς ἄρχοντος ἢ πολλῶν, εὖ ἴστε, ὅτι ἄλλον μὲν ἑλόμενοι οὐχ εὑρήσετε ἐμὲ στασιάζοντα, ἐὰν δὲ ἐμὲ ἕλησθε, οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσαιμι, εἴ τινα εὕροιτε καὶ ὑμῖν καὶ ἐμοὶ ἀχθόμενον (Xen. An. 5, 9, 29). Ἃ δὲ ἠπείλησας, ὡς, ἣν ὑμῖν δοκῇ, Κορύλαν καὶ Παφλαγόνας ξυμμάχους ποιήσεσθε ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, ἡμεῖς δὲ, ἢν μὲν ἀνάγκη ᾖ, πολεμήσομεν ἀμφοτέροις, ἢν δὲ δοκῇ ἡμῖν, καὶ φίλον ποιήσομεν τὸν Παφλαγόνα (Xen. An. 5, 5, 22). On δέ after ἡμεῖς, see § 188, R. 6. (Cf. ὅτι, § 170 a. R.)

b) Ὅςτις, ὃς ἄν sometimes stands, (not only without an expressly corresponding demonstrative, but also without its being possible for such a one to be understood agreeably with the form of the principal sentence,) in the sense of εἴ τις, in general expressions of opinion about a certain manner of acting (where also an infinitive or acc. with inf. might be used): Παντάπασιν ἀπόρων ἐστὶ καὶ ἀνάγκῃ ἐχομένων καὶ τούτων πονηρῶν, οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι δι᾽ ἐπιορκίας τε πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ ἀπιστίας πρὸς ἀνθρώπους πράττειν τι (Xen. An. 2, 5, 21). Νόμιζε τὸ καλῶς ἄρξαι τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι, ὃς ἂν τὴν πατρίδα ὠφελήσῃ ὡς πλεῖστα ἢ ἑκὼν εἶναι οὐδὲν βλάψῃ (Thuc. 6, 14). Ἐγὼ καὶ τοῦτο ἡγοῦμαι μέγα τεκμήριον ἄρχοντος ἀρετῆς εἶναι, ᾧ ἂν ἑκόντες οἱ στρατιῶται ἕπωνται καὶ ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς παραμένειν ἐθέλωσιν (Xen. Œcon. 4, 19). (Ὅ, τι put first, whatsoever, so often as any thing: Εἰ ταῦτα ἐγὼ λέγω περὶ ὑμῶν ἄλλως γιγνώσκων, ἐμαυτὸν ἐξαπατῶ· ὅ, τι γὰρ μὴ τοιοῦτον ἀποβήσεται παρ᾽ ὑμῶν, εἰς ἐμὲ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον ἥξει, Xen. Cyr. 1, 5, 13.)

c) Sometimes a relative sentence which calls attention to a particular circumstance, is annexed to a person who, though thought of during the speech, and given in the context, is not expressly named: Πῶς οὖν ἄν τις μᾶλλον ἐλεγχθείη παράνομα εἰρηκὼς ἢ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον; ὃς (thou who) τὴν τιμωρίαν, ἣν οὐδὲ κατὰ τῶν ἐξεληλεγμένων διδόασιν οἱ νόμοι, ταύτην κατὰ τῶν ἀκρίτων ἔγραψας (Dem. 23, 36). Καλοῦμαί σε (I sue thee for) τῶν δώδεκα μνῶν, ὡς ἔλαβες ὠνούμενος τὸν ψαρὸν ἵππον. Ἵππον; οὐκ ἀκούετε; ὃν πάντες ὑμεῖς ἴστε μισοῦντα ἱππικήν (Arist. Nub. 1224; me, who, as ye all know --; I to buy a horse, I, who --?).

d) To a relative pronoun pointing in a general way to what goes before, a more particular statement of the thing meant is sometimes appended by an infinitive, or acc. with inf., as apposition to the relative, or by a conjunctional accessory sentence: Ὃ καὶ δεινότατον ἂν εἴη συμβαῖνον, τοὺς μὲν πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα ποιήσαντας ὑμᾶς ἀγαθὰ μὴ τυχεῖν ταύτης τῆς δωρεᾶς, τὸν δὲ ὑπερπλήθη ἐξημαρτηκότα φαίνεσθαι ἐξουσίαν παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τοῦ παρανομεῖν εἰληφότα (Dem. 26, 7). Οὕτω ἐξηρτήμεθα τῶν ἐλπίδων, ὥστ᾽ οὐδ᾽ οἱ κεκτημένοι τοὺς μεγίστους πλούτους μένειν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ τοῦ πλέονος ὀρεγόμενοι περὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων κινδυνεύουσιν· ὅπερ ἄξιόν ἐστι δεδιέναι, μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἔνοχοι γενώμεθα ταύταις ταῖς ἀνοίαις (Isocr. de Pac. 7).

REM. In consequence of this, and by a breviloquentia, the relative pronoun in the neuter (ὅ, ὅπερ) occasionally comes to have merely the signification of a connecting particle (while, whereas): Διαφερόντως τόδε ἔχομεν (we possess in a pre-eminent degree the characteristic property), ὥστε τολμᾶν τε οἱ αὐτοὶ μάλιστα καί, περὶ ὧν ἐπιχειρήσομεν, ἐκλογίζεσθαι· ὃ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος, λογισμὸς δὲ ὄκνον φέρει (Thuc. 2, 40; which in others is otherwise, since --, or simply, whereas, on the contrary). (In the poets ὃ καί, ἃ καί, wherefore also.)

e) The sentence annexed by the relative, has sometimes itself an accessory sentence, or an accessory definition in the participle, to which the relative also belongs, and to which it often attaches itself in point of case: Βούλου καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους μὴ τὰς εἰθισμένας ἄγειν σοι δωρεάς, ἀλλὰ τοιαύτας, αἷς κἂν σφόδρα χρῇ καὶ μηδεμίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπῃς, οὐ κατατρίψεις ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονος ἀξίας ποιήσεις (Isocr. ad Nic. 54 = ἃς, κἂν σφόδρα αὐταῖς χρῇ, οὐ --). Ἐπέπληξέ τις, ὅτι τοὺς φύλακας οὐκ εὐδαίμονας ποιοῖμεν, οἷς ἐξὸν πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν (Pl. Rep. 5, 466, = οἵ, ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν). Sometimes the relative alone belongs to the accessory sentence or participle: Οἱ Ἁλεῖς, οὓς ἵνα διαλλάττωσι, κατασχεῖν τοὺς πρέσβεις Φίλιππός φησι, τοιαύτης τετυχήκασι διαλλαγῆς, ὥστ᾽ ἐξελήλανται καὶ ἀνάστατος ἡ πόλις αὐτῶν γέγονεν (Dem. 19, 39). Ἆρα νῦν οὕτω τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ εἰλήφαμεν, ὃ πάλαι καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν σοφῶν ζητοῦντες πρὶν εὑρεῖν κατεγήρασαν; (Pl. Theæt. 202.)

REM. On relative sentences as expressions of the purpose and definition or cause, see § 105 a, c, d, and § 115 a, R.

Relative sentences are sometimes less accurately joined to the principal sentence. On this point it should be remarked:

a) A preceding relative sentence with a relative in the neuter, occasionally assigns merely the action, opinion, or utterance, upon occasion of which something is remarked in the principal sentence, so that the relative obtains the signification, as regards this, that --: Ὃ δὲ ὑμεῖς ἐννοεῖτε, ὅτι ἧττον ἂν στάσις εἴη ἑνὸς ἄρχοντος ἢ πολλῶν, εὖ ἴστε, ὅτι ἄλλον μὲν ἑλόμενοι οὐχ εὑρήσετε ἐμὲ στασιάζοντα, ἐὰν δὲ ἐμὲ ἕλησθε, οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσαιμι, εἴ τινα εὕροιτε καὶ ὑμῖν καὶ ἐμοὶ ἀχθόμενον (Xen. An. 5, 9, 29). Ἃ δὲ ἠπείλησας, ὡς, ἣν ὑμῖν δοκῇ, Κορύλαν καὶ Παφλαγόνας ξυμμάχους ποιήσεσθε ἐφ᾽ ἡμᾶς, ἡμεῖς δὲ, ἢν μὲν ἀνάγκη ᾖ, πολεμήσομεν ἀμφοτέροις, ἢν δὲ δοκῇ ἡμῖν, καὶ φίλον ποιήσομεν τὸν Παφλαγόνα (Xen. An. 5, 5, 22). On δέ after ἡμεῖς, see § 188, R. 6. (Cf. ὅτι, § 170 a. R.)

b) Ὅςτις, ὃς ἄν sometimes stands, (not only without an expressly corresponding demonstrative, but also without its being possible for such a one to be understood agreeably with the form of the principal sentence,) in the sense of εἴ τις, in general expressions of opinion about a certain manner of acting (where also an infinitive or acc. with inf. might be used): Παντάπασιν ἀπόρων ἐστὶ καὶ ἀνάγκῃ ἐχομένων καὶ τούτων πονηρῶν, οἵτινες ἐθέλουσι δι᾽ ἐπιορκίας τε πρὸς θεοὺς καὶ ἀπιστίας πρὸς ἀνθρώπους πράττειν τι (Xen. An. 2, 5, 21). Νόμιζε τὸ καλῶς ἄρξαι τοῦτ᾽ εἶναι, ὃς ἂν τὴν πατρίδα ὠφελήσῃ ὡς πλεῖστα ἢ ἑκὼν εἶναι οὐδὲν βλάψῃ (Thuc. 6, 14). Ἐγὼ καὶ τοῦτο ἡγοῦμαι μέγα τεκμήριον ἄρχοντος ἀρετῆς εἶναι, ᾧ ἂν ἑκόντες οἱ στρατιῶται ἕπωνται καὶ ἐν τοῖς δεινοῖς παραμένειν ἐθέλωσιν (Xen. Œcon. 4, 19). (Ὅ, τι put first, whatsoever, so often as any thing: Εἰ ταῦτα ἐγὼ λέγω περὶ ὑμῶν ἄλλως γιγνώσκων, ἐμαυτὸν ἐξαπατῶ· ὅ, τι γὰρ μὴ τοιοῦτον ἀποβήσεται παρ᾽ ὑμῶν, εἰς ἐμὲ τὸ ἐλλεῖπον ἥξει, Xen. Cyr. 1, 5, 13.)

c) Sometimes a relative sentence which calls attention to a particular circumstance, is annexed to a person who, though thought of during the speech, and given in the context, is not expressly named: Πῶς οὖν ἄν τις μᾶλλον ἐλεγχθείη παράνομα εἰρηκὼς ἢ τοῦτον τὸν τρόπον; ὃς (thou who) τὴν τιμωρίαν, ἣν οὐδὲ κατὰ τῶν ἐξεληλεγμένων διδόασιν οἱ νόμοι, ταύτην κατὰ τῶν ἀκρίτων ἔγραψας (Dem. 23, 36). Καλοῦμαί σε (I sue thee for) τῶν δώδεκα μνῶν, ὡς ἔλαβες ὠνούμενος τὸν ψαρὸν ἵππον. Ἵππον; οὐκ ἀκούετε; ὃν πάντες ὑμεῖς ἴστε μισοῦντα ἱππικήν (Arist. Nub. 1224; me, who, as ye all know --; I to buy a horse, I, who --?).

d) To a relative pronoun pointing in a general way to what goes before, a more particular statement of the thing meant is sometimes appended by an infinitive, or acc. with inf., as apposition to the relative, or by a conjunctional accessory sentence: Ὃ καὶ δεινότατον ἂν εἴη συμβαῖνον, τοὺς μὲν πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα ποιήσαντας ὑμᾶς ἀγαθὰ μὴ τυχεῖν ταύτης τῆς δωρεᾶς, τὸν δὲ ὑπερπλήθη ἐξημαρτηκότα φαίνεσθαι ἐξουσίαν παρ᾽ ὑμῶν τοῦ παρανομεῖν εἰληφότα (Dem. 26, 7). Οὕτω ἐξηρτήμεθα τῶν ἐλπίδων, ὥστ᾽ οὐδ᾽ οἱ κεκτημένοι τοὺς μεγίστους πλούτους μένειν ἐπὶ τούτοις ἐθέλουσιν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ τοῦ πλέονος ὀρεγόμενοι περὶ τῶν ὑπαρχόντων κινδυνεύουσιν· ὅπερ ἄξιόν ἐστι δεδιέναι, μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς ἔνοχοι γενώμεθα ταύταις ταῖς ἀνοίαις (Isocr. de Pac. 7).

REM. In consequence of this, and by a breviloquentia, the relative pronoun in the neuter (ὅ, ὅπερ) occasionally comes to have merely the signification of a connecting particle (while, whereas): Διαφερόντως τόδε ἔχομεν (we possess in a pre-eminent degree the characteristic property), ὥστε τολμᾶν τε οἱ αὐτοὶ μάλιστα καί, περὶ ὧν ἐπιχειρήσομεν, ἐκλογίζεσθαι· ὃ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀμαθία μὲν θράσος, λογισμὸς δὲ ὄκνον φέρει (Thuc. 2, 40; which in others is otherwise, since --, or simply, whereas, on the contrary). (In the poets ὃ καί, ἃ καί, wherefore also.)

e) The sentence annexed by the relative, has sometimes itself an accessory sentence, or an accessory definition in the participle, to which the relative also belongs, and to which it often attaches itself in point of case: Βούλου καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους μὴ τὰς εἰθισμένας ἄγειν σοι δωρεάς, ἀλλὰ τοιαύτας, αἷς κἂν σφόδρα χρῇ καὶ μηδεμίαν ἡμέραν διαλείπῃς, οὐ κατατρίψεις ἀλλὰ καὶ πλείονος ἀξίας ποιήσεις (Isocr. ad Nic. 54 = ἃς, κἂν σφόδρα αὐταῖς χρῇ, οὐ --). Ἐπέπληξέ τις, ὅτι τοὺς φύλακας οὐκ εὐδαίμονας ποιοῖμεν, οἷς ἐξὸν πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν (Pl. Rep. 5, 466, = οἵ, ἐξὸν αὐτοῖς πάντα ἔχειν τὰ τῶν πολιτῶν, οὐδὲν ἔχοιεν). Sometimes the relative alone belongs to the accessory sentence or participle: Οἱ Ἁλεῖς, οὓς ἵνα διαλλάττωσι, κατασχεῖν τοὺς πρέσβεις Φίλιππός φησι, τοιαύτης τετυχήκασι διαλλαγῆς, ὥστ᾽ ἐξελήλανται καὶ ἀνάστατος ἡ πόλις αὐτῶν γέγονεν (Dem. 19, 39). Ἆρα νῦν οὕτω τῇδε τῇ ἡμέρᾳ εἰλήφαμεν, ὃ πάλαι καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν σοφῶν ζητοῦντες πρὶν εὑρεῖν κατεγήρασαν; (Pl. Theæt. 202.)

REM. On relative sentences as expressions of the purpose and definition or cause, see § 105 a, c, d, and § 115 a, R.

§ 196

§ 196

a) The particle γάρ in an independent sentence often assigns a relation or a circumstance which has been pointed at by a preceding demonstrative pronoun (ὅδε, the following, τοσοῦτος, more rarely οὗτος) or adverb (ἐνθένδε, hence = from this; from the following circumstance, ἐκεῖθεν), and which might equally well have been annexed in an accessory sentence with ὅτι (or ὅσῳ after τοσοῦτον): Δηλοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τῶν παλαιῶν ἀσθένειαν οὐχ ἥκιστα· πρὸ γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται πρότερον κοινῇ ἐργασαμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς (Thuc. 1, 3). Ὡς οἱ περὶ τὸν Κλεόμβροτον τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεκράτουν τῇ μάχῃ, σαφεῖ τούτῳ τεκμηρίῳ γνοίη τις ἄν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἠδύναντο αὐτὸν ζῶντα ἀπενεγκεῖν, εἰ μὴ οἱ πρὸ αὐτοῦ μαχόμενοι ἐπεκράτουν ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 13). Ὅτι ἐγὼ τυγχάνω ὢν τοιοῦτος οἷος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ πόλει δεδόσθαι, ἐνθένδε ἂν κατανοήσαιτε· οὐ γὰρ ἀνθρωπίνῳ ἔοικε τὸ ἐμὲ τῶν μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ ἁπάντων ἠμεληκέναι, τὸ δὲ ὑμέτερον πράττειν ἀεὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκάστῳ προςιόντα ὥςπερ πατέρα ἢ ἀδελφὸν πρεσβύτερον (Pl. Apol. 31). (In English, namely, or omitted [or that substituted for it].)

REM. Such a sentence is often added to the elliptical expressions τεκμήριον δέ, σημεῖον δέ, μαρτύριον δέ (viz. τόδε ἐστίν), δῆλον δέ (viz. ἐκ τοῦδέ ἐστιν), sometimes also to κεφάλαιον δέ (the main thing is), τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον (the reason is): Κᾶρες καὶ Φοίνικες τὰς πλείστας τῶν νήσων ᾤκισαν. Μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν θηκῶν ἀναιρεθεισῶν, ὅσαι ἦσαν τῶν τεθνεώτων ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ Κᾶρες ἐφάνησαν (Thuc. 1, 8). Μέγιστον δὲ τεκμήριον τοῦ τρόπου τοῦ Εὐαγόρου· τῶν γὰρ Ἑλλήνων πολλοὶ καὶ καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδας ἀπολιπόντες ἦλθον εἰς Κύπρον οἰκήσοντες (Isocr. Euag. 51). Sometimes γάρ is omitted: Κατὰ τοὺς προτέρους νόμους πολλὰ καὶ δεινὰ περὶ τοὺς τριηραρχοῦντας ἐγίγνετο· τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον· ἐν τοῖς πένησιν ἦν τὸ λειτουργεῖν (Dem. 18, 108).

b) With γάρ a remark is sometimes inserted parenthetically, which introduces the principal sentence following, and serves to explain what is said in it: Καρτερᾶς γενομένης ναυμαχίας, οὐκ ἔλασσον ἔχοντες ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ οἱ Χῖοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι (ἤδη γὰρ καὶ ὀψὲ ἦν) ἀνεχώρησαν ἐς τὴν πόλιν (Thuc. 8, 61). Sometimes (especially in Herod. and Thucydid.) the principal sentence attaches itself very closely to the parenthesis, something in the parenthesis being necessary to be understood in the principal sentence: Καὶ -- ἦν γάρ τι καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι -- ἐπεκηρυκεύετο (viz. τὸ βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι, the party which --) ὡς τὸν Νικίαν καὶ οὐκ εἴα ἀφίστασθαι (Thuc. 7, 48). (Hence ἀλλὰ γάρ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ, but then, but then - not, as a transition to something new.)

a) The particle γάρ in an independent sentence often assigns a relation or a circumstance which has been pointed at by a preceding demonstrative pronoun (ὅδε, the following, τοσοῦτος, more rarely οὗτος) or adverb (ἐνθένδε, hence = from this; from the following circumstance, ἐκεῖθεν), and which might equally well have been annexed in an accessory sentence with ὅτι (or ὅσῳ after τοσοῦτον): Δηλοῖ δέ μοι καὶ τόδε τῶν παλαιῶν ἀσθένειαν οὐχ ἥκιστα· πρὸ γὰρ τῶν Τρωικῶν οὐδὲν φαίνεται πρότερον κοινῇ ἐργασαμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς (Thuc. 1, 3). Ὡς οἱ περὶ τὸν Κλεόμβροτον τὸ πρῶτον ἐπεκράτουν τῇ μάχῃ, σαφεῖ τούτῳ τεκμηρίῳ γνοίη τις ἄν· οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἠδύναντο αὐτὸν ζῶντα ἀπενεγκεῖν, εἰ μὴ οἱ πρὸ αὐτοῦ μαχόμενοι ἐπεκράτουν ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ χρόνῳ (Xen. Hell. 6, 4, 13). Ὅτι ἐγὼ τυγχάνω ὢν τοιοῦτος οἷος ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ πόλει δεδόσθαι, ἐνθένδε ἂν κατανοήσαιτε· οὐ γὰρ ἀνθρωπίνῳ ἔοικε τὸ ἐμὲ τῶν μὲν ἐμαυτοῦ ἁπάντων ἠμεληκέναι, τὸ δὲ ὑμέτερον πράττειν ἀεὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκάστῳ προςιόντα ὥςπερ πατέρα ἢ ἀδελφὸν πρεσβύτερον (Pl. Apol. 31). (In English, namely, or omitted [or that substituted for it].)

REM. Such a sentence is often added to the elliptical expressions τεκμήριον δέ, σημεῖον δέ, μαρτύριον δέ (viz. τόδε ἐστίν), δῆλον δέ (viz. ἐκ τοῦδέ ἐστιν), sometimes also to κεφάλαιον δέ (the main thing is), τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον (the reason is): Κᾶρες καὶ Φοίνικες τὰς πλείστας τῶν νήσων ᾤκισαν. Μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γὰρ καθαιρομένης ὑπὸ τῶν Ἀθηναίων καὶ τῶν θηκῶν ἀναιρεθεισῶν, ὅσαι ἦσαν τῶν τεθνεώτων ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, ὑπὲρ ἥμισυ Κᾶρες ἐφάνησαν (Thuc. 1, 8). Μέγιστον δὲ τεκμήριον τοῦ τρόπου τοῦ Εὐαγόρου· τῶν γὰρ Ἑλλήνων πολλοὶ καὶ καλοὶ κἀγαθοὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν πατρίδας ἀπολιπόντες ἦλθον εἰς Κύπρον οἰκήσοντες (Isocr. Euag. 51). Sometimes γάρ is omitted: Κατὰ τοὺς προτέρους νόμους πολλὰ καὶ δεινὰ περὶ τοὺς τριηραρχοῦντας ἐγίγνετο· τὸ δ᾽ αἴτιον· ἐν τοῖς πένησιν ἦν τὸ λειτουργεῖν (Dem. 18, 108).

b) With γάρ a remark is sometimes inserted parenthetically, which introduces the principal sentence following, and serves to explain what is said in it: Καρτερᾶς γενομένης ναυμαχίας, οὐκ ἔλασσον ἔχοντες ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ οἱ Χῖοι καὶ οἱ ξύμμαχοι (ἤδη γὰρ καὶ ὀψὲ ἦν) ἀνεχώρησαν ἐς τὴν πόλιν (Thuc. 8, 61). Sometimes (especially in Herod. and Thucydid.) the principal sentence attaches itself very closely to the parenthesis, something in the parenthesis being necessary to be understood in the principal sentence: Καὶ -- ἦν γάρ τι καὶ ἐν Συρακούσαις βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι -- ἐπεκηρυκεύετο (viz. τὸ βουλόμενον τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὰ πράγματα ἐνδοῦναι, the party which --) ὡς τὸν Νικίαν καὶ οὐκ εἴα ἀφίστασθαι (Thuc. 7, 48). (Hence ἀλλὰ γάρ, ἀλλ᾽ οὐ γάρ, but then, but then - not, as a transition to something new.)

§ 197

§ 197

A peculiar interchange and partial intermixture of different constructions takes place, where a circumstance appended to a preceding statement, is marked as the greatest, the utmost that is to be said about it, or as being, in some other respects, the most remarkable feature of the case. This may happen

(1) so that the circumstance is alleged in a sentence with ὅτι as a matter of judgment or reflection upon the case: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), ὅτι (the verb almost always omitted); or

(2) so that the characterizing adjective is put foremost, as apposition to the sentence which states the circumstance: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα. (Cf. § 19, R. 3.) Instead of the adjective in the apposition, there might, further, be a relative sentence as a premised remark: Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα; [1] but, by an interchange between this form and the first, we have

(3): Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον, ὅτι οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, where, therefore, both sentences have the form of accessory sentences and a principal sentence is wanting. Lastly, we have either

(4) the adjective alone (which is rare), or

(5) the relative sentence quite detached, as an intimation of that which is to follow, and then follows an explanatory sentence with γάρ (as in § 196, a):

Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, or Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ κ.τ.λ.

(1) Τὸ δὲ πάντων ὑπερφυέστατον, ὅτι ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἰδίοις οἱ ἀδικούμενοι δακρύουσι καὶ ἐλεεινοί εἰσιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς δημοσίοις οἱ μὲν ἀδικοῦντες ἐλεεινοί, ὑμεῖς δὲ οἱ ἀδικούμενοι ἐλεεῖτε (Lys. 27, 12).

(2) Τὸ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὑμεῖς μὲν Δημοσθένην οὐ προὔδοτε οὐδ᾽ εἰάσατε κριθῆναι ἐν τῷ τῶν Ἑλλήνων συνεδρίῳ, οὗτος δὲ ὑμᾶς νῦν προδέδωκεν (Æsch. 3, 161).

(3) Ὃ δὲ πάντων καταγελαστότατον, ὅτι τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν ταῖς ὁμολογίαις τὰ χείριστα τυγχάνομεν φυλάττοντες (Isocr. Paneg. 176).

(4) Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον καὶ περιφανέστατον πάντων· ὁ γὰρ ἀδικηθεὶς καὶ ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, ὥς φησιν, οὐκ ἐτόλμησε τεττάρων ἐτῶν ἐπισκήψασθαι εἰς ὑμᾶς (Lys. 3, 39; to make complaint to you).

(5) Ὃ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον· οὓς γὰρ ὁμολογήσαιμεν ἂν πονηροτάτους εἶναι τῶν πολιτῶν, τούτους πιστοτάτους φύλακας ἡγούμεθα τῆς πολιτείας εἶναι (Isocr. de Pac. 53). (Ὁ δὲ πάντων μάλιστα ἀγανακτῆσαι ἔφη· συντυχεῖν γὰρ ἀπιὼν Ἀτρεστίδᾳ παρὰ Φιλίππου πορευομένῳ καὶ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ γύναια καὶ παιδάρια ὡς τριάκοντα βαδίζειν. Dem. 19, 305. The character of the circumstance not expressed by a single adjective.)

[1]: ᾯ δὲ μάλιστα ἡμῶν προέχουσιν, ἵππους τε πολλοὺς κέκτηνται καὶ σίτῳ οἰκείῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐπακτῷ χρῶνται (Thuc. 6, 20).

REM. As a sentence with ὅτι (in the third form), so a sentence with εἰ or with a temporal particle may be connected with a characterizing relative sentence: Ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὅταν τις ἴδῃ τοὺς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἔχειν ἀξιοῦντας ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν στρατευομένους (Isocr. Plat. 45; but the worst of all is, when --).

A peculiar interchange and partial intermixture of different constructions takes place, where a circumstance appended to a preceding statement, is marked as the greatest, the utmost that is to be said about it, or as being, in some other respects, the most remarkable feature of the case. This may happen
(1) so that the circumstance is alleged in a sentence with ὅτι as a matter of judgment or reflection upon the case: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), ὅτι (the verb almost always omitted); or
(2) so that the characterizing adjective is put foremost, as apposition to the sentence which states the circumstance: Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον, οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα. (Cf. § 19, R. 3.) Instead of the adjective in the apposition, there might, further, be a relative sentence as a premised remark: Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον (viz. ἐστίν), οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα; [1] but, by an interchange between this form and the first, we have
(3): Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον, ὅτι οὐδ᾽ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, where, therefore, both sentences have the form of accessory sentences and a principal sentence is wanting. Lastly, we have either
(4) the adjective alone (which is rare), or
(5) the relative sentence quite detached, as an intimation of that which is to follow, and then follows an explanatory sentence with γάρ (as in § 196, a):

Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑώρακα πώποτε τὸν ἄνδρα, or Ὃ δὲ μέγιστον· οὐδὲ γὰρ κ.τ.λ.
(1) Τὸ δὲ πάντων ὑπερφυέστατον, ὅτι ἐν μὲν τοῖς ἰδίοις οἱ ἀδικούμενοι δακρύουσι καὶ ἐλεεινοί εἰσιν, ἐν δὲ τοῖς δημοσίοις οἱ μὲν ἀδικοῦντες ἐλεεινοί, ὑμεῖς δὲ οἱ ἀδικούμενοι ἐλεεῖτε (Lys. 27, 12).
(2) Τὸ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὑμεῖς μὲν Δημοσθένην οὐ προὔδοτε οὐδ᾽ εἰάσατε κριθῆναι ἐν τῷ τῶν Ἑλλήνων συνεδρίῳ, οὗτος δὲ ὑμᾶς νῦν προδέδωκεν (Æsch. 3, 161).
(3) Ὃ δὲ πάντων καταγελαστότατον, ὅτι τῶν γεγραμμένων ἐν ταῖς ὁμολογίαις τὰ χείριστα τυγχάνομεν φυλάττοντες (Isocr. Paneg. 176).
(4) Τὸ δὲ μέγιστον καὶ περιφανέστατον πάντων· ὁ γὰρ ἀδικηθεὶς καὶ ἐπιβουλευθεὶς ὑπ᾽ ἐμοῦ, ὥς φησιν, οὐκ ἐτόλμησε τεττάρων ἐτῶν ἐπισκήψασθαι εἰς ὑμᾶς (Lys. 3, 39; to make complaint to you).
(5) Ὃ δὲ πάντων σχετλιώτατον· οὓς γὰρ ὁμολογήσαιμεν ἂν πονηροτάτους εἶναι τῶν πολιτῶν, τούτους πιστοτάτους φύλακας ἡγούμεθα τῆς πολιτείας εἶναι (Isocr. de Pac. 53). (Ὁ δὲ πάντων μάλιστα ἀγανακτῆσαι ἔφη· συντυχεῖν γὰρ ἀπιὼν Ἀτρεστίδᾳ παρὰ Φιλίππου πορευομένῳ καὶ μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ γύναια καὶ παιδάρια ὡς τριάκοντα βαδίζειν. Dem. 19, 305. The character of the circumstance not expressed by a single adjective.)

[1]: ᾯ δὲ μάλιστα ἡμῶν προέχουσιν, ἵππους τε πολλοὺς κέκτηνται καὶ σίτῳ οἰκείῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐπακτῷ χρῶνται (Thuc. 6, 20).

REM. As a sentence with ὅτι (in the third form), so a sentence with εἰ or with a temporal particle may be connected with a characterizing relative sentence: Ὃ δὲ πάντων δεινότατον, ὅταν τις ἴδῃ τοὺς τὴν ἡγεμονίαν τῆς Ἑλλάδος ἔχειν ἀξιοῦντας ἐπὶ τοὺς Ἕλληνας καθ᾽ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν στρατευομένους (Isocr. Plat. 45; but the worst of all is, when --).

§ 198

§ 198

a) Of interrogative sentences, it is to be remarked, that in Greek a pronominal interrogative may be referred to a participle, so that the question relates to the circumstance expressed by the participle, see Participle, § 176 a, and § 181 a. In the same way an interrogative pronoun may stand in an accessory sentence with a conjunction; or with the word which characterizes a substantive notion with the article (an adjective, a participle, or a preposition with a case), - to inquire with what accessory definitions, or for what more precisely assigned descriptions of persons or things something holds good. (In English the accessory sentence or characterizing notion must be expressed as an interrogative principal sentence.) Πότ᾽ οὖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πότε, ἃ χρή, πράξετε; ἐπειδὰν τί γένηται; (Dem. 4, 10; literally, when what takes place? = what must take place, in order that you --? [before you will --?]) Βοηθούντων ἡμῶν εἰς Ἄργος, οὐχ ἕτοιμον μάχεσθαι Λακεδαιμονίοις; ἵνα τί γένηται; (And. 3, 26; with a view to what result?) Οἶσθά τινας ἀνθρώπους ἀχαρίστους καλουμένους; Καὶ μάλα, ἔφη ὁ νεανίσκος. Καταμεμάθηκας οὖν, τοὺς τί ποιοῦντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἀποκαλοῦσιν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 1.) Τοὺς πῶς διακειμένους λάβοιεν ἂν οἱ τοιοῦτοι μαθητάς; (Isocr. Antid. 222.) [1]

[1]: Hence ἵνα τί; (viz. γένηται) wherefore? to what end? ὅτι τί; (ὁτιὴ τί;) for what reason? (lit. because what?)

REM. 1. Two interrogative pronouns may be connected in one sentence: Τίνας ὑπὸ τίνων εὕροιμεν ἂν μείζονα εὐεργετημένους ἢ παῖδας ὑπὸ γονέων; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 3.) Εἷς τρόπος ὀρθὸς παντὸς ἐπαίνου, λόγῳ διελθεῖν, οἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει περὶ οὗ ἂν ὁ λόγος ᾖ (Pl. Conv. 195).

REM. 2. On the construction of a demonstrative pronoun with the interrogative, see § 100 b.

REM. 3. A sentence with οἷος, ὡς is added to expressions of praise, blame, or wonder, to assign the reference to a certain quality of the person or thing mentioned, in the sense: upon the reflection, or, considering, how, &c. (almost = ὅτι τοιοῦτος, ὅτι οὕτως): Κῦρος ἀπῄει κατοικτείρων τήν τε γυναῖκα, οἷου ἀνδρὸς στέροιτο, καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα, οἵαν γυναῖκα καταλιπὼν οὐκέτ᾽ ὄψοιτο (Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 13). Εὐδαίμων μοι Σωκράτης ἐφαίνετο καὶ τοῦ τρόπου καὶ τῶν λόγων, ὡς ἀδεῶς καὶ γενναίως ἐτελεύτα (Pl. Phæd. 58).

REM. 4. Note particularly the originally elliptic use of οἷος, and especially ὅσος, with adjectives which denote a surprising, or, generally, a strikingly and uncommonly high degree, θαυμαστὸς ὅσος (marvellous how great, surprisingly great; originally, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ θαυμάζειν δεῖ. ὅσος ἐστίν or ὅτι τοσοῦτός ἐστιν), ἄφθονος, ἀμήχανος, ὑπερφυὴς ὅσος, ἀμήχανος οἷος, ἀφόρητος οἷος. Μόγις καὶ μετὰ ἱδρῶτος θαυμαστοῦ ὅσου (Pl. Rep. 1, 350). (Ὑπερφυής τις ὡς μεγάλη βλάβη, Pl. Gorg. 477.) In the same manner adverbs of the same kind take ὡς after them: Θαυμαστῶς (ὑπερφυῶς) ὡς χαίρω.

b) For the indirectly interrogative pronoun ὅςτις (also ὅς: Θεμιστοκλῆς φράζει τῷ ναυκλήρῳ ὅςτις ἐστὶ καὶ δι᾽ ἃ φεύγει, Thuc. 1, 137. Δι᾽ ἃς αἰτίας τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν ξυμβαίνει παθήματα, λεκτέον, Pl. Tim. 67) not unfrequently the direct interrogative τίς is put in a more animated way: Αἱ γυναῖκες ἠρώτων αὐτούς, τίνες εἶεν (Xen. An. 4, 5, 10). Οὐ πάνυ ἡμῖν φροντιστέον, τί ἐροῦσιν οἱ πολλοὶ ἡμᾶς, ἀλλ᾽ ὅ, τι ὁ ἐπαΐων περὶ τῶν δικαίων καὶ ἀδίκων (Pl. Crit. 48), and in the same manner ποῖος, πόσος, πῶς, for ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, ὅπως. Οὐκ οἶδα, ὁποίᾳ τόλμῃ ἢ ποίοις λόγοις χρώμενος ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414).

REM. Ὅσος and οἷος, in exclamations of wonder, occur in the form of direct interrogation: Ὦ πάππε, ὅσα πράγματα ἔχεις ἐν τῷ δείπνῳ! (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 4.)

a) Of interrogative sentences, it is to be remarked, that in Greek a pronominal interrogative may be referred to a participle, so that the question relates to the circumstance expressed by the participle, see Participle, § 176 a, and § 181 a. In the same way an interrogative pronoun may stand in an accessory sentence with a conjunction; or with the word which characterizes a substantive notion with the article (an adjective, a participle, or a preposition with a case), - to inquire with what accessory definitions, or for what more precisely assigned descriptions of persons or things something holds good. (In English the accessory sentence or characterizing notion must be expressed as an interrogative principal sentence.) Πότ᾽ οὖν, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πότε, ἃ χρή, πράξετε; ἐπειδὰν τί γένηται; (Dem. 4, 10; literally, when what takes place? = what must take place, in order that you --? [before you will --?]) Βοηθούντων ἡμῶν εἰς Ἄργος, οὐχ ἕτοιμον μάχεσθαι Λακεδαιμονίοις; ἵνα τί γένηται; (And. 3, 26; with a view to what result?) Οἶσθά τινας ἀνθρώπους ἀχαρίστους καλουμένους; Καὶ μάλα, ἔφη ὁ νεανίσκος. Καταμεμάθηκας οὖν, τοὺς τί ποιοῦντας τὸ ὄνομα τοῦτο ἀποκαλοῦσιν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 1.) Τοὺς πῶς διακειμένους λάβοιεν ἂν οἱ τοιοῦτοι μαθητάς; (Isocr. Antid. 222.) [1]

[1]: Hence ἵνα τί; (viz. γένηται) wherefore? to what end? ὅτι τί; (ὁτιὴ τί;) for what reason? (lit. because what?)

REM. 1. Two interrogative pronouns may be connected in one sentence: Τίνας ὑπὸ τίνων εὕροιμεν ἂν μείζονα εὐεργετημένους ἢ παῖδας ὑπὸ γονέων; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 3.) Εἷς τρόπος ὀρθὸς παντὸς ἐπαίνου, λόγῳ διελθεῖν, οἷος οἵων αἴτιος ὢν τυγχάνει περὶ οὗ ἂν ὁ λόγος ᾖ (Pl. Conv. 195).

REM. 2. On the construction of a demonstrative pronoun with the interrogative, see § 100 b.

REM. 3. A sentence with οἷος, ὡς is added to expressions of praise, blame, or wonder, to assign the reference to a certain quality of the person or thing mentioned, in the sense: upon the reflection, or, considering, how, &c. (almost = ὅτι τοιοῦτος, ὅτι οὕτως): Κῦρος ἀπῄει κατοικτείρων τήν τε γυναῖκα, οἷου ἀνδρὸς στέροιτο, καὶ τὸν ἄνδρα, οἵαν γυναῖκα καταλιπὼν οὐκέτ᾽ ὄψοιτο (Xen. Cyr. 7, 3, 13). Εὐδαίμων μοι Σωκράτης ἐφαίνετο καὶ τοῦ τρόπου καὶ τῶν λόγων, ὡς ἀδεῶς καὶ γενναίως ἐτελεύτα (Pl. Phæd. 58).

REM. 4. Note particularly the originally elliptic use of οἷος, and especially ὅσος, with adjectives which denote a surprising, or, generally, a strikingly and uncommonly high degree, θαυμαστὸς ὅσος (marvellous how great, surprisingly great; originally, ἐφ᾽ ᾧ θαυμάζειν δεῖ. ὅσος ἐστίν or ὅτι τοσοῦτός ἐστιν), ἄφθονος, ἀμήχανος, ὑπερφυὴς ὅσος, ἀμήχανος οἷος, ἀφόρητος οἷος. Μόγις καὶ μετὰ ἱδρῶτος θαυμαστοῦ ὅσου (Pl. Rep. 1, 350). (Ὑπερφυής τις ὡς μεγάλη βλάβη, Pl. Gorg. 477.) In the same manner adverbs of the same kind take ὡς after them: Θαυμαστῶς (ὑπερφυῶς) ὡς χαίρω.

b) For the indirectly interrogative pronoun ὅςτις (also ὅς: Θεμιστοκλῆς φράζει τῷ ναυκλήρῳ ὅςτις ἐστὶ καὶ δι᾽ ἃ φεύγει, Thuc. 1, 137. Δι᾽ ἃς αἰτίας τὰ περὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν ξυμβαίνει παθήματα, λεκτέον, Pl. Tim. 67) not unfrequently the direct interrogative τίς is put in a more animated way: Αἱ γυναῖκες ἠρώτων αὐτούς, τίνες εἶεν (Xen. An. 4, 5, 10). Οὐ πάνυ ἡμῖν φροντιστέον, τί ἐροῦσιν οἱ πολλοὶ ἡμᾶς, ἀλλ᾽ ὅ, τι ὁ ἐπαΐων περὶ τῶν δικαίων καὶ ἀδίκων (Pl. Crit. 48), and in the same manner ποῖος, πόσος, πῶς, for ὁποῖος, ὁπόσος, ὅπως. Οὐκ οἶδα, ὁποίᾳ τόλμῃ ἢ ποίοις λόγοις χρώμενος ἐρῶ (Pl. Rep. 3, 414).

REM. Ὅσος and οἷος, in exclamations of wonder, occur in the form of direct interrogation: Ὦ πάππε, ὅσα πράγματα ἔχεις ἐν τῷ δείπνῳ! (Xen. Cyr. 1, 3, 4.)

§ 199

§ 199

a) A direct question without any interrogative pronoun, or pronominal adverb, may stand in concise and animated expression, without a particle to denote the question (e.g. with a single verb in the second person), especially with an expression of doubt or wonder, or after λέγε, εἰπέ μοι. Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι ταῦτα λέγουσι μὲν πάντες, ποιεῖ δ᾽ οὐδείς; - Μὴ ἀποκρίνωμαι; (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; am I not to answer?) Ἐμὲ μόνον οὐ γιγνώσκεις, ὦ Κῦρε, τῶν συγγενῶν; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 27.) Εἶτα (and then) τούτων μὲν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι παρεσκεύασαι, τὴν δὲ μητέρα οὐκ οἴει δεῖν θεραπεύειν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 13.) Τί οὖν; ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχουμέναις πόλεσι πτωχοὺς οὐχ ὁρᾶς ἐνόντας; (Pl. Rep. 8, 552.) Often such a question is attached by ἤ, or, sometimes as an expression of the conjecture and opinion of the person asking: Τί μένομεν; ἢ οὐκ ἐπιστάμεθα, ὅτι βασιλεὺς ἡμᾶς ἀπολέσαι περὶ παντὸς ἂν ποιήσαιτο; (Xen. An. 2, 4, 3.) Σὺ δέ, ἔφη ὁ Χαρμίδης, ὦ Συρακόσιε, ἐπὶ τῷ μέγα φρονεῖς; ἢ δῆλον, ὅτι ἐπὶ τῷ παιδί; (Xen. Conv. 4, 52.) (Οὐ δή, οὐ δήποτε, οὐ δή που, οὔ τί που, surely not? see in Lexicon [Appendix].) An indirect simple interrogative sentence must always be denoted as such.

**b)

1.** A simple direct question is denoted by the particles ἦ (with emphasis, sometimes doubt), ἆρα (ἆρά γε), ἆρ᾽ οὐ (also ἆρα alone of a conjecture, especially ἆρ᾽ οὖν: perchance --?), μή (mostly expressive of doubt, or at least uncertainty), ἆρα μή (stronger), μῶν (from μὴ οὖν), μῶν οὐ, μῶν μή (strongly inclining to denial), and the elliptical expression ἄλλο τι ἤ (is it any thing else than --, is the case otherwise than --, ought not --), or, with ἤ omitted, ἄλλο τι (ἄλλο τι ἢ οὐ --, ἄλλο τι οὐ, should perhaps?), and lastly οὔκουν (not then?). (See the Rem.) -

2. A simple dependent question is most generally denoted by εἰ, if, whether (εἰ ἄρα, whether then, whether after all; whether perchance), and more emphatically by ἆρα, whether then, rarely by μή, viz. after verbs denoting look to, and consider (§ 124, R. 1); with the same verbs also ἐάν (whether, perchance, cf. § 194 a, R. 2). (For the particulars of the special meanings of these particles, see the Lexicon [and Appendix].) Ἦ καὶ σχολὴ ἔσται, ὦ πάτερ, σωμασκεῖν τοὺς στρατιώτας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 17.) Ἆρ᾽, ὦ Ἀντίσθενες, εἰσί τινες ἀξίαι φίλων ὥςπερ οἰκετῶν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2.) Ἆρά γε, ὦ παῖ, ἐν τοῖς στρατηγικοῖς καὶ οἰκονομίας τί σοι ἐπεμνήσθη ὁ διδάσκαλος; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 12.) Ἆρ᾽ οὐ (ἆρ᾽ οὖν οὐ) πάντα, ὅσα ὑπὸ μυθολόγων ἢ ποιητῶν λέγεται, διήγησις οὖσα τυγχάνει ἢ γεγονότων ἢ ὄντων ἢ μελλόντων; (Pl. Rep. 3, 392.) Εἰπέ μοι, εἰ δεοίμεθα φίλου ἀγαθοῦ, πῶς ἂν ἐπιχειροίημεν σκοπεῖν; ἆρα (ought not --?) πρῶτον μὲν ζητητέον, ὅςτις ἄρχει γαστρός τε καὶ φιλοποσίας; (Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 1.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν συμβαίνει μέγιστον κακὸν ἡ ἀδικία καὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν; (Pl. Gorg. 479. On συμβαίνει, see § 177 b, R. 3.) Μὴ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα οἴει φροντίσαι θανάτου καὶ κινδύνου; (Pl. Apol. 28.) Μὴ ἀρχιτέκτων βούλει γενέσθαι; (Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 10.) Ἆρα μὴ ἄλλο τι τὸν θάνατον εἶναι ἡγούμεθα ἢ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ἀπαλλαγήν; (Pl. Phæd. 64.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν, ἔφασαν, μὴ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται ὁ ἀνὴρ περὶ τῆς τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀπαγωγῆς; (Xen. An. 7, 6, 5.) Ἀλλὰ μῶν καὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς τοῦτο τείνει ἐν τῷ παρόντι; Παντάπασι μὲν οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ (Pl. Rep. 5, 454). Τί δέ; οἱ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν ὁριζόμενοι μῶν μὴ ἐλάττονος πλάνης ἔμπλεοι τῶν ἑτέρων; (Pl. Rep. 6, 505.) Νῦν οὖν, ἐπειδή σοι ἡ σοφία μόνη εὐδαίμονα καὶ εὐτυχῆ ποιεῖν τὸν ἄνθρωπον δοκεῖ, ἄλλο τι ἢ φαίης ἂν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν νῷ ἔχεις αὐτὸ ποιεῖν; (Pl. Euthyd. 282.) Ἄλλο τι οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, μάθημα ἀναγκαῖον πολεμικῷ ἀνδρὶ θήσομεν λογίζεσθαί τε καὶ ἀριθμεῖν δύνασθαι; (Pl. Rep. 7, 522.) Φέρε γάρ, ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιστον λέγων, ἃ ἂν λέγῃ, ἄλλο τι οὐκ εἰκῆ ἐρεῖ ἀλλ᾽ ἀποβλέπων πρός τι; (Pl. Gorg. 503.) A. Οὔκουν καὶ λῦπαι ὡσαύτως αἱ μὲν χρησταί εἰσιν, αἱ δὲ πονηραί; B. Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (Pl. Gorg. 499.) - Οὐκ οἶδα, εἰ συγχωρήσετε. Ἠρώτησα, εἰ συνεξελθεῖν βούλοιτο. Σκοποῦμαι τοῦτο, εἰ ἄρα, ὥςπερ τῶν οἰκετῶν, οὕτω καὶ τῶν φίλων εἰσὶν ἀξίαι (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2). Ἡ ψυχή μου, διὰ τὸ ὑβρίσθαι καὶ ὀργίζεσθαι, ἀεὶ τοῦτο κυοῦσα διῆγεν (brooding over the thought), ἆρά ποτε ἔσται ἀποτίσασθαι τὸν καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθρὸν καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 35). Ὁρῶμεν, μὴ Νικίας οἴεταί τι λέγειν καὶ οὐ λόγου ἕνεκα ταῦτα λέγει (Pl. Lach. 196). Εἰ τοῦτο μὴ ἱκανὸν δικαιοσύνης ἐπίδειγμα εἶναι σοι δοκεῖ, σκέψαι, ἐὰν τόδε μᾶλλον ἀρέσκῃ· φημὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ τὸ νόμιμον δίκαιον εἶναι (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 12). (Ἦ γάρ; Is it not so?) [1]

[1]: Πῶς οὐ (δεινόν, πολλὴ ἀφροσύνη, κ.τ.λ.): Is it not --? Can one deny that it is --?

REM. From οὐκ οὖν comes οὐκοῦν as one word, denoting literally, not then, or, therefore not, whence at least not, in which sense the word is not unfrequently used (in answers: no) (οὐκοῦν γε), and then the orthography is by most supposed to be οὔκουν (οὔκουν εἰκός γε). This orthography ought then to be retained in the interrogative signification likewise, which in many editions is not the case. The interrogative signification often passes almost into that of a simple affirmative inference (therefore), and then most commonly the note of interrogation is omitted, and the particle is assumed = οὖν. In this case it is always written οὐκοῦν. Ἀλλ᾽, ὦ Χειρίσοφε, ἔφη ὁ Ξενοφῶν, δοκεῖ μοι βοηθεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς καίοντας τὴν γῆν ὡς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡμετέρας. Ὁ δὲ Χειρίσοφος εἶπεν· Οὔκουν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμεῖς, ἔφη, καίωμεν, καὶ οὕτω θᾶττον παύσονται (Xen. An. 3, 5, 6). - A. Ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ μαθεῖν καὶ ἀπότισον ἀργύριον. B. Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδάν μοι γένηται, εἶπον (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; yes, when I have got any money: then shall it not be when --? but surely not till I have --?).

c)

1. A disjunctive direct question is denoted by πότερον (πότερα) - ἤ, or, in concise and pointed discourse, without any particle in the first member.

2. A disjunctive dependent question is denoted in the same way or by εἰ - ἤ, εἴτε - εἴτε. Ἢν ἄρχων τις τύχῃ σοι καὶ ἁμάρτῃ, πότερον ἐᾷς ἄρχειν ἢ ἄλλον καθίστης ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 12.) Πότερά σοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ ἀπεργαζόμενοι εἴδωλα ἄφρονά τε καὶ ἀκίνητα ἀξιοθαυμαστότεροι εἶναι ἢ οἱ ζῶα ἔμφρονά τε καὶ ἐνεργά; (Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 4.) Οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ φαμὲν ἑκόντας ἀδικητέον εἶναι ἤ τινι μὲν ἀδικητέον τρόπῳ, τινὶ δὲ οὔ; (Pl. Crito, 49.) Ἄρτι, ὦ Τερψίων, ἢ πάλαι ἐξ ἀγροῦ; (Pl. Theæt. 142.) Παυσανίας ἐβουλεύετο, πότερον μάχην ξυνάπτοι ἢ ὑπόσπονδον τόν τε Λύσανδρον καὶ τοὺς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ πεσόντας ἀναιροῖτο (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 22). Δοκεῖ μοι χρῆναι παρὰ τῶν πρεσβυτῶν πυνθάνεσθαι, ὥςπερ τινὰ ὁδὸν προεληλυθότων, ἣν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως δεήσει πορεύεσθαι, ποία τίς ἐστι, τραχεῖα καὶ χαλεπὴ ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ εὔπορος (Pl. Rep. 1, 328). Ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο, Πρόξενον καλέσας, εἰ πέμποιέν τινας ἢ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἀρήξοντες (Xen. An. 1, 10, 5). Νῦν ἔμαθον, ὃ λέγεις· εἰ δὲ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖν (Pl. Rep. 1, 339). Δίδωμι ὑμῖν σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις Χαλδαίοις βουλεύσασθαι, εἴτε βούλεσθε πολεμεῖν ἡμῖν εἴτε φίλοι εἶναι (Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 13).

REM. 1. Sometimes ἆρα - ἤ is put where the question in the first member is not yet denoted as disjunctive: Σκεψώμεθα τὸ διδόναι δίκην ἆρα μέγιστον τῶν κακῶν ἐστιν, ὡς σὺ ᾤου, ἢ μεῖζον τὸ μὴ διδόναι, ὡς αὖ ἐγὼ ὤμην (Pl. Gorg. 476). (Ἦ - ἤ for εἰ - ἤ in the Epic poets.)

REM. 2. An affirmative answer is most simply expressed by ναί, yes, more strongly by πάνυ γε (yes, certainly; to be sure), πάνυ μὲν οὖν [παντάπασι μὲν οὖν] (of course; unquestionably), πάντως δή, πάντως δή που, μάλιστα, καὶ μάλα, σφόδρα γε, ἔστι ταῦτα (it is so), φημί (I say ‘yes;’ so say I), or by repetition of the verb or another emphatic word, with the predicate (Ὁμολογεῖς; Ὁμολογῶ), often with the addition of μέντοι (Οὐ πολλὴ ἂν εἴη ἀλογία φοβεῖσθαι; Πολλὴ μέντοι) or γάρ (Ἔλεγες; Ἔλεγον γάρ) or ἀλλά (which gives emphasis to the affirmation: Ὁμολογοῦμεν ταῦτα; Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπερφυῶς ὡς ὁμολογῶ) or by ἔγωγε with the verb understood from the question (Λέγεις; Ἔγωγε. Δοκεῖ σοι; Ἔμοιγε). Sometimes the affirmation is expressed in the form of a question by Τί γάρ; ἀλλὰ τί; τί μήν; (what else? doubtless it is, must, &c.) πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (how should it be otherwise? necessarily) πῶς (τί) οὐ μέλλω; (μέλλει; with verb understood from the question: how (what) else should I (he), than --?) τί γὰρ οὐ μέλλει; (καὶ πολλά, yes, and much so; ἑώρων γάρ, yes, for I saw it.) An answer in the negative is denoted by οὔ, no, οὐ δῆτα, οὐδαμῶς (as answer to a demand, μή, μὴ γάρ, μηδαμῶς), ἥκιστα, ἥκιστά γε, πῶς; πόθεν; (whence should that come?)

a) A direct question without any interrogative pronoun, or pronominal adverb, may stand in concise and animated expression, without a particle to denote the question (e.g. with a single verb in the second person), especially with an expression of doubt or wonder, or after λέγε, εἰπέ μοι. Οὐκ οἶσθα, ὅτι ταῦτα λέγουσι μὲν πάντες, ποιεῖ δ᾽ οὐδείς; - Μὴ ἀποκρίνωμαι; (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; am I not to answer?) Ἐμὲ μόνον οὐ γιγνώσκεις, ὦ Κῦρε, τῶν συγγενῶν; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 4, 27.) Εἶτα (and then) τούτων μὲν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι παρεσκεύασαι, τὴν δὲ μητέρα οὐκ οἴει δεῖν θεραπεύειν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 2, 13.) Τί οὖν; ἐν ταῖς ὀλιγαρχουμέναις πόλεσι πτωχοὺς οὐχ ὁρᾶς ἐνόντας; (Pl. Rep. 8, 552.) Often such a question is attached by ἤ, or, sometimes as an expression of the conjecture and opinion of the person asking: Τί μένομεν; ἢ οὐκ ἐπιστάμεθα, ὅτι βασιλεὺς ἡμᾶς ἀπολέσαι περὶ παντὸς ἂν ποιήσαιτο; (Xen. An. 2, 4, 3.) Σὺ δέ, ἔφη ὁ Χαρμίδης, ὦ Συρακόσιε, ἐπὶ τῷ μέγα φρονεῖς; ἢ δῆλον, ὅτι ἐπὶ τῷ παιδί; (Xen. Conv. 4, 52.) (Οὐ δή, οὐ δήποτε, οὐ δή που, οὔ τί που, surely not? see in Lexicon [Appendix].) An indirect simple interrogative sentence must always be denoted as such.

b)
1. A simple direct question is denoted by the particles ἦ (with emphasis, sometimes doubt), ἆρα (ἆρά γε), ἆρ᾽ οὐ (also ἆρα alone of a conjecture, especially ἆρ᾽ οὖν: perchance --?), μή (mostly expressive of doubt, or at least uncertainty), ἆρα μή (stronger), μῶν (from μὴ οὖν), μῶν οὐ, μῶν μή (strongly inclining to denial), and the elliptical expression ἄλλο τι ἤ (is it any thing else than --, is the case otherwise than --, ought not --), or, with ἤ omitted, ἄλλο τι (ἄλλο τι ἢ οὐ --, ἄλλο τι οὐ, should perhaps?), and lastly οὔκουν (not then?). (See the Rem.) -
2. A simple dependent question is most generally denoted by εἰ, if, whether (εἰ ἄρα, whether then, whether after all; whether perchance), and more emphatically by ἆρα, whether then, rarely by μή, viz. after verbs denoting look to, and consider (§ 124, R. 1); with the same verbs also ἐάν (whether, perchance, cf. § 194 a, R. 2). (For the particulars of the special meanings of these particles, see the Lexicon [and Appendix].) Ἦ καὶ σχολὴ ἔσται, ὦ πάτερ, σωμασκεῖν τοὺς στρατιώτας; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 17.) Ἆρ᾽, ὦ Ἀντίσθενες, εἰσί τινες ἀξίαι φίλων ὥςπερ οἰκετῶν; (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2.) Ἆρά γε, ὦ παῖ, ἐν τοῖς στρατηγικοῖς καὶ οἰκονομίας τί σοι ἐπεμνήσθη ὁ διδάσκαλος; (Xen. Cyr. 1, 6, 12.) Ἆρ᾽ οὐ (ἆρ᾽ οὖν οὐ) πάντα, ὅσα ὑπὸ μυθολόγων ἢ ποιητῶν λέγεται, διήγησις οὖσα τυγχάνει ἢ γεγονότων ἢ ὄντων ἢ μελλόντων; (Pl. Rep. 3, 392.) Εἰπέ μοι, εἰ δεοίμεθα φίλου ἀγαθοῦ, πῶς ἂν ἐπιχειροίημεν σκοπεῖν; ἆρα (ought not --?) πρῶτον μὲν ζητητέον, ὅςτις ἄρχει γαστρός τε καὶ φιλοποσίας; (Xen. Mem. 2, 6, 1.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν συμβαίνει μέγιστον κακὸν ἡ ἀδικία καὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν; (Pl. Gorg. 479. On συμβαίνει, see § 177 b, R. 3.) Μὴ τὸν Ἀχιλλέα οἴει φροντίσαι θανάτου καὶ κινδύνου; (Pl. Apol. 28.) Μὴ ἀρχιτέκτων βούλει γενέσθαι; (Xen. Mem. 4, 2, 10.) Ἆρα μὴ ἄλλο τι τὸν θάνατον εἶναι ἡγούμεθα ἢ τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος ἀπαλλαγήν; (Pl. Phæd. 64.) Ἆρ᾽ οὖν, ἔφασαν, μὴ καὶ ἡμῖν ἐναντιώσεται ὁ ἀνὴρ περὶ τῆς τῶν στρατιωτῶν ἀπαγωγῆς; (Xen. An. 7, 6, 5.) Ἀλλὰ μῶν καὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς τοῦτο τείνει ἐν τῷ παρόντι; Παντάπασι μὲν οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ (Pl. Rep. 5, 454). Τί δέ; οἱ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἀγαθὸν ὁριζόμενοι μῶν μὴ ἐλάττονος πλάνης ἔμπλεοι τῶν ἑτέρων; (Pl. Rep. 6, 505.) Νῦν οὖν, ἐπειδή σοι ἡ σοφία μόνη εὐδαίμονα καὶ εὐτυχῆ ποιεῖν τὸν ἄνθρωπον δοκεῖ, ἄλλο τι ἢ φαίης ἂν ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι φιλοσοφεῖν καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν νῷ ἔχεις αὐτὸ ποιεῖν; (Pl. Euthyd. 282.) Ἄλλο τι οὖν, ἦν δ᾽ ἐγώ, μάθημα ἀναγκαῖον πολεμικῷ ἀνδρὶ θήσομεν λογίζεσθαί τε καὶ ἀριθμεῖν δύνασθαι; (Pl. Rep. 7, 522.) Φέρε γάρ, ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἀνὴρ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιστον λέγων, ἃ ἂν λέγῃ, ἄλλο τι οὐκ εἰκῆ ἐρεῖ ἀλλ᾽ ἀποβλέπων πρός τι; (Pl. Gorg. 503.) A. Οὔκουν καὶ λῦπαι ὡσαύτως αἱ μὲν χρησταί εἰσιν, αἱ δὲ πονηραί; B. Πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (Pl. Gorg. 499.) - Οὐκ οἶδα, εἰ συγχωρήσετε. Ἠρώτησα, εἰ συνεξελθεῖν βούλοιτο. Σκοποῦμαι τοῦτο, εἰ ἄρα, ὥςπερ τῶν οἰκετῶν, οὕτω καὶ τῶν φίλων εἰσὶν ἀξίαι (Xen. Mem. 2, 5, 2). Ἡ ψυχή μου, διὰ τὸ ὑβρίσθαι καὶ ὀργίζεσθαι, ἀεὶ τοῦτο κυοῦσα διῆγεν (brooding over the thought), ἆρά ποτε ἔσται ἀποτίσασθαι τὸν καὶ θεοῖς ἐχθρὸν καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Xen. Cyr. 5, 4, 35). Ὁρῶμεν, μὴ Νικίας οἴεταί τι λέγειν καὶ οὐ λόγου ἕνεκα ταῦτα λέγει (Pl. Lach. 196). Εἰ τοῦτο μὴ ἱκανὸν δικαιοσύνης ἐπίδειγμα εἶναι σοι δοκεῖ, σκέψαι, ἐὰν τόδε μᾶλλον ἀρέσκῃ· φημὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ τὸ νόμιμον δίκαιον εἶναι (Xen. Mem. 4, 4, 12). (Ἦ γάρ; Is it not so?) [1]

[1]: Πῶς οὐ (δεινόν, πολλὴ ἀφροσύνη, κ.τ.λ.): Is it not --? Can one deny that it is --?

REM. From οὐκ οὖν comes οὐκοῦν as one word, denoting literally, not then, or, therefore not, whence at least not, in which sense the word is not unfrequently used (in answers: no) (οὐκοῦν γε), and then the orthography is by most supposed to be οὔκουν (οὔκουν εἰκός γε). This orthography ought then to be retained in the interrogative signification likewise, which in many editions is not the case. The interrogative signification often passes almost into that of a simple affirmative inference (therefore), and then most commonly the note of interrogation is omitted, and the particle is assumed = οὖν. In this case it is always written οὐκοῦν. Ἀλλ᾽, ὦ Χειρίσοφε, ἔφη ὁ Ξενοφῶν, δοκεῖ μοι βοηθεῖν ἐπὶ τοὺς καίοντας τὴν γῆν ὡς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἡμετέρας. Ὁ δὲ Χειρίσοφος εἶπεν· Οὔκουν ἔμοιγε δοκεῖ· ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡμεῖς, ἔφη, καίωμεν, καὶ οὕτω θᾶττον παύσονται (Xen. An. 3, 5, 6). - A. Ἀλλὰ πρὸς τῷ μαθεῖν καὶ ἀπότισον ἀργύριον. B. Οὐκοῦν ἐπειδάν μοι γένηται, εἶπον (Pl. Rep. 1, 337; yes, when I have got any money: then shall it not be when --? but surely not till I have --?).

c)
1. A disjunctive direct question is denoted by πότερον (πότερα) - ἤ, or, in concise and pointed discourse, without any particle in the first member.
2. A disjunctive dependent question is denoted in the same way or by εἰ - ἤ, εἴτε - εἴτε. Ἢν ἄρχων τις τύχῃ σοι καὶ ἁμάρτῃ, πότερον ἐᾷς ἄρχειν ἢ ἄλλον καθίστης ἀντ᾽ αὐτοῦ; (Xen. Cyr. 3, 1, 12.) Πότερά σοι δοκοῦσιν οἱ ἀπεργαζόμενοι εἴδωλα ἄφρονά τε καὶ ἀκίνητα ἀξιοθαυμαστότεροι εἶναι ἢ οἱ ζῶα ἔμφρονά τε καὶ ἐνεργά; (Xen. Mem. 1, 4, 4.) Οὐδενὶ τρόπῳ φαμὲν ἑκόντας ἀδικητέον εἶναι ἤ τινι μὲν ἀδικητέον τρόπῳ, τινὶ δὲ οὔ; (Pl. Crito, 49.) Ἄρτι, ὦ Τερψίων, ἢ πάλαι ἐξ ἀγροῦ; (Pl. Theæt. 142.) Παυσανίας ἐβουλεύετο, πότερον μάχην ξυνάπτοι ἢ ὑπόσπονδον τόν τε Λύσανδρον καὶ τοὺς μετ᾽ αὐτοῦ πεσόντας ἀναιροῖτο (Xen. Hell. 3, 5, 22). Δοκεῖ μοι χρῆναι παρὰ τῶν πρεσβυτῶν πυνθάνεσθαι, ὥςπερ τινὰ ὁδὸν προεληλυθότων, ἣν καὶ ἡμᾶς ἴσως δεήσει πορεύεσθαι, ποία τίς ἐστι, τραχεῖα καὶ χαλεπὴ ἢ ῥᾳδία καὶ εὔπορος (Pl. Rep. 1, 328). Ὁ Κλέαρχος ἐβουλεύετο, Πρόξενον καλέσας, εἰ πέμποιέν τινας ἢ πάντες ἴοιεν ἐπὶ τὸ στρατόπεδον ἀρήξοντες (Xen. An. 1, 10, 5). Νῦν ἔμαθον, ὃ λέγεις· εἰ δὲ ἀληθὲς ἢ μή, πειράσομαι μαθεῖν (Pl. Rep. 1, 339). Δίδωμι ὑμῖν σὺν τοῖς ἄλλοις Χαλδαίοις βουλεύσασθαι, εἴτε βούλεσθε πολεμεῖν ἡμῖν εἴτε φίλοι εἶναι (Xen. Cyr. 3, 2, 13).

REM. 1. Sometimes ἆρα - ἤ is put where the question in the first member is not yet denoted as disjunctive: Σκεψώμεθα τὸ διδόναι δίκην ἆρα μέγιστον τῶν κακῶν ἐστιν, ὡς σὺ ᾤου, ἢ μεῖζον τὸ μὴ διδόναι, ὡς αὖ ἐγὼ ὤμην (Pl. Gorg. 476). (Ἦ - ἤ for εἰ - ἤ in the Epic poets.)

REM. 2. An affirmative answer is most simply expressed by ναί, yes, more strongly by πάνυ γε (yes, certainly; to be sure), πάνυ μὲν οὖν [παντάπασι μὲν οὖν] (of course; unquestionably), πάντως δή, πάντως δή που, μάλιστα, καὶ μάλα, σφόδρα γε, ἔστι ταῦτα (it is so), φημί (I say ‘yes;’ so say I), or by repetition of the verb or another emphatic word, with the predicate (Ὁμολογεῖς; Ὁμολογῶ), often with the addition of μέντοι (Οὐ πολλὴ ἂν εἴη ἀλογία φοβεῖσθαι; Πολλὴ μέντοι) or γάρ (Ἔλεγες; Ἔλεγον γάρ) or ἀλλά (which gives emphasis to the affirmation: Ὁμολογοῦμεν ταῦτα; Ἀλλ᾽ ὑπερφυῶς ὡς ὁμολογῶ) or by ἔγωγε with the verb understood from the question (Λέγεις; Ἔγωγε. Δοκεῖ σοι; Ἔμοιγε). Sometimes the affirmation is expressed in the form of a question by Τί γάρ; ἀλλὰ τί; τί μήν; (what else? doubtless it is, must, &c.) πῶς γὰρ οὔ; (how should it be otherwise? necessarily) πῶς (τί) οὐ μέλλω; (μέλλει; with verb understood from the question: how (what) else should I (he), than --?) τί γὰρ οὐ μέλλει; (καὶ πολλά, yes, and much so; ἑώρων γάρ, yes, for I saw it.) An answer in the negative is denoted by οὔ, no, οὐ δῆτα, οὐδαμῶς (as answer to a demand, μή, μὴ γάρ, μηδαμῶς), ἥκιστα, ἥκιστά γε, πῶς; πόθεν; (whence should that come?)